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JAIN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS” (With Reference to Pune District)

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“SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF JAIN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS” (With Reference to Pune District) A Thesis Submitted to Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.) Under the faculty of Social Sciences Department of Economics By Sunita P. Dakle Lecturer in Commerce Annasaheb Magar College, Hadapsar, Pune 411028 Under Guidance of Dr. Praveen Jadhav, M.A., Ph. D. Head, Department of Economics Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune 411037 Research Centre Department of Economics Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth Gultekdi, Pune 411037 March 2011 D E C L A R A T I O N I hereby affirm that the research entitled “SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF JAIN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS” (with Reference to Pune District) is an original work carried out by me in the Nehru Institute of Social Sciences, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth Pune. It does not contain any work for which a degree or diploma has been awarded by any other university. Date : Mrs. Sunita P. Dakle Place : Pune Researcher I CERTIFICATE II Acknowledgement This Research study would not have been possible without the help and guidance I obtained from various individuals and institutions. I am indeed grateful to the authorities of the Department of Economics, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune for giving me the opportunity to undertake this research project. I express my sincere gratitude to my research guide, Dr. Praveen Jadhav, Head, Economics Department, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, for his constant encouragement and valuable suggestions. During the entire research period, he guided me in manifold ways to ensure that the research project was kept focused. Words are inadequate and insufficient to express my indebtedness to him. I am also indebted to Prof. Vijay Karekar, Dean,Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, and Prof. Jyoti Patil for giving me valuable insights. I thank also all the teaching, non- teaching and library staff of Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth. I am also indebted to librarians at Gokhale Institute, Pune University, N.I.B.M., D.I.C. Pune, Mahratta Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture, S.N.D.T. University. I express my sincere gratitude to respected Hon. Ajitdada Pawar, President Pune District Education Society. Mr. Satishrao Ursal Secretary and all the members of Pune District Education Society for giving me necessary permission and co-operation. I would like to thank Mr.R.M.Misal, Principal and Mr. V.D.Lokhande , Vice – Principal Annasaheb Magar College,Pune,for the encouragement and co-operation extended to me; Prof. D .S. Kadam, Prof. S. N. Nanaware, Prof. A. P. Jadhav and all my colleagues at A.M. College, Pune, for their support. The non-teaching staff and the Librarian, Mr. Sangle, also provided valuable assistance, which I appreciate. I am very grateful to Dr. Nalini Joshi, Head, Jain Chair, University of Pune for guiding me on the various fundamentals and nuances related to Jainism; to Mr. Prafulla Parakh, Trustee Bharatiya Jain Sanghatna, for providing information regarding Jain entrepreneurs affiliated to Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana; to Mrs. Sharmili Oswal and Mrs Surekha Katariya of Swanand Mahila Mandal for helping me in obtaining information regarding Jain entrepreneurs; to Prof. V.B. Gujar of H V Desai College and Prof. Mrs. S. R. Kothari of Shahu College for helping me in the collection of data.Mrs Sadhna Bhandari for providing constant encouragement. I would also like to thank the women entrepreneurs selected for this study for their good response to the questionnaire. III Mr. Purushottam Thete for his help in thesis writing, and, to Mr. George Davis for his expertise in language editing and design of the text I am deeply obliged. For the whole-hearted support of my husband, Mr. Pravin Dakle, constant encouragement of my sons and kindness of other family members, who stood as ONE for me throughout the entire research and study period, I owe a debt of gratitude which cannot be expressed merely by saying Thank you. Finally there are many persons whose names may not be mentioned here, but who have helped me in various ways in the preparation of this work. I would like to extent my sincere gratitude to them. I would like to say thanks to all the Almighty God, who had sustained me and given me strength to carry on this work without blessing. Date Place Dakle Sunita Pravin IV Contents Sr. No. Particulars Page Nos. 1. Declaration I 2. Certificate II 3. Acknowledgement III, IV 4. Contents V - XIII 5. Table Index XIV - XVIII 6. Graph Index XIX - XXI 7. Map Index XXII Chapter-I Introduction to Women Entrepreneurship 1 – 49 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Concept of Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship 3 1.2.1 Definitions of Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship 3 1.3 Functions of Entrepreneurs 7 1.4 Qualities 9 1.5 Types of Entrepreneurs 10 1.6 Entrepreneurship 11 1.7 Entrepreneurship in the World 12 1.8 Entrepreneurship in India 14 1.9 Jain Entrepreneurship in India 16 1.10 Entrepreneurship in Maharashtra 19 1.11 Jain Entrepreneurship in Maharashtra 22 1.12 Entrepreneurship in Pune 22 1.13 Jain Entrepreneurship in Pune 24 1.14 Concept of Women Entrepreneurs 26 1.15 Functions of Women Entrepreneurs 26 1.16 Types of Women Entrepreneurs 27 1.17 Rural Women Entrepreneurship 27 1.18 Need for Women Entrepreneurs 28 1.19 Women Entrepreneurship and Economic Development 29 V 1.20 Women Entrepreneurs in the World 31 1.21 Women Work Participation in the World 34 1.22 Evolution of Women Entrepreneurship in India 34 1.23 Women Entrepreneurs in India 35 1.24 Participation of Women in Small Scale Sector (SSIs : 38 2004) 1.25 Principal Characteristics of Women-Managed SSI Units 39 in India 1.26 Jain Women Entrepreneurship in India 40 1.27 Women Entrepreneurship in Maharashtra 42 1.28 Jain Women Entrepreneurship in Maharashtra 43 1.29 Conclusion 43 Chapter II Research Design 50 - 66 2.1 Introduction 51 2.2 Objectives of the Study 53 2.3 Limitations of Study 53 2.4 Need and Importance of the Study 53 2.5 Hypothesis of the Study 54 2.6 Methodology 54 2.6.1 Primary Data 54 2.6.2 Secondary Data 55 2.6.3. Selection of Area 56 2.6.4 Selection of Industries 57 2.6.5 Selection of Samples 62 2.6.6 Processing and Analysis of Data 62 2.7 Chapter Scheme 63 Chapter Review of Literature 67 - 100 III 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Studies of Male Entrepreneurs in World 68 3.3 Studies of Male Entrepreneurs in India 70 VI 3.4 Studies of Women Entrepreneurs in World 77 3.5 Study of Women Entrepreneurs in India 79 3.6 Conclusion 96 Chapter Profile of Pune District 101 - 113 IV 4.1 Introduction 102 4.2 Name 102 4.3 History 103 4.4 Location and Size 105 4.5 Climate 105 4.6 Municipal Corporations and Talukas of Pune District 105 4.7 Demography 106 4.8 Population Density 107 4.9 Rural and Urban Population 108 4.10 Sex Ratio 108 4.11 Literacy 108 4.12 Industries 108 4.13 Roadways 110 4.14 Water Resources 111 4.15 Pune: The City of Gen-Next 111 4.16 Religion 112 4.17 Education 112 4.18 Income of Pune District 112 Chapter V Jainism : An Introduction 114 - 134 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Tenants of Jainism 115 5.3 Doctrines 116 5.4 Jain Philosophy 117 5.5 Customs and Practices 119 5.6 Panch Mahavrata 119 5.7 Jain Contributions to Indian Culture 120 VII 5.8 Role of Jainism in Modern India 121 5.9 Emancipation of Women 122 5.10 Geographical Spread and Influence of Jainism 122 5.11 History of Jainism 123 5.12 Growth of Jain Population 125 5.13 Distribution of Population 128 5.14 Gender Distribution of Jain Population 130 5.15 Conclusion 132 Chapter VI Socio-Economic Study of Jain Women Entrepreneurs 135 - 201 6.1 Introduction 136 6.2 Classification of Jain Women Entrepreneurs According to 137 Their Sects 6.3 Classification of Women Entrepreneurs According to Age 138 Group 6.4 Classification Jain Women Entrepreneurs According to 144 Marital Status 6.5 Classification Jain Women Entrepreneurs According to 146 Native State 6.6 Classification of Jain Women Entrepreneurs According to 147 Native District 6.7 Reasons for Migration as Stated by Jain Women 148 Entrepreneurs 6.8 Classification of Entrepreneurs According to Mother 149 Tongue 6.9 Educational Background of the Entrepreneurs 151 6.10 Classification of Jain Women Entrepreneurs’ Families 163 According to Income 6.11 Co-relation between Family Income and Turnover 164 6.12 Classification of Jain Women Entrepreneurs According to 166 Mode of Transport Used 6.13 Classification of Women Entrepreneurs According to 168 Their Previous Occupations 6.14 Classification of Jain Women Entrepreneurs According to 170 Social Work VIII 6.15 Women Entrepreneurs’ Role in Rural Development 171 Classification of Women Entrepreneurs According to 6.16 Money Donated 173 Classification of Jain Women Who Opted for Love 6.17 Marriage 175 Classification of Jain Women Entrepreneurs According to 6.18 Illness 176 6.19 Classification according Place of Treatment 177 6.20 Classification According to Residential Accommodation 180 Classification of Jain Women Entrepreneurs According to 6.21 Family Structure 183 6.22 Classification According to Number of Family Members 185 6.23 Classification According to Family Members’ Gender 186 Classification of Entrepreneurs According Number of 6.24 Children 187 Classification of Husband, Father and Mother of 6.25 According to Education Level 189 Classification of Jain Women Entrepreneurs’ Husbands 6.26 and Mothers’ Occupations 190 6.27 Classification according to Motivational Factors 192 Classification According to Importance Given to Prayer 6.28 and Religious Practices 193 Classification of Women Entrepreneurs Who Undertook 6.29 Fasts 194 Classification of Entrepreneurs According
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  • The Maratha Empire of Pune and the Peshwas: an Overview

    The Maratha Empire of Pune and the Peshwas: an Overview

    Science, Technology and Development ISSN : 0950-0707 The Maratha Empire of Pune and the Peshwas: an overview *Dr.Ramya.K.R. Assistant Professor, Department of History, Government First Grade College ( Autonomous ), Gubbi. Abstract This paper attempts to study how Peshwas who were all ministers who served as the chief executives to the king and later held the highest administrative office and also controlled the Maratha empire . Maratha confederacy, alliance formed in the 18th century after Mughal pressure forced the collapse of Shivaji’s kingdom of Maharashtra in western India. After the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb’s death (1707), Maratha power revived under Shivaji’s grandson Shahu. He confided power to the Brahman Bhat family, who became hereditary peshwas (chief ministers). He also decided to expand northward with armies under the peshwas’ control. In Shahu’s later years the power of the peshwas increased. After his death (1749) they became the effective rulers. The leading Maratha families—Sindhia, Holkar, Bhonsle, and Gaekwar— extended their conquests in northern and central India and became more independent and difficult to control. The effective control of the peshwas ended with the great defeat of Panipat (1761) at the hands of the Afghans and the death of the young peshwa Madhav Rao I in 1772. Thereafter the Maratha state was a confederacy of five chiefs under the nominal leadership of the peshwa at Poona (now Pune) in western India. Though they united on occasion, as against the British (1775–82), more often they quarreled. After he was defeated by the Holkar dynasty in 1802, the peshwa Baji Rao II sought protection from the British, whose intervention destroyed the confederacy by 1818.