IN THIS ISSUE: Fighting from the saddle – , , and elephants

VOL XI, ISSUE 5 WWW.ANCIENT-WARFARE.COM // KARWANSARAY PUBLISHERS KARWANSARAY // WWW.ANCIENT-WARFARE.COM

JAN / FEB 2018 US/CN $11.99 €7,50 / CHF 7,50 RIDING INTO 05 0

07412 BATTLE Ancient mounted warfare 74470 0

THEME – ROMAN UNITS // THE BATTLE OF THAPSUS // RUNNING WITH THE HORSES SPECIALS – LOOKING AT THE PYDNA MONUMENT // PILA TACTICS // WHO WERE THE VEXILLARII?

Printed intheEuropeanUnion. ISSN: 1874-7019 1110, 3000BCRotterdam, The Netherlands. wansaray B.V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands. PO Box Ancient Warfare ispublishedevery two monthsby Kar fare doesnotnecessarilyimplyendorsement. in Advertisingpublishers. and/or editor herein do not necessarily represent the views of the expressed opinions the and Articles acknowledged. would liketohearfromany copyright holdersnot any unwittingcasesofcopyright transgressions and impossible. The editor and publishers apologize for to trace copyright holders,butinfewcasesthisproves before submissiontous.Every efforthasbeenmade sure thatthecorrectpermissionshave beenobtained individual providing materialforpublication musten- Any publishers. the of consent written prior without ing inthispublicationmay bereproducedin any form Copyright Karwansaray B.V. All rights reserved. Noth- Kingdom. Phone:+44(0)2074294000. Ltd, 2 East Poultry Avenue, London, EC1A 9PT, United UK andtheRepublicofIrelandisSeymourDistribution and by subscription.The exclusive distributorforthe Ancient Warfare is sold through retailers, the internet Distribution via phoneorby email.For theaddress,seeabove. Subscriptions canbepurchased atwww.kp-shop.com, Subscriptions www.ancient-warfare.com to theabove addressorusethecontactformon views, newsandqueriesarewelcomed.Pleasesend Contributions intheformofarticles,letters,re- Website: www.ancient-warfare.com Customer service:[email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +31-575-776076(EU),+1-740-994-0091(US) PO Box4082,7200BBZutphen, The Netherlands Editorial office Print: Grafi Advies Graham Sumner Dzis, RocíoEspin,Jose G.Moran, Johnny Shumate, Illustrators: Seán Ó’Brógáín, Tomás Ó’Brógáín,Igor Staff, Lindsay Powell, Evan Schultheis, Tacticus C.L. Holmes,Michael Livingston, Paul McDonnell- Murray Dahm,Jan Eschbach, Joseph Hall,Robert Contributors: Duncan B. Campbell, Myke Cole, Design ©2016Karwansaray Publishers Design &Media:ChristianneC.Beall Proofreader: NaomiMunts Editor: Jasper Oorthuys Managing Director:Jasper Oorthuys Publisher: Rolofvan Hövell tot Westerflier Ancient War - -

18 DEPARTMENTS SPECIAL F SPECIAL 4 6 14 23 18 16 patrol thefrontier inSyriaandArabia. used bytheRomans toguardand A lookattheunitsofcamelcavalry SMELLY SENTINELS more exoticmountswere alsousedintheancientworld. other, But warfare. in role a played long has THEME: News andupdates Preliminaries Anti-elephant tactics Bane ofbehemoths Roman dromedarytroops Patrolling thedesert Historical introduction Riding intohistory Q. Atilius Primus'tombstone A manofmanytalents The Pydna monument Physical sources

RID E ATURES i NG INTO BATTLE

6 58 says aboutHellenisticwarfare. it what and monument Paullus the on imagery visual the of analysis An SET INSTONE 54 48 43 28 38 Ancient Warfare XI-5 Fearful smell... On thecover Veterinaries oftheRomanarmy Keeping thehorsesfit Running withthehorses The Hamippoi The Battleof Thapsus, 46BC Who wereHyginus'vexillarii? Serving underabanner Tekne Taktikepart V , Pila onthebattlefield Final fightwithelephants

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Editorial Picking themes for Ancient War- fact with what I’ve said above, Broad themes, not tied to a fare is not as easy as it seems. As then it’s clear that some topics, specific person or campaign don't you know, we used to take sugges- which may be very worthy of suffer from these problems as tions, allow you to vote online for an article or two, but not of an much (as you'll see in this issue). your favourites, and then do our entire theme, may never get a They allow me to collect wide- best to make those themes into re- chance. That issue has been ex- ranging topics, some of which ality the year after. Experience has acerbated by the introduction may have been covered a bit in shown that while that approach is of our new regular features: the past. Cavalry was certainly im- fun for the reader and usually fun Grave Matters, Tekne Taktike, portant in the ancient world, and for the editor, it can also lead to and Roman Army in Detail. I we've dedicated one theme to themes that are difficult to bring to certainly like those, and I hope it already (issue VI.3), but horses PRELIMINARIES life. This is generally due to a lack you do too, but it leaves me are not the only possible means of sources, a lack of quality im- with even less space for spe- of transport on the ancient battle- ages, or a dearth of expert authors. cial features. So in future I’ll be field. I hope you’ll enjoy this issue. The main disadvantage of trying to keep themes on the having themes at all is obvi- shorter side and feature more ous if you’ve been reading An- unrelated articles. That should cient Warfare for many years: it also make the magazine more leaves very little space for any- attractive if the theme is not Jasper Oorthuys Editor, Ancient Warfare thing else. If you combine that really ‘up your alley’.

Warriors duel on a tiny Bronze Age masterpiece What was thought to be an un- tacular archaeological discovery sealstone was discovered lying assuming sealstone researchers in Greece in more than half a face-down near the right arm at the University of Cincinnati century” when it was uncovered of the Griffin . When are now describing as “one of in an olive grove near the ancient cleaned, the meticulously the finest works of prehistoric city of Pylos in 2015. carved combat scene was fully Greek art ever discovered.” The grave was found un- revealed, etched on a piece of The “miniature masterpiece” disturbed and intact. Study of hard stone measuring just 3.6 portrays close combat between the site has revealed not only centimeters (just over 1.4 inch- fighters at a moment of high dra- the well-preserved remains of es) in length. What makes the ma. A semi-naked, long-haired what is believed to have been a piece remarkable is that many warrior engages a formidable powerful Mycenaean warrior or of the scene’s details, such as foe. His opponent is armed with priest buried around 1500 BC, the intricate ornamentation of a spear, carries a large shield and but also a trove of Aegean Greek the weapons and clothing, be- wears a high crested helmet. In Bronze Age period finds. come clear only when viewed the beautifully composed scene, The arms and equipment of using photomicroscopy tech- the lightly armed fighter plunges the figures depicted on the so- niques because of the small his sword into the other man’s called Pylos Combat Agate evoke size of the piece and the pro- exposed neck. A vanquished op- scenes of one-to-one combat de- nounced veining in the stone. ponent already lies sprawled life- scribed in Homer’s Iliad. – Lindsay Powell less at his feet. Originally encrusted The exquisite engraving ap- with limestone, the pears on a seal stone of agate. It was found in The true colours of the the treasure-laden tomb Combat Agate after of the so-called ‘Grif- cleaning. © Courtesy of The fin Warrior’, which was Department of Classics hailed as “the most spec- University of Cincinatti.

Ancient Warfare XI-5 4 Finds may identify First Punic War naval battle Archaeologists believe they have cast pieces is found the site of the Battle of the completed it will Egadi Islands, the pivotal struggle be possible to at- of the first war between Rome tempt to translate and Carthage (264-241 BC). the messages. Working off the northwest- Particularly ern coast of Sicily between striking was a the Aegadian Islands of Lev- Montefortino- anzo and Marettimo during the style helmet. Thir- 2017 season, archaeologists of teen have so far the Soprintendenza del Mare been recovered in collaboration with the Al- from the seafloor, tofondalisti divers of the GUE but this one is (Global Underwater Explorers) unique on ac- found an extraordinary array count of its deco- of ancient artefacts lying on ration. At the pin- One of the rostra the seabed. Among them were nacle of the domed protective (top) and Montefor- two bronze rams (rostra) of an- headgear, the helmet features a tino helmets found cient warships and ten bronze lion decoration. The armourer this season. © Courtesy of the Ega- helmets from the marines who cleverly used the crest holder as di Project 2017. fought on board them. the head of the crouching lion. Attached to the front of the Its front paws stretch out part Carthaginians ship at sea level, the rostrum way over the front of the hel- was the device which weap- met, while the hind legs and tail clashed on 10 onized the ancient vessel. A straddle the back. Decorated March 241 BC. On commander would attempt to Montefortino helmets are ex- that day, the fleet of Roman con- ram the opponent’s ship with his tremely rare and this specimen sul C. Lutatius Catulus battled own, breaking the adversary’s may possibly have belonged to Hanno’s and won. According to wooden hull, disabling or sink- an officer of a Roman warship. Diodorus Siculus, “the Carthag- ing it. One rostrum, ‘Egadi-12’, Ancient battle sites are no- inians lost 117 ships, 20 of them is richly decorated on both sides toriously difficult to identify with with all men aboard, while the with birds’ heads and has a Pu- certainty. The nature Romans lost 80 ships, 30 of nic inscription. A second ros- and style of the finds uncovered them completely, while 50 were trum, ‘Egadi-13’, is plainer but during this and previous digs partially destroyed” (Library of also bears an inscription. Once may point to this being the lo- History 24.11). the work of conserving the large cation where the Romans and – Lindsay Powell

πHAVE YOU READ? THE CLASSICAL ART OF COMMAND. EIGHT GREEK GENERALS WHO SHAPED THE HISTORY OF WARFARE by Joseph Roisman (Oxford 2017) Author and editor of numerous articles and books on ancient Greek history – on Alex- ander the Great, ancient Macedonia, and Greek rhetoric among other central topics – Professor Roisman (Colby College) returns here to the subject of his 1993 monograph on general Demosthenes and to seven other military movers and shakers who made their various marks between 480 and 362 BC. The choice of individual commanders is impec- cable as far as it goes: Leonidas and Lysander of Sparta; Themistocles, Pericles and Dem- osthenes of Athens; Dionysius I of Syracuse; and Epaminondas and Pelopidas of Thebes. But readers may be disappointed not to find included a chapter on Alexander.

–Paul Cartledge, Professor emeritus of Greek culture, University of Cambridge

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