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The Mendel Newsletter September 2017 TTHHEE MMEENNDDEELL NNEEWWSSLLEETTTTEERR Archival Resources for the History of Genetics & Allied Sciences ISSUED BY THE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY New Series, No. 21 September 2017 IN THIS ISSUE From the Librarian — Patrick Spero 3 The History of Genomics Program at the National Numan Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) — Christopher Donohue 4 The Papers of Conrad Hal Waddington at Edinburgh University Library Special Collections — Clare Button 13 The Papers of Britton Chance in the American Philosophical Society — Charles Greifenstein and Bayard Miller 19 American Philosophical Society Library—Research and Fellowships in Genetics, History of Medicine and Related Disciplines 22 THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY LIBRARY Philadelphia The Mendel Newsletter September 2017 The Mendel Newsletter American Philosophical Society Library 105 South Fifth Street Philadelphia PA 19106-3386 U.S.A. www.amphilsoc.org/library Editor Managing Editor Michael Dietrich Earle E. Spamer Department of History and Philosophy of Science American Philosophical Society 1017 Cathedral of Learning University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 The Mendel Newsletter [email protected] [email protected] Editorial Board Mark B. Adams, University of Pennsylvania Barbara Kimmelman, Philadelphia University Garland E. Allen, Washington University Martin L. Levitt, American Philosophical Society John Beatty, University of Minnesota Jane Maienschein, Arizona State University Frederick B. Churchill, Indiana University Diane B. Paul, University of Massachusetts, Boston Michael R. Dietrich, University of Pittsburgh Jan Sapp, York University,Toronto Bernardino Fantini, Institut Louis Jantet d’Histoire Vassiliki Beatty Smocovitis, University of Florida de Medicine, Geneva The Mendel Newsletter, New Series, No. 21 (September 2017) Issued occasionally by The American Philosophical Society Library. Available only in digital for- mat, readers may print and redistribute copies. The current issue and many back issues may be downloaded from The Mendel Newsletter webpage at www.amphilsoc.org/library/mendel. Inquiries relating to article contributions to The Mendel Newsletter may be sent to the Editor. Photograph of Gregor Mendel, ca. 1860, from the Curt Stern Papers, American Philosophical Society. APS graphics:2210 2 The Mendel Newsletter September 2017 From the Librarian Patrick Spero S readers of the Mendel Newsletter may know, I recently had the honor of taking up the mantle of Librarian and Director A at the APS Library. I came to the APS from Williams College where I served as an assis- tant professor of History and Leadership studies after receiving my Ph.D. in history from the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 2009. While my area of specialty is early American history, particularly the American Revolution, it has been my goal while at the APS to expand the Library’s fellow- ships and programs in its core collection strengths, including the history of science, medi- cine, and technology. The past year has been marked by welcoming new fellows to the Library to undertake archival research, including those involved in the study of the history of genetics. One of the most fascinating projects to emerge from a fellowship last year examined how the models used in livestock breeding and genetics came to influence the ways in which scientists their field. We’ve begun hosting writing work- thought about human genetics. This researcher shops for fellows to present works-in-progress for spent much of his time working with the Hubert critique and discussion by their peers, APS staff, Dana Goodale papers and found evidence of and outside scholars in their fields. Finally, each Goodale’s work in transplanting the reproductive year the Library will host a scholarly conference organs of chickens into the opposite sex. Goodale, to coincide with the Museum’s exhibition. In a poultry and cattle geneticist, was a student of 2016, the APS held a symposium on Native Charles Davenport and this researcher is explor- American languages, in 2017 it will be on art and ing how Goodale’s work may have influenced revolutions, and in 2018, to celebrate the 275th human eugenicists. This is only one of many sto- anniversary of the Society, the Library will host a ries revealing the new connections scholars are conference that explores the role of learned socie- making with APS materials. ties and associations in history. I encourage Men- In addition, the Library is planning new pro- del readers who have occasion to be in Philadel- grams this year to cultivate a lively intellectual phia to attend one of our new programs, whether a community around its core collecting areas. Each lunchtime seminar or fall conference, to learn month, the Library brings in a scholar from Phila- more about our collections and the new research delphia and beyond to talk about new research in emerging from their use. 3 The Mendel Newsletter September 2017 The History of Genomics Program at the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Christopher Donohue NHGRI and History of Genomics Program [email protected] HE Human Genome Project officially “translating genome-based knowledge to health” began in 1990 and concluded by 2003. It with the NHGRI’s role being the “large-scale pro- was, according to Francis Collins then duction of genomic data sets” and the facilitation Director of the NHGRI, “the first major of “quantum leaps” in technology development, T foray of the biological and medical re- such as “allowing a human genome to be se- search communities into “big science”, leading to quenced for $1000 or less” (Collins et al. 2003). the “development of an array of new technologies; The subsequent genomic program develop- the generation of highly useful genetic, physical ment efforts undertaken by the NHGRI generally and transcript maps of the genomes of several or- reflect these emphases, from the NHGRI’s stew- ganisms” and a “highly polished sequence of the ardship of the International HapMap Project to human genome, free and readily accessible to all.” continuing bioinformatics funding efforts (Gibbs (Collins, Morgan, and Patrinos 2003). All of these et al. 2003). Such a strategic orientation was also statements are generally correct, with the disa- illustrated by the development of the Encyclope- greements occurring in the specifics. (Eichler, dia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) in 2003, an in- Clark, and She 2004) (Chaisson et al. 2015). ternational consortium to identify all of the In 2003, there was collective agreement by functional elements in the human genome se- Francis Collins, the leadership at the NHGRI, and quence (Consortium 2004). Collins’ dictum to the extramural grantee community for the NHGRI translate genome-based knowledge to health re- to continue its leadership and advisory role in the sulted in collaboration with the National Cancer funding of genomic science in the United States. Institute (NCI), with the Cancer Genome Atlas. Writing that same year, Collins with senior lead- The TCGA began in 2005 is “a comprehensive ership staff, including current Director Eric and coordinated effort to accelerate our under- Green, elucidated an ambitious agenda for the standing of the molecular basis of cancer through NHGRI to guide the development of genomic sci- the application of genome analysis technologies, ence after the Human Genome Project. This in- including large-scale genome sequencing.” (see cluded “elucidating the structure and function of https://www.genome.gov/tcga/). Newer program- genomes” including the “organization of genetic matic efforts underscore the increasing relevance networks and protein pathways and how they con- of genomics to clinical diagnosis and treatment. tribute to cellular and organismal phenotypes” and But the clinical focus and advances in genomic producing a “detailed understanding of the herita- medicine has not lessened the focus on genome ble variation in the human genome” while also 4 The Mendel Newsletter September 2017 Figure 1. NHGRI History Archive Database homepage. biology (Manolio et al. 2013) (Green and Guyer of the Human Genome Project and on the continu- 2011). ing development of genomic science. Eric Green, having been appointed Director of At present the archive contains about 2.5 mil- the NHGRI in 2010, began the History of Ge- lion documents, with each file containing a single nomics Program in 2012 to implement various document. This means that the archive contains measures, including paper document digitization around 25 million pages. A select stratum has and born-digital file collection and organization, been made available to scholars through the de- to capture the rich legacy of the Human Genome velopment of a database resource. More on that Project as well as to ensure that the history of re- below. The archive has a growth rate of about 8% cent genomic science under the stewardship of the to 10% a year. This includes about 700,000 pages NHGRI was not lost. To the ends of that charge, of digitized paper files of Francis Collins’ corre- the History of Genomics Program is home to the spondence and files generated in the course of following efforts: a substantial digitized archive, daily business when he was Director of the an oral history effort, efforts for the promotion of NHGRI (1993 to 2008) with the remainder con- scholarly work on molecular biology, genetics and sisting of born-digital files. genomics, database development, a visiting schol- The born-digital files mostly cover the man- ar lecture series as well as the sponsorship
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