DOCSLIB.ORG

Bachelor Thesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bachelor Thesis Research Collection Bachelor Thesis Geological characterisation of an underground research facility in the Bedretto tunnel Author(s): Meier, Matthias Publication Date: 2017 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000334001 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Bachelor Thesis 2017 Geological characterization of an underground research facility in the Bedretto Tunnel Presented at the department of earth science at ETH Zurich Institute of Geology Supervised by Dr. Florian Amann ETH Zurich, Scientific Manager Deep Underground Geothermal Lab, SCCER-SoE Dr. Valentin Gischig ETH Zurich, Swiss Competence Center for Energy Research SCCER-SoE Hannes Krietsch ETH Zurich, Swiss Competence Center for Energy Research SCCER-SoE Submitted by Matthias Meier 14-924-476 30.6.2017 Abstract A geological characterization of a cavern in the Bedretto Tunnel is made to support future hydro- mechanical experiments planned by the SCCER – SoE. The main goal is to get information about the persistence of fault zones as well as to ascertain the stress field around the cavern. Based on mapping of the tunnel from Tunnel Metre (TM) 1964 to TM 2130 a 3D model and a horizontal tunnel plan are made. The mapped structures are compared with an aerial image of the ground surface above the tunnel and some measured structures from swisstopo. They show two groups of orientation and especially high persistence in the SW/NE direction. Due to high persistence, an extrapolation of mapped fault zones is made. The influence of topography on the tunnel is illustrated with 2D finite element analysis. Stress trajectories show a vertical orientation of the 휎푍 around the cavern, concluding the influence is negligible. According to the world stress map the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress 휎퐻푚푎푥 should be parallel to the tunnel axis. Based on observed spalling (i.e. stress induced brittle failure) in the tunnel a 2D finite element analysis of a cross section at TM 2035 is made to get the k-value (i.e. the ratio between the vertical stress 휎푣 and the horizontal stress 휎ℎ (perpendicular to the tunnel)). The vertical stress around the test site is 26.89 MPa, the k-value is 0.8-1, which leads to the conclusion that the horizontal stress 휎ℎ is between 21.5 - 26.89 MPa. These results show that 휎푣 > 휎ℎ and 휎퐻푚푎푥 > 휎ℎ. Unclear is the relation between 휎퐻푚푎푥 and 휎푣. The area around the Bedretto Tunnel can be in a normal faulting regime (휎푣 > 휎퐻푚푎푥 > 휎ℎ) or a strike-slip regime (휎퐻푚푎푥 > 휎푣 > 휎ℎ). In conclusion, the existing large fault systems crossing the cavern are ideal targets of a hydro-mechanical experiment. As the stress regime is not entirely defined based on current knowledge, local stress characterization is required. One principal stress component is vertical, which is important for the design of stress characterization boreholes. i Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ i 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Incentive....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Site description............................................................................................................. 2 1.2.1 Geographical description ...................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Tunnel data ........................................................................................................... 3 1.2.3 Geological description .......................................................................................... 4 2 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Tunnel mapping ........................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Mapping in the tunnel ........................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 3D model .............................................................................................................. 7 2.1.3 Horizontal tunnel plan .......................................................................................... 8 2.1.4 GIS-Data ............................................................................................................... 8 2.1.5 Strike comparison ................................................................................................. 8 2.1.6 Extrapolation of the fault zones ............................................................................ 9 2.2 Stress characterization................................................................................................ 10 2.2.1 World stress map WSM ...................................................................................... 10 2.2.2 Focal mechanism ................................................................................................ 11 2.2.3 Area stress information ....................................................................................... 12 3 Results ............................................................................................................................... 14 3.1 Tunnel mapping ......................................................................................................... 14 3.1.1 3D model ............................................................................................................ 14 3.1.2 Horizontal tunnel plan ........................................................................................ 16 3.1.3 GIS-Data ............................................................................................................. 20 ii 3.1.4 Strike comparison ............................................................................................... 21 3.1.5 Extrapolation of the fault zones .......................................................................... 24 3.2 Stress characterization................................................................................................ 25 3.2.1 World stress map ................................................................................................ 25 3.2.2 Focal mechanism ................................................................................................ 27 3.2.3 Area stress information ....................................................................................... 29 4 Discussion.......................................................................................................................... 33 4.1 Tunnel mapping ......................................................................................................... 33 4.2 Stress characterization................................................................................................ 33 5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 34 iii 1 Introduction 1.1 Incentive To unlock deep geothermal resources for electricity production, the permeability in 4-5 km depth has to be significantly enhanced. Large volumes of water (i.e. 150-200 l/min) need to be circulated at rock temperature of 150-200 °C. High pressure fluid injections are typically used to increase the permeability. These fluid injections are often accompanied by induced seismic events. Unfortunately, seismic events have been felt at the earth surface and caused some minor infrastructure damage (e.g. Basel (Giardini & Deichmann, 2007)). To enable the large-scale utilization of deep geothermal energy in Switzerland, the technologies to enhance permeability must be improved and validated to reduce the risk of felt induced seismic events to a minimum. The Swiss Competence Center for Energy Research – Supply of Energy (SCCER-SOE) currently performs a series of in-situ stimulation experiments, that aim a better understanding of the seismic-hydro-mechanical processes associated with high pressure fluid injections. In a first attempt a decametre-scale in-situ stimulation experiment was recently finalized at the Grimsel Test Site (GTS) with approximately 480 m overburden in crystalline rock. In a second step, a pilot stimulation is planned in the Bedretto Tunnel at approximately 1100 m depth with significantly increased flow rates and volume as compared to the GTS experiment. This experiment will be performed in 2018. Key requirements for a successful planning of this pilot stimulation are a detailed knowledge of the rock structures (e.g. orientations and persistence), the in-situ state of stress (magnitude and orientation) and the associated slip tendency. This thesis focuses on an in-depth analysis of the geological structures within the experimental volume for the second pilot stimulation. This includes mapping of the tunnel and the identification of fault zones and their architecture. Further, this thesis will focus on a review of stress information in the area of the Bedretto Tunnel including the world stress map, analysis of focal mechanism and stress information inferred from stress induced structures around the Bedretto Tunnel. The fact that the tunnel walls
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Bulletin BROOKLYN PCC CARS’ 80 ANNIVERSARY
    ERA BULLETIN — DECEMBER, 2016 The Bulletin Electric Railroaders’ Association, Incorporated Vol. 59, No. 12 December, 2016 TH The Bulletin BROOKLYN PCC CARS’ 80 ANNIVERSARY Published by the Electric by Bernard Linder Railroaders’ Association, Incorporated, PO Box (Continued from November, 2016 issue) 3323, New York, New York 10163-3323. As soon as the cars were in service, news- dynamic brake came into service first and papers reported that the passengers liked was increased as the brake foot pedal was For general inquiries, or the quiet, fast, comfortable cars. St. Louis depressed. At 3-inch pedal movement, the Bulletin submissions, Car Company’s booklet explains how the track brake cut in. The air brake completed contact us at bulletin@ company accomplished this feat. the braking cycle and held the car after it erausa.org. ERA’s The designers proceeded to develop a radi- stopped. Your Editor-in-Chief’s supervisor website is cally new control and braking apparatus for recalled that the Brooklyn cars’ magnetic www.erausa.org. smooth and rapid starts and stops. To deter- brakes were disconnected after they wore Editorial Staff: mine the maximum comfortable acceleration, out the track rails at the trolley stops. The Editor-in-Chief: your Editor-in-Chief’s supervisor sat in a car PCC’s brakes gave rates of retardation that Bernard Linder loaded with sandbags. Tests were conducted were not previously achieved. Tri-State News and in the Ninth Avenue Depot at different rates The PCCs were much quieter than the old- Commuter Rail Editor: Ronald Yee of acceleration and deceleration. These ex- er cars.
    [Show full text]
  • ZERMATT – GORNERGRAT Private De Luxe Train
    90 YEARS OF THE GLACIER EXPRESS 15 to 19 July 2020 JUBILEE TRIP TIRANO – ST. MORITZ – ZERMATT – GORNERGRAT Private de Luxe Train Railway journey through the Swiss Alps on the tracks of the legendary Orient Express This luxury train includes two original Pullman cars, built in 1931, which once belonged to the Cie. Int. des Wagons-Lits et Grands Express européens. The exquisite wooden inlay work in the carriages was carried out by renowned French cabinetmaker René Prou. For the sector from St. Moritz to Zermatt, the train also has a bar-lounge carriage built in 1928 and a luggage car from 1930. For lunch on board, two Gourmino dining cars, dating from 1929 and 1930, are added to the special train. All these carriages have been lovingly restored down to the smallest detail, in accordance with today’s safety standards. The train is hauled by a railway locomotive from the period, such as the world-famous “Crocodile” of the Rhaetian Railway. Glacier Pullman Express passenger service staff will be on hand to attend to your needs throughout the trip. 90 years of the Glacier Express Jubilee trip from Tirano via St. Moritz and Zermatt to the Gornergrat Wednesday, 15 to Sunday, 19 July 2020 The trip from Tirano to the Gornergrat is a journey to remember Wednesday, 15 July 2020 Join the tour in Chur or St. Moritz (own travel arrangements) and overnight in the selected hotel. Thursday, 16 July 2020 In the morning travel by scheduled “Bernina Express” train service in 1st class from Chur or St. Moritz to Tirano.
    [Show full text]
  • Explore the Stunning Swiss Alps by Rail
    Explore the stunning Swiss Alps by rail Stunning scenery and spectacular views regale us as we travel by rail through the heart of the Swiss Alps on the world-famous Glacier Express. We enjoy mountain railways, charming towns and dramatic Alpine scenery on this tour through the breathtaking landscapes of Switzerland. The itinerary for your journey Tour highlights • Chur, Switzerland’s oldest town • A journey on the Bernina Express • Poschiavo • The Iconic Glacier Express • Kandersteg, a delightful mountain resort • Mountain rail excursion to Zermatt • The Matterhorn • GRJ Swiss Travel Card What's included An escorted experience and all travel arrangements • The services of a professional UK Tour Manager from start to finish • Exclusive meeting point at our dedicated Departure Office in St Pancras • Standard Class rail travel throughout • Porterage included between the station and your hotels in Chur and Kandersteg, as well as between Kandersteg and Chur Comfortable accommodation in your destination • 7 nights' hotel accommodation including 1 outbound overnight stay in Cologne, 3 nights at the Hotel Freieck in Chur and 3 nights at the Hotel Belle Epoque in Kandersteg Delicious meals included • 12 meals including 7 breakfasts and 5 dinners including a farewell dinner in Kandersteg Exciting excursions and free time to explore • Journey on the iconic Glacier Express • Full day excursion on the Bernina Express • Mountain railway excursion to Zermatt • Free time in Chur • At leisure in Poschiavo • Explore Kandersteg • GRJ Swiss Travel Card, permitting 50% discounted fares on free days for rail, boat and most mountain railway journeys Tour Itinerary Day 1 - By train to Strasbourg After meeting at our dedicated Departure Office in St Pancras, we board the Eurostar to Paris, continuing on by high-speed rail to Strasbourg, where we overnight.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating Different Operational Scenarios for the Proposed Emergency Ventilation System in Furka Tunnel
    INVESTIGATING DIFFERENT OPERATIONAL SCENARIOS FOR THE PROPOSED EMERGENCY VENTILATION SYSTEM IN FURKA TUNNEL REHAN YOUSAF 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE “TUNNEL SAFETY & VENTILATION” GRAZ, 2016 APRIL 25TH 2016 PRESENTATION OUTLINE Background Ventilation Aim & Objectives Methodology Investigated Scenarios Results Conclusions INVESTIGATING DIFFERENT OPERATIONAL SCENARIOS FOR THE PROPOSED EMERGENCY COPYRIGHT©PÖYRY VENTILATION SYSTEM IN FURKA TUNNEL 2 8th Int. Conference ‘Tunnel Safety & Ventilation’, Graz, 2016 BACKGROUND Swiss cantons of Uri and Wallis were connected by Furka Summit Tunnel (opened in 1926) Furka Base Tunnel 15.4 km long Furka base tunnel replaces Furka Summit tunnel in 1982 Two cross junctions namely “Geren (single track twin tube) ” and “Rotondo (double track single tube)” One access gallery “Bedretto” is Furka Summit Tunnel located mid way of tunnel Bi-directional train traffic Single track tunnel Twin track tunnel Tunnel < 100 100 - > 300 < 100 100 - > 300 Categorized “C” according to swiss Length trains/ 300 trains/ trains/ 300 trains/ [m] day trains/ day day trains/ day guide line “Sicherheitsanforderungen day day für bestehende Eisenbahntunnel (10. < 300 A A A A A A Aug 2009)” 300-1000 B B B B B B 1000-3000 B C C B C C “Update Furka” Tunnel refurbishment 3000-10’000 C C C C D D project to be completed by 2022 > 10’000 C D D C D D INVESTIGATING DIFFERENT OPERATIONAL SCENARIOS FOR THE PROPOSED EMERGENCY COPYRIGHT©PÖYRY VENTILATION SYSTEM IN FURKA TUNNEL 3 8th Int. Conference ‘Tunnel Safety & Ventilation’, Graz, 2016 VENTILATION: AIM Ventilation aims at: Lower humidity level in tunnel Constructional ventilation Improve tunnel safety level in case of fire emergency A tunnel door and two axial fans are located mid way of tunnel to control ventilation INVESTIGATING DIFFERENT OPERATIONAL SCENARIOS FOR THE PROPOSED EMERGENCY COPYRIGHT©PÖYRY VENTILATION SYSTEM IN FURKA TUNNEL 4 8th Int.
    [Show full text]
  • Bedretto Deep Underground Laboratory for Geoenergies – a New Interdisciplinary Research Facility Wednesday, 9 October 2019 16:30 (15)
    7th European Geothermal Workshop - Characterization of Deep Geothermal Systems Contribution ID : 138 Type : Oral Bedretto Deep Underground Laboratory for Geoenergies – a new interdisciplinary research facility Wednesday, 9 October 2019 16:30 (15) The Bedretto tunnel in Ticino, Southern Switzerland has been identified to provide ideal conditions forunder- ground in-situ experiments on the meso-scale related to geo-energies. The tunnel is located in the Rotondo Granite and comes with 1’000m plus overburden rock mass, for this reason providing a setting that is similar to typical deep reservoirs. The Bedretto tunnel is a 5km long side access, built during the excavation of the Furka base tunnel.Atabout 2km from the entrance in Val Bedretto, a 6 m wide and 100 m long niche has been excavated during tunnel construction, providing the ideal conditions for an underground laboratory. The tunnel has been retrofitted with a new access road, power supply, ventilation, IT-infrastructure and an external laboratory. Additionally, it is equipped with a background basic monitoring system along the tunnel. We present an overview about a series of experiments planned for the next years in the context of EGS. Stim- ulation experiments will be conducted in dedicated boreholes with specially designed borehole completions that allows the direct access to the rock volume in individually accessible intervals. The first project is focusing on the development of a reservoir of 100 m scale, which is a significant largerscale than other in-situ stimulation experiments conducted i.e., by Zang et al. 2017, Amann et al. 2018, Renner et al. 2019 and Kneafsey et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Deliverable D5.4: Report on Ways and Methods to Lower the Technical, Geological and Financial Risks Currently Associated to EGS
    Deliverable D5.4: Report on ways and methods to lower the technical, geological and financial risks currently associated to EGS WP 5: Demonstration of cyclic hydraulic and multi stage treatments in granites and tight sandstones Lead Beneficiary GES Type R - report, document etc. OTHER - software, technical diagram etc. DEM - demonstrator, pilot etc. E - ethics DEC - website, patent filing etc. Status Draft WP manager accepted Project coordinator accepted Dissemination PU - Public level CO - Confidential: only for members of the consortium Contributors 1-GFZ 5-GES L9-GT 13-SNU 2-ENB 6-TNO 10-UoS 14-KIC 3-ESG T7-E H 11-TUD 15-ECW 4-UoG 8-GTN 12-NEX 16-WES Creation date 26.02.2020 Last change 26.02.2020 Version Final Due date 29.02.2020 Submission date 02.03.2020 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 691728 DESTRESS Demonstration of soft stimulation treatments of geothermal reservoirs Liability claim The European Union and its Innovation and Networks Executive Agency (INEA) are not responsible for any use that may be made of the information any communication activity contains. The content of this publication does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Responsibility for the information and views expressed in the therein lies entirely with the author(s). DESTRESS is co-funded by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) 02.03.2020 2 DESTRESS Demonstration of soft stimulation treatments of geothermal reservoirs Abstract The present report presents the preliminary results of a test reservoir stimulation carried out in the Bedretto Lab between January 15th and February 5th 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydraulic Conductivity Distribution in Crystalline Rocks, Derived from Inflows to Tunnels and Galleries in the Central Alps, Switzerland
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by RERO DOC Digital Library Hydraulic conductivity distribution in crystalline rocks, derived from inflows to tunnels and galleries in the Central Alps, Switzerland Olivier Masset & Simon Loew Abstract Inflow data from 23 tunnels and galleries, transient behavior and the source of inflows. One of the 136km in length and located in the Aar and Gotthard most popular study approaches, whatever the aspect massifs of the Swiss Alps, have been analyzed with the considered, is the comparison of measured inflow data objective (1) to understand the 3-dimensional spatial with modeled inflows in order to back calculate hydro- distribution of groundwater flow in crystalline basement geological parameters. For example, Zhang and Franklin rocks, (2) to assess the dependency of tunnel inflow rate on (1993) compiled inflow data from different tunnels in depth, tectonic overprint, and lithology, and (3) to derive different types of rock and compared them with analytical the distribution of fracture transmissivity and effective and numerical models, and Hwang and Lu (2007) hydraulic conductivity at the 100-m scale. Brittle tectonic modeled inflow transient behavior and found it to be in overprint is shown to be the principal parameter regulating agreement with the general trend of measured inflow data. inflow rate and dominates over depth and lithology. The The analysis of tunnel inflow data yields important highest early time inflow rate is 1,300l/s and has been information about the spatial distribution of groundwater reported from a shallow hydropower gallery intersecting a flow at various scales and the hydraulic properties of rock 200-m wide cataclastic fault zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Sales Manual 2020
    SALES MANUAL 2020 1 CONTENTS GLACIER EXPRESS 03 Facts and figures 04 Highlights along the route 06 Experiences – year round 07 Railway route & day trips 08 Timetable & sections 09 Fares & surcharge Germany Paris 10 Purchase of tickets Munich Schaffhausen 11 Reservation & terms and conditions 12 Included benefits & information for tour operators Basel 13 Car compositions & class system Zurich Liechtenstein France Switzerland 14 Excellence Class Lucerne Austria 16 Catering service Berne 18 Promotional material Chur Disentis 19 Souvenirs & luggage transport Andermatt Davos Thusis Lausanne Interlaken Filisur St. Moritz Fiesch Brig Facts and Figures Glacier Express St. Niklaus Tirano Geneva (Bernina Express) 1889 First line of the Rhätische Bahn (Rhaetian Railway) opens, Lugano Zermatt Landquart – Klosters (to Davos from 1890) Gornergrat Italy 1891 Cog railway is opened, Visp – Zermatt 1903 The Albula Line of the Rhaetian Railway opens, Milano Thusis – Celerina (to St. Moritz from 1904) 1926 The Furka Oberalp Railway opens, Brig – Disentis 1930 On June 25 1930, the Glacier Express runs between Zermatt and St. Moritz in summer for the first time 1982 The Furka Base Tunnel opens, thus connecting Zermatt and St. Moritz all year round 1993 The first panoramic trains herald a new era 2005 75th anniversary of the Glacier Express 2006 New first-class and second-class panoramic cars 2008 The “Rhaetian Railway in the Albula/Bernina Landscapes” has been included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites Window to the Swiss Alps 2009 All trains are now equipped with first and second class panoramic cars From Zermatt and the Matterhorn, the panoramic trip leads over 2014 Start of themed weeks of events in spring and autumn 291 bridges and through 91 tunnels over the Swiss Alps to St.
    [Show full text]
  • Historic Mountain Line a New Season for Switzerland's Old Furka Steam Train
    Historic Mountain Line A new season for Switzerland's old Furka steam train By Marie Vuilleumier (Text) and Thomas Kern (Photos) May 29, 2019 - 11:00 Armed with chain saws, shovels and snow ploughs, it takes 15 volunteers three weeks to clear the snow from the historic Furka cogwheel steam railway in central Switzerland. Here’s how they do it. It’s 5:30am. The snow-covered mountains look bluish in the first light of day. Everything is still quiet in Realp, a small village in canton Uri in central Switzerland. A little further away, windows twinkle; it’s breakfast time in the canteen belonging to the Furka mountain line association. Volunteers still have pillow marks on their faces, but they are already kidding around as they spread jam onto their bread. (Keystone). Then they strap avalanche detectors onto their chests and apply sunscreen to their faces. “The sun up there is strong!” they warn. Created to connect the towns of Brig and Disentis by rail, the Furka cogwheel steam train had two purposes: to develop tourism and to facilitate the transport of military convoys. The line went into service in 1926 and was electrified in 1942. The railway was abandoned in 1981 with the commissioning of the Furka Base Tunnel. But enthusiasts decided to bring it back to life in 1986. They even tracked down some locomotives that had been exported to Vietnam, and brought them back to Switzerland during a complicated journey in 1990. The old Furka railway line. Since 2010, the line has been fully operational between Realp and Oberwald in canton Valais.
    [Show full text]
  • Sales Manual Glacier Express
    SALES MANUAL 2019 1 CONTENTS 03 Facts and figures GLACIER EXPRESS 04 Highlights along the route 06 Experiences – year round 07 Railway route & day trips 08 Timetable & sections 09 Fares & surcharge 10 Purchase of tickets 11 Reservation & terms and conditions 12 Included benefits & information for tour operators 13 Car compositions & class system 14 Catering service 15 Souvenirs & Luggage transportation 16 Promotional material 17 Excellence Class 18 The new premium coach class 19 Reservation Germany Paris Munich Window to the Swiss Alps Schaffhausen Facts and Figures Glacier Express Basel From Zermatt and the Matterhorn, the panoramic trip leads over 1889 First line of the Rhätische Bahn (Rhaetian Railway) opens, Zurich Liechtenstein Landquart – Klosters (to Davos from 1890) 291 bridges and through 91 tunnels over the Swiss Alps to St. Moritz. France Switzerland 1891 Cog railway is opened, Visp – Zermatt The Glacier Express winds its way through remote valleys, past sheer Lucerne Austria 1903 The Albula Line of the Rhaetian Railway opens, rock faces, idyllic mountain villages, over the Landwasser Viaduct and Berne Chur Thusis – Celerina (to St. Moritz from 1904) through the Rhine Gorge, the Grand Canyon of Switzerland. It scales Disentis Andermatt Davos Thusis 1926 The Furka Oberalp Railway opens, Brig – Disentis the highest point of its journey at the Oberalp Pass with ease at Lausanne Interlaken Filisur 1930 On June 25 1930, the Glacier Express runs between Zermatt St. Moritz 2033 metres above sea level. Fiesch and St. Moritz in summer for the first time Brig 1982 The Furka Base Tunnel opens, thus connecting Zermatt Thanks to the large panoramic windows, a clear view of numerous St.
    [Show full text]
  • Golden Eagle Swiss Rail Spectacular II
    Golden Eagle Swiss Rail Spectacular II https://www.irtsociety.com/journey/golden-eagle-swiss-rail-spectacular-ii/ Overview The Highlights - Daytime travel on the luxurious, standard-gauge Prestige Continental Express, with its Orient Express-style day cars - Meter-gauge travel on Pullman cars of the Glacier Pullman Express - Tour of Zermatt, with stunning views of Matterhorn, and dinner at 7,290 ft at Al Bosco Restaurant - Steam-hauled trip across the historic, 7,086-foot Furka Pass - Gornergrat rack railway ride: one way by Glacier Pullman Express car, the other via rack railcar The Society of International Railway Travelers | irtsociety.com | (800) 478-4881 Page 1/7 - Guided tour of the Benedictine Abbey in Disentis, founded 720 AD - Walking tour of Chur, the oldest city in Switzerland - Steamer cruise on Lake Lucerne - Visit to the Swiss Rail Museum in Lucerne - Trip to Reichenbach Falls, made famous by Arthur Conan Doyle, and a visit to the Sherlock Holmes museum in Meiringen - Journey to Jungfraujoch, highest railway station in Europe - Dinner at the iconic Paris’ iconic Restaurant Train Bleu (pretour only) - Includes: 12 nights in premium hotel accommodation (4-star minimum); 12 breakfasts, 9 lunches and 10 dinners; generous drinks allowance with meals; luggage porterage and gratuities throughout The Tour Experience the unparalleled beauty of Switzerland’s mountainous landscapes in luxury and style on the Golden Eagle Swiss Rail Spectacular II. Daylight travel on the country’s most exquisite and historic trains during this 13-day tour (with a three-day pre-tour rail extension from London). Travel aboard the luxurious Orient Express-style day cars of the standard-gauge Prestige Continental Express.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydraulic Conductivity Distribution in Crystalline Rocks, Derived from Inflows to Tunnels and Galleries in the Central Alps, Switzerland
    Research Collection Journal Article Hydraulic conductivity distribution in crystalline rocks, derived from inflows to tunnels and galleries in the Central Alps, Switzerland Author(s): Masset, Olivier; Löw, Simon Publication Date: 2010-06 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000018002 Originally published in: Hydrogeology Journal 18(4), http://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0569-1 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Hydraulic conductivity distribution in crystalline rocks, derived from inflows to tunnels and galleries in the Central Alps, Switzerland Olivier Masset & Simon Loew Abstract Inflow data from 23 tunnels and galleries, transient behavior and the source of inflows. One of the 136km in length and located in the Aar and Gotthard most popular study approaches, whatever the aspect massifs of the Swiss Alps, have been analyzed with the considered, is the comparison of measured inflow data objective (1) to understand the 3-dimensional spatial with modeled inflows in order to back calculate hydro- distribution of groundwater flow in crystalline basement geological parameters. For example, Zhang and Franklin rocks, (2) to assess the dependency of tunnel inflow rate on (1993) compiled inflow data from different tunnels in depth, tectonic overprint, and lithology, and (3) to derive different types of rock and compared them with analytical the distribution of fracture transmissivity and effective and numerical models, and Hwang and Lu (2007) hydraulic conductivity at the 100-m scale. Brittle tectonic modeled inflow transient behavior and found it to be in overprint is shown to be the principal parameter regulating agreement with the general trend of measured inflow data.
    [Show full text]