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Islamabad, Pakistan December 2020 Islamabad, Pakistan December 2020 Foreword Many large cities in the world are facing the challenges of air pollution due to the emissions from the conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) based vehicles. The conventional ICE vehicles are also responsible for the GHG emissions, with the transport sector alone contributing 23% of the global CO2 emissions. As most of the countries are obligated to reduce GHG emissions in pursuant to the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting the global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial level, Mohammad Naeem Malik therefore, policy makers and concerned authorities are looking Director SAARC Energy Centre towards electric vehicles to help tackle air pollution problems and the climate change issues. China has by far become the largest electric car market accounting for more than 40 % of electric cars sold in the world. India has recently rolled out its plan to sell only electric vehicles by the year 2030. Electricity is going to be largest source of energy in the future and electric vehicles are of course the ultimate solution to the problems of air pollution and other environmental issues including climate change. The electric vehicles have the additional benefits of reducing noise pollution as well. Deployment of electric vehicles becomes viable for South Asia when power required to drive the electric vehicles comes from the economic, clean and indigenous resources such as renewable energy. Another most essential factor to bring about shift of conventional transport sector to electric transport is the building and maintaining of the necessary charging infrastructures. The electric vehicles will gain the acceptance by the consumers if and only if the necessary infrastructures are in place at economic cost. This study report is an important step in the right direction by the SAARC Energy Centre to assess the infrastructure required for the successful and effective revolution of electric vehicles in the transport system of South Asia. This report also reflects the relevance of SAARC Energy Centre’s effort to fulfil its function as a regional center of excellence that builds a coherent, coordinated, focused and robust energy policy agenda and strategy for the SAARC region. SEC looks forward to your comments and feedback on this report. i Acknowledgements The development of this study report was managed by Mr. Muhammad Umar Mukhtar, Research Fellow (Energy, Transport & Environment) under the overall guidance of Mr. Mohammad Naeem Malik, Director SEC. The study report was authored and developed with the expert assistance of India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF). SEC would especially like to acknowledge Mr. Reji Kumar Pillai, President ISGF and Mr. Suddhasatta Kundu, Senior Manager (Technical Advisory) ISGF for their contributions as authors of the report. Finally, SEC would also like to acknowledge Dr. Zohaib Akhtar from Imperial College London for carrying out Peer Review of the study report. ii Table of Contents Foreword i Acknowledgements ii List of Figures viii List of Tables x Abbreviations xiii Executive Summary xvii 1. Introduction and Scope of the Report 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Study Objective and Scope 2 1.3 Approach and Methodology 2 1.4 Limitations 3 2. Rationale for E-Mobility in SAARC Nations 4 2.1 Socioeconomic Overview 4 2.2 Energy Sector Profile 5 2.3 Transport Sector Profile 5 2.4 Key Drivers for EVs in SAARC Nations 6 2.4.1 Limited Availability and Depleting Fuel Resources 6 2.4.2 GHG Emissions from the Transport Sector 7 2.4.3 Volatility in Oil Prices 7 2.4.4 Deteriorating Air Quality 7 2.4.5 INDC Commitments 7 3. Global EV Outlook 9 3.1 Future Growth Patterns 9 3.2 Battery Technologies and Price Trajectory: 10 3.2.1 Current Status 10 3.2.2 Battery Chemistry 10 3.2.3 Battery Sizes 11 3.2.4 Price Trajectory 12 3.3 Policy Support to Accelerate EV Rollout in Various Countries 12 3.3.1 Purchase Incentives Offered in Different Countries 12 3.3.2 Policy, Regulatory and Incentives Support for EV Deployment in South East Asia 13 3.4 EV Markets in SAARC countries 14 3.4.1 Automotive Manufacturing 15 3.4.2 Skilled Labour and Infrastructure 15 3.4.3 Import Strategy 15 4. EV Infrastructure and Policy/Regulatory Support for EV Rollout in SAARC Countries 16 4.1 EV Types 16 4.1.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) 16 iii 4.1.2 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 16 4.1.3 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) 17 4.1.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV or FCV) 17 4.2 Charging Infrastructure 18 4.2.1 EVSE Types 18 4.2.2 Communication Protocol between EV and EVSE and Between EVSE and the Electric Grid 22 4.2.3 Indicative Cost of EVSE 23 4.2.4 Battery Management System 24 4.2.5 Distribution Grid Upgrades for EVSE 24 4.2.6 Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems for EVSE 28 4.3 Battery and Motor 28 4.3.1 Battery Specifications and Technology Trends 28 4.3.2 Motor Types Used in EVs 29 4.4 EVSE Business Models 32 4.4.1 EVSE Business Model Recommendations Specific to the SAARC Countries 33 4.5 Policy and Regulatory Support 34 4.5.1 National and Supra-National Measures 34 4.6 Potential Implications on Electric Grid for EV charging in SAARC Countries 35 4.6.1 Weak Distribution Systems 35 4.6.2 Distribution Transformer (DT) Sizes and Residential Power Limitations 35 4.6.3 Limitations on Simultaneous EV Charging 36 4.6.4 Potential Solutions 36 5. Global Scenarios and Case Studies 37 5.1 Norway 37 5.1.1 Oslo, Norway (2015-2016) 38 5.2 United States of America 38 5.2.1 San Jose, California, United States of America (2015-2016) 39 5.2.2 San Francisco, California, United States of America (2015-2016) 40 5.2.3 Los Angeles, California, United States of America (2015-2016) 41 5.3 China 41 5.3.2 Shenzhen, China (2015-2016) 43 5.3.3 Beijing, China (2015-2016) 44 5.4 EV Rollout Implication for SAARC Countries 44 5.4.1 Potential Barriers for EV rollout in SAARC 44 5.4.2 Market Formations 45 5.4.3 Public Transport 45 6. Afghanistan 46 iv 6.1 Country Profile 46 6.2 Electricity Generation and Distribution Network Profile 46 6.3 Transport Sector Profile 47 6.4 Electric Vehicle and EVSE Present Status 49 6.5 Key Challenges in EV Rollout 49 6.6 Recommendations for EV and EVSE Deployment 49 6.6.1 ISGF Proposition for EVs in Afghanistan 49 6.6.2 EVMM Assessment and Recommendations for Afghanistan 51 7. Bangladesh 55 7.1 Country Profile 55 7.2 Electricity Generation and Distribution Network Profile 56 7.3 Transport Sector Profile 57 7.3.1 Industry Overview and Major Players 57 7.3.2 Fossil Fuel Dependence 59 7.4 Electric Vehicle and EVSE Present Status 60 7.4.1 EV Related Policies 60 7.4.2 Status of EV implementation in Bangladesh 60 7.4.3 Tariffs for EV 61 7.5 Key Challenges in EV Rollout 61 7.6 Recommendations for EV and EVSE Deployment 61 7.6.1 Proposition for EVs in Bangladesh 61 7.6.2 EVMM Assessment and Recommendations for Bangladesh 63 8. Bhutan 70 8.1 Country Profile 70 8.2 Electricity Generation and Distribution Network Profile 70 8.3 Transport Sector Profile 71 8.4 Electric Vehicle and EVSE Present Status 73 8.4.1 Review of Government Plans and Policies Supporting EV implementation 73 8.4.2 Status of EV implementation in Bhutan ?? 74 8.5 Key Challenges in EV Rollout 75 8.6 Recommendations for EV and EVSE Deployment 76 8.6.1 ISGF Proposition for EVs in Bhutan 76 8.6.2 EVMM Assessment and Recommendations for Bhutan 78 9. India 85 9.1 Country Profile 85 9.2 Electricity Generation and Distribution Network Profile 86 9.3 Transport Sector Profile 86 v 9.3.1 Industry Overview and Major Players 87 9.3.2 Fossil Fuel Dependence 88 9.4 Electric Vehicle and EVSE Present Status 89 9.4.1 EV Related Policies 89 9.4.2 Status of EV Implementation in India 90 9.4.3 Charging Station and Standards 90 9.4.4 EV Pilots 90 9.4.5 Tariffs for EV 91 9.5 Key Challenges in EV Rollout 92 9.6 Recommendations for EV and EVSE Deployment 92 9.6.1 Propositions for EVs in India 92 9.6.2 EVMM Assessment and Recommendations for India 93 10. Maldives 99 10.1 Country Profile 99 10.2 Electricity Generation and Distribution Network Profile 99 10.3 Transport Sector Profile 100 10.4 Electric Vehicles and EVSE Present Status 101 10.4.1 Review of Government Plans and Policies Supporting EV Implementation 101 10.4.2 Status of EV Implementation in Maldives 102 10.5 Key Challenges in EV Rollout 102 10.6 Recommendations for EV and EVSE Deployment 103 10.6.1 Proposition for EVs in Maldives 103 10.6.2 EVMM Assessment & Recommendations for Maldives 105 11. Nepal 110 11.1 Country Profile 110 11.2 Electricity Generation and Distribution Network Profile 110 11.3 Transport Sector Profile 112 11.4 Electric Vehicles and EVSE Present Status 113 11.4.1 Review of Government Plans and Policies Supporting EV Implementation 113 11.4.2 Status of EV Implementation in Nepal 115 11.5 Key Challenges in EV Rollout 115 11.6 Recommendations for EV and EVSE Deployment 115 11.6.1 ISGF Proposition for EVs in Nepal 115 11.6.2 EVMM Assessment & Recommendations for Nepal 118 12.
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