1 Introdução E Objetivos

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1 Introdução E Objetivos CENTRO FEDERAL DE EDUCAÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA DE MINAS GERAIS Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica O VEÍCULO ELÉTRICO E O IMPACTO NA CURVA DE CARGA DE CONSUMIDORES: ESTUDO DE CASO DO FIAT 500E Fernanda Cristina Martins Cortezzi Belo Horizonte 2017 Fernanda Cristina Martins Cortezzi O VEÍCULO ELÉTRICO E O IMPACTO NA CURVA DE CARGA DE CONSUMIDORES: ESTUDO DE CASO DO FIAT 500E Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica do Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais – CEFET-MG em associação ampla com a Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei – UFSJ, como requisito necessário para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica. Orientador: Prof.ª Dr.ª Patrícia Romeiro da Silva Jota Belo Horizonte 2017 Fernanda Cortezzi O veículo elétrico e o impacto na curva de carga de consumidores: Estudo de caso do Fiat 500e Trabalho apresentado para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, PPGEL, parceria ampla UFSJ e CEFET- MG. Belo Horizonte, 2017. ___________________________________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Patrícia Romeiro da Silva Jota – Orientadora ___________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Lauro de Vilhena Brandão Machado Neto ___________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Frederico Romagnoli Silveira Lima ___________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Eduardo Gonzaga da Silveira À minha família. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus, que me ajudou a superar todos os obstáculos e chegar até aqui. Agradeço à minha família, minha estrela guia, meu suporte, minha alegria. Ao meu pai, Fernando Cortezzi, pelo maravilhoso exemplo. À minha mãe, Terezinha Cortezzi, pelo amor incondicional. Ao meu marido, Gabriel Esteves, pela paciência e companheirismo. Ao meu irmão, Francisco Cortezzi, pela nossa parceria e cumplicidade. À Rafaela Camilo, mais que irmã, por deixar meus dias sempre mais alegres. Aos amigos de verdade, que há muito tempo são considerados como mais um membro da minha família (Eles saberão quem são!). Aos colegas da FIAT, em especial, Leonardo Cavaliere e Clovis Sousa por me ajudarem muito na realização deste trabalho. À professora Patrícia Jota, pela enorme ajuda dada para que eu encontrasse o caminho a ser seguido. A todos do PPGEEL e colegas do CEFET-MG, que compartilharam da mesma jornada. E àqueles, que nos momentos mais difíceis, com palavras e gestos, contribuíram para que eu prosseguisse adiante. “O primeiro a pedir desculpas é o mais corajoso. O primeiro a perdoar é o mais forte. O primeiro a esquecer é o mais feliz”. Papa Francisco RESUMO Desde a invenção da roda, a busca do semovente, um veículo capaz de se mover sozinho, sempre foi um sonho perseguido pelo homem. No século XIX já existiam três tecnologias de propulsão utilizada nos automóveis: vapor, combustão e elétrico. O motor a combustão se tornou a tecnologia predominante a partir da descoberta de grandes jazidas de petróleo no estado americano do Texas. O conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável incentivou o retorno dos veículos elétricos ao cenário automotivo mundial, como alternativa para reduzir os níveis de emissão de dióxido de carbono, que aumenta o efeito estufa e contribui para o aquecimento global. A bateria ainda representa a grande limitação do veículo elétrico. Atualmente a bateria de Li-íon é a mais avançada e a associação com ultracapacitores tem contribuído com o aumento da vida útil da bateria e do desempenho do automóvel. Outra funcionalidade presente no veículo elétrico é a frenagem regenerativa, que tem contribuído com o aumento da autonomia do veículo ao transformar a energia cinética das rodas em energia elétrica, que é drenada para o banco de baterias. O veículo elétrico é denominado plug-in devido à necessidade de ser conectado à rede elétrica para a realização da recarga da bateria. Devido às preocupações sobre o impacto provocado pelo veículo elétrico no sistema elétrico de potência, foi analisado o comportamento de recarga do veículo elétrico Fiat 500e embasado em normas que se referem à qualidade de energia. Na sequência, os dados medidos durante a recarga foram inseridos na curva de carga de consumidores em diferentes cenários de recarga. Os resultados encontrados contribuem para o entendimento da recarga do veículo elétrico. A recarga em diferentes horários do dia afeta de forma diferente as curvas de carga dos consumidores e consequentemente, de diferente maneiras o sistema elétrico de potência. Palavras-Chave: Veículo Elétrico, Recarga, Fiat 500e, Curva de Carga, Consumo. ABSTRACT Since the invention of the wheel, the man wish to find something that can be move alone. There were three types of vehicle technology in the 19th century: steam car, combustion car and electric car. But the combustion car became the predominant technology due to the discovery of huge oil fields in Texas, US. However, the concern about environmental pollution has contributed to the return of electric vehicle, as an alternative to reduce the greenhouse effect. Therefore, low autonomy and the time it takes to recharge remain as the great disadvantages of electric vehicles. The most advanced battery used in electric car is the Li-ion battery. The battery is used together with ultra-capacitors to contribute with the increase of performance of car and extend the life time of battery. Regenerative braking system is the other technology present in electric vehicle. It converts the braking energy in electric energy that it is transferred to the bank of batteries and it contributes to extend the autonomy of the electric vehicle. Every electric vehicle is a plug-in car because it requires to connect to grid to recharge the battery. Therefore, most of electronic devices can cause distribution circuit congestion and affect the power quality. The study presents the behavior of main electric parameters during the recharge of the electric vehicle Fiat 500e. The analysis of results were done based on the limits recommended by national and internationals standards about quality of energy. In sequence, these parameters were included on load curve of Brazilian consumers in different scenarios of recharge. The results contribute to discuss the general effect on distribution system caused by the spread of electric vehicle and how the recharge in different time of the day can affect the consumption and consequently the Power System. Key-words: Electric Vehicle; Vehicle Charging; Fiat 500e; Load Curve, Consumption. LISTA DE FIGURAS: Figura 1: Locomotiva elétrica Galvani ..................................................................................... 23 Figura 2: Veículo a vapor desenvolvido por Nicolas Cugnot .................................................. 24 Figura 3: Veículo a combustão desenvolvido por Karl Benz ................................................... 25 Figura 4: Partida a manivela nos veículos a combustão ........................................................... 26 Figura 5: Jenatzy a bordo do “La Jamais Contente” ................................................................ 27 Figura 6: Réplica funcional do híbrido série Lohner Porsche Semper Vivus .......................... 28 Figura 7: Thomas Edison ao lado do Detroit Electric .............................................................. 29 Figura 8: Peugeot trazido da França por Santos Dumont ......................................................... 32 Figura 9: Veículo movido a gasogênio ..................................................................................... 33 Figura 10: Aero Willys 2600 .................................................................................................... 34 Figura 11: Gurgel Itaipu ........................................................................................................... 35 Figura 12: Fiat Palio Weekend Elétrico ................................................................................... 37 Figura 13: Veículo elétrico BMW i3 ........................................................................................ 39 Figura 14: Veículo elétrico GM EV1 ....................................................................................... 41 Figura 15: Nissan Leaf e detalhe dos conectores de carregamento rápido e lento ................... 42 Figura 16: Grupos de veículos elétricos ................................................................................... 44 Figura 17: Principais configurações dos automóveis no mercado. .......................................... 47 Figura 18: Variação do torque com a velocidade para MCI e motor elétrico .......................... 49 Figura 19: Densidade Energética e Densidade de Potência de diferentes tipos de baterias ..... 53 Figura 20: Gráfico de descarga de uma bateria de Li-íon ........................................................ 55 Figura 21: Diagrama de limites de tensão de uma bateria ........................................................ 57 Figura 22: Modos de operação da bateria de um VEHP .......................................................... 58 Figura 23: Modelo linear de uma bateria ................................................................................. 59 Figura 24: Modelo modificado de Thevenin de uma bateria.................................................... 60 Figura 25: Conversores CC-CC bidirecional ........................................................................... 63 Figura 26: Frenagem regenerativa ...........................................................................................
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