Fond Du Lac Treaty Portraits: 1826

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Fond Du Lac Treaty Portraits: 1826 Fond du Lac Treaty Portraits: 1826 RICHARD E. NELSON Duluth, Minnesota The story of the Fond du Lac Treaty portraits began on the St. Louis River at a site near the present city of Duluth with these words: Whereas a treaty between the United States of America and the Chippeway tribe of Indians, was made and concluded on the fifth day of August, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-six, at the Fond du Lac of Lake Superior, in the territory of Michigan, by Commissioners on the part of the United States, and certain Chiefs and Warriors of the said tribe . (McKenney 1959:479) The location was memorialized by a monument erected by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Duluth, Minnesota, on November 21, 1922, which reads: Fond du Lac, Minnesota. Site of an Ojibway village from the earliest known pe­ riod. Daniel Greysolon Sieur de Lhut was here in 1679. Astor's American Fur Company established a trading post on this spot about 1817. First Ojibway treaty in Minnesota made here in 1826. The report of the treaty is recorded in Sketches of a Tour to the Lakes, of the Character and Customs of the Chippeway Indians, and of Incidents Connected with the Treaty of Fond du Lac written by Thomas K. McKenney in the form of letters to Secretary of War James Barbour in Washington and first published in 1827. McKenney was the head of the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. In May of 1826 he and Lewis Cass, the governor of the Michigan Territory, were appointed by President John Quincy Adams to conclude a major treaty at Fond du Lac. The treaty was to gain approval of the agreements made at Prairie du Chien the previous year to gain access to the mineral deposits of the area, and to arrange for another treaty at Green Bay in 1827 to fix the boundary lines between the Ojibwas and the Winnebagos and the Menominees. 239 240 RICHARD E. NELSON McKenney traveled from Washington to New York, up the Hudson River to the Erie Canal, and from Buffalo through Lake Erie to Detroit. His letters are full of observations about the country through which he traveled. In Detroit he met Governor Lewis Cass, and arrangements were completed for the party from Detroit that would be going to Fond du Lac. Some of the company would be traveling by boat but others by canoe, including McKinney himself: "Having never seen a birch canoe, I am anxious to know in what kind of a conveyance I am destined to go up the lakes" (McKenney 1959:116). Joining the party at Detroit was James Otto Lewis. He was a young Detroit artist, engraver and printer. As a friend of Governor Cass, he travelled as an artist officially assigned to paint Indian portraits in the west. In 1825 he had been with Cass at the Treaty of Prarie du Chien on the Mississippi. In October 1826 he was present when treaties were signed with the Pottawatomi and Miami in Indiana, and in 1827 at the treaty of Green Bay at Buttes des Mortes on the Fox River. It is the work of Lewis done at Fond du Lac that serves as the basis of the collection of treaty portraits. When Cass and McKenney reached Sault Ste. Marie, Henry R. School­ craft joined the group that would be in the treaty party. Schoolcraft was the Indian agent at Sault Ste. Marie. He and Governor Cass had been on previous expeditions together. In 1820 he was the geologist with the group that sought the headwaters of the Mississippi. As the group left this city on the 11th of July, they were joined by soldiers who increased their number to 112 persons. It took them 17 days to reach the mouth of the St. Louis River at the western end of Lake Superior, a journey estimated by McKenney to be 529 miles. At the head of Lake Superior they were met by a party of Indians from the Fond du Lac band. As the group approached their destination, McKenney reflected on his journey in a rather flamboyant 19th-century rhetorical style: Much as I admire these wild and vast displays of creative and sustaining power, and often as I have felt my heart swell under the eloquence of nature, when she has spoken in storms, or whispered in zephyrs, when the mountains have been made to shake, and the lake to lift its billows high in the air, and when all has been still again; and no sound was heard but the murmer on the shore, and nothing seen but the still leaf, the glassy lake, and the spangled and silent firmament; yet there was a charm which bound my heart, and that charm was home. (McKenney 1959:274) Pen and oil sketches by James Otto Lewis were used as the basis of the lithographs which illustrated Sketches of a Tour of the Lakes. Lewis was one of the first of the painters of Indian portraits and scenes. He TREATY PORTRAITS 241 did two portraits of an Ojibwa named Shin-Gaa-Ba-W'osin, the first in his Aboriginal Port-Folio (Lewis 1835), the second in the Sketches of a Tour of the Lakes. A third portrait of him, entitled "Shin-Ga-Be-W'ossin, A Chippeway Chief is from McKenney and Hall's History of the Indian Tribes of North America published between 1836 and 1844 in Philadelphia. There is much biographical information about many of the personages pictured in this collection. Shin-Ga-Be-W'ossin was a famed war captain, powerful orator, and statesman. His granddaugher, Jane Johnson, married Henry Schoolcraft. It was McKenney who developed the custom of having portraits painted of the Indians who came to Washington in delegations to visit and sign treaties. This collection of portraits, known collectively as the "Indian Gallery", hung in a cramped office in the War Department. Charles Bird King painted many of them from life. King was born in Rhode Island and studied in London under Benjamin West of the Royal Academy. Returning from London, he became a popular artist in Washington. In addition to the Indian portraits painted from life, he copied for the Indian Gallery some of the portraits sent to Washington by James Lewis that had been done at treaty meetings in various far reaches of the country. In order to have a set of portraits available for him to be used as the ba­ sis of the lithographs for the History of the Indian Tribes of North America, McKenney had copies of the King paintings made by Henry Inman. These portraits have survived, and until recently were at Harvard's Peabody Mu­ seum. Recognizing the role of Lewis in the development of the portrait gallery, James Horan (1972:64) states, "He appears to be the unsung hero of McKenney's famous Indian Gallery." By the 1860s the King portrait collection had been moved to the Smithsonian. They were there only until 1865 when they were destroyed in a disasterous fire. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate portraits of women and children. Of the first, McKenney (1933:199) writes, "The life of the Indian woman, under the most favourable circumstances, is one of continual labour and unmitigated hardship." The second has no comment, but is considered to be one of the most charming pictures in the Lewis portfolio. A series of three portraits of an Ojibwa chief named Wa-Em-Boesh- Kaa illustrate how the images change as we see them in the Port-Folio, the Sketches, and McKenney and Hall's History. In the Port-Folio the figure faces one direction. The drawing in the Sketches shows what seems to be the same figure seated on the ground under two tree smoking a pipe with a stem of immense length. In the McKenny and Hall lithograph, here reproduced as Figure 3, the figure is reversed, the pipe wrappings are altered, and colour of the bowl is changed. McKenney has the following comment about the subject of the portraits: 242 RICHARD E. NELSON Among the most remarkable Chiefs we met with at the treaty of La Fond du Lac Superior, in 1826, was Waemboeshkaa. ... Our attention was attracted more by his style of dress than by any particular part that he bore in the ceremonies of that occasion. He was the only Indian present who seemed to have a right conception of a kingly crown, and to have succeeded in constructing a very successful imitation of that appendage of royalty. (1933:258) Unfortunately for those who are interested in Fond du Lac there is no view of the site in the Lewis Port-Folio. There are views there of the Prarie du Chien treaty site, and of the Butte des Morts showing the arrival of Cass and McKenney in 1827. However, a full length portrait of an Ojibwa chief named Nabu-Naa-Kee-Shick, here shown as Figure 4, probably includes a view of the St. Louis River. This chief was from Fond du Lac, and I would like to think that the portrait shows him at his own village. There are a number of small islands in this area of the river near where the fur post and Indian village were located, and it is possible that this print could include a view of this scene. Although James Otto Lewis was not widely respected as an artist, his contribution to these priceless collections of treaty portraits has been recognized. As Horan (1972:64) states in his book on the McKenney-Hall portrait gallery, "Lewis did not possess the artistic background of King .
Recommended publications
  • James Otto Lewis' the Aboriginal Portfolio
    James Otto Lewis' The Aboriginal Portfolio Bibliography 1. The Aboriginal Portfolio. See Also The North American Aboriginal Portfolio. 2. "Albert Newsam Folder." Library Company of Philadelphia. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Notes: Source: Viola. The Indian Legacy of Charles Bird King. 1976. Source: Viola. Thomas L. McKenney: Architect of America's Early Indian Policy: 1816‐1830. 1974. 3. Alexandria Gazette [Microform] (Alexandria, Virginia), 1800‐. Notes: Source: Viola. The Indian Legacy of Charles Bird King. 1976. Source: WorldCat. 4. American Saturday Courier (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), 1900a. Notes: American Saturday Courier. Philadelphia, ca. 1830‐1856. WorldCat: 10284376. The Philadelphia Saturday Bulletin. Philadelphia, ca. 1856‐1860. WorldCat: 12632171. The Philadelphia Saturday Bulletin and American Courier. Philadelphia, 1856‐1857. WorldCat: 2266075 Source: Viola. The Indian Legacy of Charles Bird King. 1976. Source: WorldCat. 5. "Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, Exhibit." Apollo (London, England) New Series 92(December 1970): 492. Notes: Source: Art Abstracts on OhioLINK. 6. Annals of Iowa (Des Moines) [Microform] 3rd Series, Vol. 1(1895). Notes: Source: Horan. The McKenney‐Hall Portrait Gallery of American Indians. 1986. Source: WorldCat. Source: RLIN. 7. Biographical Portraits of 108 Native Americans: Based on History of the Indian Tribes of North America, by Thomas L. McKenney and James Hall. Stamford, Connecticut: U.S. Games Systems, 1999. Notes: Source: WorldCat. 8. Boston Evening Transcript [Microform] (Boston, Massachusetts). Notes: Source: Horan. The McKenney‐Hall Portrait Gallery of American Indians. 1986. Source: WorldCat. 9. Catalogue of Works by The Late Henry Inman, With a Biographical Sketch: Exhibition for the Benefit of His Widow and Family, at the Art Union Rooms, No.
    [Show full text]
  • Albemarle County in Virginia
    ^^m ITD ^ ^/-^7^ Digitized by tine Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.arGhive.org/details/albemarlecountyiOOwood ALBEMARLE COUNTY IN VIIIGIMIA Giving some account of wHat it -was by nature, of \srHat it was made by man, and of some of tbe men wHo made it. By Rev. Edgar Woods " It is a solemn and to\acKing reflection, perpetually recurring. oy tHe -weaKness and insignificance of man, tHat -wKile His generations pass a-way into oblivion, -with all tKeir toils and ambitions, nature Holds on Her unvarying course, and pours out Her streams and rene-ws Her forests -witH undecaying activity, regardless of tHe fate of Her proud and perisHable Sovereign.**—^e/frey. E.NEW YORK .Lie LIBRARY rs526390 Copyright 1901 by Edgar Woods. • -• THE MicHiE Company, Printers, Charlottesville, Va. 1901. PREFACE. An examination of the records of the county for some in- formation, awakened curiosity in regard to its early settle- ment, and gradually led to a more extensive search. The fruits of this labor, it was thought, might be worthy of notice, and productive of pleasure, on a wider scale. There is a strong desire in most men to know who were their forefathers, whence they came, where they lived, and how they were occupied during their earthly sojourn. This desire is natural, apart from the requirements of business, or the promptings of vanity. The same inquisitiveness is felt in regard to places. Who first entered the farms that checker the surrounding landscape, cut down the forests that once covered it, and built the habitations scattered over its bosom? With the young, who are absorbed in the engagements of the present and the hopes of the future, this feeling may not act with much energy ; but as they advance in life, their thoughts turn back with growing persistency to the past, and they begin to start questions which perhaps there is no means of answering.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAIRMEN of SENATE STANDING COMMITTEES [Table 5-3] 1789–Present
    CHAIRMEN OF SENATE STANDING COMMITTEES [Table 5-3] 1789–present INTRODUCTION The following is a list of chairmen of all standing Senate committees, as well as the chairmen of select and joint committees that were precursors to Senate committees. (Other special and select committees of the twentieth century appear in Table 5-4.) Current standing committees are highlighted in yellow. The names of chairmen were taken from the Congressional Directory from 1816–1991. Four standing committees were founded before 1816. They were the Joint Committee on ENROLLED BILLS (established 1789), the joint Committee on the LIBRARY (established 1806), the Committee to AUDIT AND CONTROL THE CONTINGENT EXPENSES OF THE SENATE (established 1807), and the Committee on ENGROSSED BILLS (established 1810). The names of the chairmen of these committees for the years before 1816 were taken from the Annals of Congress. This list also enumerates the dates of establishment and termination of each committee. These dates were taken from Walter Stubbs, Congressional Committees, 1789–1982: A Checklist (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985). There were eleven committees for which the dates of existence listed in Congressional Committees, 1789–1982 did not match the dates the committees were listed in the Congressional Directory. The committees are: ENGROSSED BILLS, ENROLLED BILLS, EXAMINE THE SEVERAL BRANCHES OF THE CIVIL SERVICE, Joint Committee on the LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, LIBRARY, PENSIONS, PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, RETRENCHMENT, REVOLUTIONARY CLAIMS, ROADS AND CANALS, and the Select Committee to Revise the RULES of the Senate. For these committees, the dates are listed according to Congressional Committees, 1789– 1982, with a note next to the dates detailing the discrepancy.
    [Show full text]
  • People of the Three Fires: the Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibway of Michigan.[Workbook and Teacher's Guide]
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 321 956 RC 017 685 AUTHOR Clifton, James A.; And Other., TITLE People of the Three Fires: The Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibway of Michigan. Workbook and Teacher's Guide . INSTITUTION Grand Rapids Inter-Tribal Council, MI. SPONS AGENCY Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.; Dyer-Ives Foundation, Grand Rapids, MI.; Michigan Council for the Humanities, East Lansing.; National Endowment for the Humanities (NFAH), Washington, D.C. REPORT NO ISBN-0-9617707-0-8 PUB DATE 86 NOTE 225p.; Some photographs may not reproduce ;4011. AVAILABLE FROMMichigan Indian Press, 45 Lexington N. W., Grand Rapids, MI 49504. PUB TYPE Books (010) -- Guides - Classroom Use - Guides '.For Teachers) (052) -- Guides - Classroom Use- Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE MFU1 /PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *American Indian Culture; *American Indian History; American Indians; *American Indian Studies; Environmental Influences; Federal Indian Relationship; Political Influences; Secondary Education; *Sociix- Change; Sociocultural Patterns; Socioeconomic Influences IDENTIFIERS Chippewa (Tribe); *Michigan; Ojibway (Tribe); Ottawa (Tribe); Potawatomi (Tribe) ABSTRACT This book accompanied by a student workbook and teacher's guide, was written to help secondary school students to explore the history, culture, and dynamics of Michigan's indigenous peoples, the American Indians. Three chapters on the Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibway (or Chippewa) peoples follow an introduction on the prehistoric roots of Michigan Indians. Each chapter reflects the integration
    [Show full text]
  • K:\Fm Andrew\11 to 20\15.Xml
    FIFTEENTH CONGRESS MARCH 4, 1817, TO MARCH 3, 1819 FIRST SESSION—December 1, 1817, to April 20, 1818 SECOND SESSION—November 16, 1818, to March 3, 1819 SPECIAL SESSION OF THE SENATE—March 4, 1817, to March 6, 1817 VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES—DANIEL D. TOMPKINS, of New York PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE—JOHN GAILLARD, 1 of South Carolina; JAMES BARBOUR, 2 of Virginia SECRETARY OF THE SENATE—CHARLES CUTTS, of New Hampshire SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE SENATE—MOUNTJOY BAYLY, of Maryland SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES—HENRY CLAY, 3 of Kentucky CLERK OF THE HOUSE—THOMAS DOUGHERTY, 4 of Kentucky SERGEANT AT ARMS OF THE HOUSE—THOMAS DUNN, of Maryland DOORKEEPER OF THE HOUSE—THOMAS CLAXTON CONNECTICUT George M. Troup, 7 Dublin KENTUCKY 8 SENATORS John Forsyth, Augusta SENATORS Samuel W. Dana, Middlesex REPRESENTATIVES AT LARGE Isham Talbot, Frankfort David Daggett, New Haven Joel Abbot, Washington John J. Crittenden, 15 Russellville REPRESENTATIVES AT LARGE Thomas W. Cobb, Lexington REPRESENTATIVES 5 Zadock Cook, Watkinsville Uriel Holmes, Litchfield Richard C. Anderson, Jr., Louisville 6 Joel Crawford, Milledgeville Sylvester Gilbert, Hebron Henry Clay, Lexington Ebenezer Huntington, Norwich John Forsyth, 9 Augusta Robert R. Reid, 10 Augusta Joseph Desha, Mays Lick Jonathan O. Moseley, East Haddam Richard M. Johnson, Great Crossings Timothy Pitkin, Farmington William Terrell, Sparta Anthony New, Elkton Samuel B. Sherwood, Saugatuck Tunstall Quarles, Somerset Nathaniel Terry, Hartford ILLINOIS 11 George Robertson, Lancaster Thomas S. Williams, Hartford SENATORS Thomas Speed, Bardstown Jesse B. Thomas, 12 Edwardsville David Trimble, Mount Sterling DELAWARE Ninian Edwards, 13 Edwardsville SENATORS David Walker, Russellville REPRESENTATIVE AT LARGE Outerbridge Horsey, Wilmington John McLean, 14 Shawneetown LOUISIANA Nicholas Van Dyke, New Castle SENATORS REPRESENTATIVES AT LARGE INDIANA Willard Hall, Dover Eligius Fromentin, New Orleans SENATORS 16 Louis McLane, Wilmington William C.
    [Show full text]
  • John Tyler Before the Presidency: Principles and Politics of a Southern Planter
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2001 John Tyler Before the Presidency: Principles and Politics of a Southern Planter. Christopher Joseph Leahy Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Leahy, Christopher Joseph, "John Tyler Before the Presidency: Principles and Politics of a Southern Planter." (2001). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 242. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/242 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation FINALLY.Pdf
    Copyright by Rowena Houghton Dasch 2012 The Dissertation Committee for Rowena Houghton Dasch Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: “Now Exhibiting:” Charles Bird King’s Picture Gallery, Fashioning American Taste and Nation 1824-1861 Committee: Susan Rather, Supervisor Michael Charlesworth Neil Kamil Emily Ballew Neff Jeffrey Smith “Now Exhibiting:” Charles Bird King’s Picture Gallery, Fashioning American Taste and Nation 1824-1861 by Rowena Houghton Dasch, AB, MA Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December 2012 Dedication For my family, each member of which has carried me through a portion of this journey. Dorothy Knox and Tom Houghton Kevin, Caroline, and Litty Dasch Acknowledgements When one embarks on a journey destined to take up a third of her lifetime, it becomes impossible adequately to acknowledge all who have joined in on the adventure. My first and greatest acknowledgment must be to my parents, Tom and Dorothy Knox Houghton. Their commitment to education and to the arts underpins all that I have accomplished academically in my own life. My mother has supported me at each step of the way, to the point of decamping for a summer to Alexandria, Virginia to provide childcare while I was in residence at the National Portrait Gallery. My father was taken from us too soon. He saw me finish my MA, and the strength of his conviction that I would finish my Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomination Form ------·---~
    Form 10-300 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF SHE INTERIOR (3s~.1968) NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM -----------·---~----------------- ,, (Clleelt 9ne) Excellent 0 Good O Fair D Oelerioroled 0 Ruins lxJ Unexposed 0 (Cheek One) (Check One) GillT Y Altered G9 Unaltered D Moved D Original Site ~ CRISE THE PRESl;.NT ANO ORIGINAL (II known) PHYSICAi.. APPEARANCE Until it burned on Christmas day, 1884, James Barbour's house at Barboursvil e stood essentially as completed circa 1822 from designs by Thomas Jefferson. Only two one-story side porches appear to have been later additions. Though large in scale, the house contained only eight principal rooms, the hall, drawing room, and dining room being two-story chambers •.The entrance facade featured a projecting Roman Doric tetrastyle portico which covered the reces ed front wall of the entrance hall. On the garden front the walls of the octagonal drawing room projected into a similar portico, as at Monticello. The octagonal dome which Jefferson proposed in his drawing was omitted during construction; it is uncertain whether the Chinese lattice railing whi h appeared in Jefferson's drawing around the base of the roof was ever install d. Although the dining room had no chamber over it, Jefferson indicated a false window on the second floor level in order to keep the garden front symmetrical. This feature was omitted and consequently gave that side of the house an unbalanced appearance. Unfortunately, there is little V, evidence as to the appearance of the original interior architectural trim. m One might assume that the two-story rooms were crowned by full entablatures m as at Monticello.
    [Show full text]
  • The Publicity of Monticello: a Private Home As Emblem and Means Benjamin Block [email protected]
    University of Puget Sound Sound Ideas Summer Research 2013 The Publicity of Monticello: A Private Home as Emblem and Means Benjamin Block [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://soundideas.pugetsound.edu/summer_research Part of the American Art and Architecture Commons, Architectural History and Criticism Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Block, Benjamin, "The ubP licity of Monticello: A Private Home as Emblem and Means" (2013). Summer Research. Paper 179. http://soundideas.pugetsound.edu/summer_research/179 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Sound Ideas. It has been accepted for inclusion in Summer Research by an authorized administrator of Sound Ideas. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PUBLICITY OF MONTICELLO: A PRIVATE HOME AS EMBLEM AND MEANS Ben Block Department of Art History September 24, 2013 1 THE PUBLICITY OF MONTICELLO: A PRIVATE HOME AS EMBLEM AND MEANS The next Augustan age will dawn on the other side of the Atlantic. There will, perhaps, be a Thucydides at Boston, a Xenophon at New York, and, in time, a Virgil at Mexico, and a Newton at Peru. At last, some curious traveller from Lima will visit England and give a description of the ruins of St. Paul's, like the editions of Balbec and Palmyra. - Horace Walpole 1 In the course of the study of Thomas Jefferson as architect, which began in earnest in 1916 with Fiske Kimball’s landmark study Thomas Jefferson, Architect , only recently have historians began to break out of the shell that Kimball placed around Jefferson’s architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Living in the New World
    February 15 – May 6, 2018 A Special Collections Exhibition at Pequot Library LIVING IN THE NEW WORLD Exhibition Guide Living in the New World CONTENTS Thoughts .................................................................................................................................................................................. - 3 - Discussion Topics ..................................................................................................................................................................... - 6 - Vocabulary ............................................................................................................................................................................... - 7 - Suggested Reading .................................................................................................................................................................. - 9 - Reading List for Young People ............................................................................................................................................. - 9 - Reading List for the perpetually Young: ................................................................................................................................ - 9 - Internet Resources ................................................................................................................................................................ - 11 - Timeline ................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Sac and Fox Indian Agency
    The Annals of Iowa Volume 43 Number 4 (Spring 1976) pps. 262-274 The Sac and Fox Indian Agency ISSN 0003-4827 No known copyright restrictions. Recommended Citation "The Sac and Fox Indian Agency." The Annals of Iowa 43 (1976), 262-274. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.11271 Hosted by Iowa Research Online 262 ANNALS OF IOWA Department. Division of Historical Museum and Archives Joseph Montfort Street Interland Publishing, Inc., 1972), 349. The Sac and Fox Indian Agency 263 Tension between whites and Indians in the region had stead- ily increased as swelling numbers of whites crowded into the re- cently ceded Black Hawk Purchase." White-Indian friction be- came commonplace; a recurrence of open warfare was feared un- less preventative measures were taken. In an effort to alleviate the tense situation, the United States negotiated a treaty with the Sac and Fox in October, 1837, whereby the Indians ceded a long, tapering sliver of land lying west of the Black Hawk Purchase. In return, the government reciprocated with a substantial land grant on the Des Moines River.* Joseph Montfort Street, the Sac and Fox agent at Rock Island, was appointed agent for the new Des Moines River agency. Street was a veteran Indian agent. Appointed by John Quincy Adams on August 8, 1827, Street had served first as Winnebago Indian agent at Prairie du Chien from 1827 until 1834.' In March, 1835, Commissioner of Indian Affairs Elbert Herring' or- dered Street to assume authority over the Sac and Fox agency at Rock Island.' Street remained there until November, 1837, when he was selected to establish the new Sac and Fox agency in what was to shortly become Iowa Territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Confederate Street Renaming Pilot Program Policy and Procedures
    PLANNING AND ZONING DEPARTMENT CONFEDERATE STREET RENAMING PILOT PROGRAM POLICY AND PROCEDURE 2021/2022 Effective August 10, 2021 PURPOSE AND AUTHORITY The purpose of this policy and pilot program is to provide standard procedures for street renaming requests for roadways bearing the names of Confederate soldiers and leaders (see attachment). This pilot program provides guidance for renaming of up to three streets. Upon completion of renaming three streets, the Naming Committee will reevaluate the procedures or discontinue the program. Authority for street naming and renaming is defined by City Code Sec. 5-2-66 - Ordinance required for change of street name which states that, "The name of any street designated by the official naming map referred to in section 5-2-63 of this code or by subsequent designation by the planning commission shall not be changed except by the adoption of an ordinance by the city council. (Code 1963, Sec.33-46)". POLICY STATEMENTS Requesting a name change for roadways classified as an arterial and expressway, local, primary collector, residential collector, alley, or unnamed alley For any roadway identified on the Inventory of Confederate Street Names – June 2021 list, a petitioner is allowed to complete and submit a Street Name Change application through the Alexandria Permit and Planning portal (APEX) which includes a petition signed by a minimum of 25% of property owners with addresses along the roadway. For an alley, the petition should include signatures from property owners with addresses along the alley and owners with addresses from abutting properties that might not be addressed off the alley.
    [Show full text]