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Interoperability and Interconnection to the Grid

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Interoperability and Interconnection to the Grid Interoperability and Interconnection to the Grid How will the grid handle an influx of EVs? Where will the new electricity come from? What has to happen to ensure that the technology does not become obsolete? WPUI EV Roadmap Conference, Madison WI; Sept. 10th, 2019 Theodore Bohn ([email protected]; 630-816-7382) Argonne National Laboratory Disclaimer: Images used in this presentation in no way imply product endorsement Relevant DOE funded EV Charging Interoperability and Interconnection to the Grid Activities . DOE Grid Modernization Lab Consortium (GMLC); https://gmlc.doe.gov/projects - Task Group 1.2.2 Interoperability - Task Group 1.4.1 Standards & Test Procedures for Interconnection & Interoperability - Task Group 1.4.2 Definitions Standards and Test Procedures for Grid Services . DOE Vehicle Technology Office(VTO) Grid Integration Tech Team (GITT) - Comprised of members from utilities, vehicle OEMs, national labs, equip. mfgs. - Current projects include categorizing charging assumptions and grid impact modeling for ‘Grid Capacity of EVs at Scale’ with Integrated Systems Analysis Tech Team (ISATT) based on EPRI studies 2 Project Summary of DOE Funded Lab Call Topic Other activities in MW+ Multiport Charging Research . (Excerpt from NREL presentation): Summary of research topics. ANL leads industry engagement vehicle charging requirements task for FY2019 3 HB44-3.40 ‘Point of Sale’ Commercial Dispensing of Electricity as a Fuel (non-utility owned assets) SAE J2836/1 Use Case Figures: - Red line is liquid fueling point of sale. - Green line is utility/premise ‘point of sale’ at the premise meter; edge of premises - Blue line is at the tip of the conductive charging for vehicle electricity dispensing Infrastructure Vehicle Seller Buyer Seller Buyer 4 What is Argonne National Lab and the EV-Smart Grid Interoperability Center? ANL was designated as the first National Laboratory in 1946, initially formed to support Enrico Fermi’s work (Univ. of Chicago) on the Manhattan Project. (CP-1 75th Anniversary) Center for Transportation Research Some Statistics Budget: $760M Staff: 3350 Location: Lemont IL Area: 1700 acres Multidiscipline research including energy, materials, computing, nuclear, bio, etc 5 What is Argonne National Lab and the EV-Smart Grid Interoperability Center? ANL hosts the US EV-Smart Grid Interoperability Center, in conjunction with JRC in Ispra Italy, to develop and validate EV charging standards as well as research grid impacts Smart Energy Plazas at bldgs 300 and 362 Some Statistics 50 AC EVSEs Site-wide PV Fed Charging- 80kW DC Fast Chargers: 25kW, 50kW, 200kW, 400kW Wireless: 50kW 6 ANL EV-Smart Grid Interoperability Standards and Technology Development for EV Charging SAE J2953 PEV-EVSE Interoperability Requirements, test equipment, procedures SAE J1772-v6 PEV Compliance Requirements, test equipment, procedures SAE J2954 SAE J2847/2-v2 Wireless Charging DC Charging Communication Requirements, Requirements, test equipment, procedures, standard test fixture, enabling technology procedures SAE J2847/6 Wireless Charging Communication Test equipment, procedures, enabling technology 7 Overlapping Areas Of Common Benefit to MD/HD Electric Vehicle Charging (≥MW and other levels) Sub-MW level DFMEA Failure Analysis charging (ChaoJi) {1500v/600A=.9MW} DCaaS, DC Utility Conversion, Connection, Distribution Cyber- Load to EVS Everything Management MD/HD Mechanized MW+ EV Infrastructure Systems, Charging planning services, Charging physical Interlocks implications of Couplers, parking/charging cables, cooling Sub-MW systems, wireless ergonomics Sub-MW level charging* charging, over night, opportunity 8 Overview of Charging Levels; Bus/truck use high power DC couplers; CCS, J3105, CharIN, manual/auto. CCS DC charging Commercial Vehicle 1000 High Power V 500 1500V (800) AMPS 3000 AMPS CCS can deliver up to around The High Power Commercial 200Amps with traditional copper Vehicle charging standard would cables, while higher currents are allow users to recharge their delivered via cooled cables. large, commercial vehicles (Classes 6, 7 & 8) in 20-30 Up to 80% of 100kWh minutes. battery in less than 20 Up to 80% of Class 8 minutes truck, carrying 500kWh, Up to 350kW power delivery, in 20 minutes Some units up to 500/800kW Up to 4.5 MW power delivery Mechanized Commercial EV Charging Systems (1MW) SAE J3105 (3 versions of pantograph/side plug) 10 DC as a Service; A Utility Infrastructure Investment (Watson Collins-EPRI graphics); Limitations on 2.5MW AC Utility Service 11 Modular/Scalable Approach to Space Constrained MW+ Multiport Charging Installations; DC Busway . Using the coarse depiction here for segments of AC and DC power distribution there are four regions of conductors/contacts - Medium voltage AC feed to charging installation (overhead, buried cables) - DC output of medium voltage-to-~1000vdc to dispensers (bus bars/busway) - DC flexible cable from dispenser to PEV (passive/active cooled), robotized? - Vehicle inlet to battery terminals (w/safety systems); vibration-cooling issues . Access to the vehicle from EVSE determines length/pathway of charging cable Multi-drop DC bus, dispenser-coupler challenges DC/DC DC/DC DC/DC DC/DC DC/DC 13.2kVac 1000vdc DC as a service- Utility challenges Depot charging- vehicle inlet/control challenges Example Charging Equipment Site Layout (350kW max per port, w/local AC coupled storage) 6 x 350kW=2.1MW (Someday all this will charge 1 truck) Single and dual output 480vac to DC power 480vac switchgear and local dispensers at curb converter cabinets in back peak shaving energy storage 13 Modular Power Electronics Approach- Scalability Extrapolating Traction Drive Inverter Power Density to Future WBG/Liquid Cooled DC/DC Converters John Deere Electronic Systems- PD400 Dual 700vdc, 450A each continuous output, 280kVA; 30kg 395 x 330 x 185mm; (17x14.5x8.2”); 1300 cm2, 24.1L volume Hypothetical 4x280kW=1.12MW, 120kg, ~100L - Target: 250kW rack mount DC/DC converter module (4x=1MW); 5U high/50kg? UPS/Rectifier Chassis-like blind mate power racks Payton Planar Transformer 20kW (100kHz), 3kg http://www.paytongroup.com/webfiles/files/5000.pdf https://www.deere.com/assets/pdfs/common/industries/electronic-solutions/macneil-pd400-product-sheet.pdf 14 Use Cases; Facility Space Requirements for Peak Shaving Storage, Switch Gear, Power Electronics . Trenched vs overhead connections, impact in installation costs/permits . Others promote stacking it up like data center UPS/storage systems (Delta Electronics) . Heliox promotes pad mounted fueling islands between vehicle charging lanes I-80 TA Travel Plaza, Iowa 15 Charging Equipment Installation Footprint Examples; Central Feed . Present Case: Heavy power electronics with larger footprint requires substantial structure above vehicles, or long cables from chargers to truck location (Daimler/Heliox example; CCS, J3105) At 20,000 lbs per 450kW station, that is 80,000lb plus structure (capital equipment cost, installation/foundation costs) 16 Charging Equipment Installation Footprint Examples; Central Feed . Future Case: Prefabricated power conversion and battery storage in shipping container footprint (3MWhr Tesla Megapack); AC-to-DC (DCaaS) located at edge of charging plaza; overhead box truss structure distributed DC power/cooling and DC/DC output regulator at each vehicle (1000lb each?), robotic coupler, cord handing units 17 Electric Bus Component Placement Examples Batteries on roof, in rear/front storage areas, etc 18 Examples of Vehicle Component Layout: Tesla Semi (battery placement, inlet location, power pathways) . Batteries under cab, inlet just ahead of first rear axle, street side 19 DAF-Paccar Straight Truck Batteries between front/rear axles, inlet behind front wheels . ‘Filler door’ access; dust/dirt protection; compatibility with robotic coupler actuators . Inlets rated for MW+ (and coexistence with CCS/other couplers) 20 Daimler Truck example, emphasis on proximity of charging inlet to power distribution unit (PDU) Discussion on need/safety issue in inlet cooling https://chargedevs.com/newswire/mercedes-begins-real-world-testing-of-its-eactros-electric-truck-with-a-wary-eye-on-the-tesla-semi/ 21 Takeaway Points: Use Cases Impact Answers, Active Load Management Matching Use Cases are Important . How will the grid handle an influx of EVs? There are many models that support the conclusion that the existing grid (generation, transmission, distribution) can support current projections of EV load growth. Dynamics of charging ‘EVs at Scale’ are the core issue (when/how) charging occurs; specifically open loop vs scheduled (managed load) charging. Where will the new electricity come from? Some people believe that bulk generation is not the core issue but matching load to source (vehicles where adequate generation distribution is located); DER. What has to happen to ensure that the technology does not become obsolete? In the context of ANL activities, charging standards and technology development cover interoperability and interconnection requirements that also address legacy systems. Charging coupler standards are forward looking to future needs. (CharIN Coupler example of higher voltage/current; 1500vdc/3000Adc, than can be used by present sized vehicles). Better standards that are maintained/updated can avoid stranded assets for non-interoperable systems that have become obsolete. 22.
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