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Systems Design and Modeling: a Visual Analytics Approach

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Systems Design and Modeling: a Visual Analytics Approach SYSTEMS DESIGN AND MODELING: A VISUAL ANALYTICS APPROACH Dimitri N. Mavris*, Olivia J. Pinon*, David Fullmer Jr.* *Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory (ASDL) School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0150, USA Keywords: Systems Design, Visual Analytics, Surrogate Modeling, Physics-Based Modeling, Probability Theory Abstract process. More importantly, this work illustrates that the benefits to the analyst and decision The process of designing unconventional maker of enablers such as surrogate modeling aerospace vehicle configurations is characterized or probability theory are limited if they are not by a lack of relevant data, information, and integrated with the visualization, interaction, knowledge, which prevents the designer from and analytical reasoning capabilities provided by applying traditional design methods. To address Visual Analytics. this issue, significant amount of data need to be generated, collected, and analyzed to increase 1 Introduction the designer’s knowledge about the physics of the problem and to explore the diverse spectrum Design is the process of defining and exploring a of available design options. However, the vast space of possibilities that requires the build- amounts of data required to successfully pursue ing up of knowledge and familiarity with the con- unconventional designs can rapidly become straints and trades involved. Design is also a overwhelming, hence limiting the designer’s problem-solving activity that maps a set of re- ability to fully comprehend the problem to be quirements to a set of functions, leading to a set solved. This paper presents a multidisciplinary or series of decisions that contribute to the final perspective termed Visual Analytics which description of a solution [49, 50]. These state- can be applied to address these issues in the ments are particularly true for the design of con- context of the pre-conceptual/conceptual design ventional aircraft. The design of unconventional of unconventional configurations. The paper configurations, on the other hand, is more chal- discusses the enabling techniques essential for lenging. Indeed, while there is historical infor- the visual analytics approach and illustrates mation available on which to base traditional air- that the main requirements for a successful pre- craft designs, unconventional designs are plagued conceptual/conceptual design are to reduce the by a lack of relevant data and knowledge. Also, designer’s cognitive burden, foster his rapid un- the assumptions embedded in the historical data derstanding of the design problem, and support are very often incompatible with unconventional informed decision making. Finally this paper design concepts. Hence, significant amounts of discusses and demonstrates, through the design data need to be generated, gathered, and analyzed of a supersonic business jet, the importance and to improve the designer’s knowledge about the benefits of implementing these enablers and problem and to capture the various design options of integrating Visual Analytics into the design and perspectives involved. 1 DIMITRI N. MAVRIS*, OLIVIA J. PINON*, DAVID FULLMER JR.* The amount of data required to success- 2.1 Traditional Design of Conventional Con- fully pursue unconventional aircraft designs can figurations rapidly become overwhelming [18]. The analyst or decision maker, when faced with such a data Current legacy tools and design methods for overload problem, is limited in his ability to con- conventional configurations have been developed duct any kind of trades, test hypotheses, explore based on the information and capabilities avail- the design space, and detect unexpected trends, able at their inception. In the early 1900s, the detail or relations, as the data sets cannot be visu- Wright brothers initially developed their designs alized [39]. Consequently, he cannot fully com- based on the literature of the time. After a num- prehend the problem to be solved, or understand ber of failures, they set out to build a facility for the behavior of the system under consideration. wind tunnel testing. Numerous shapes (airfoil While unprocessed data does not hold any intrin- models) were tested and documented, resulting sic value [39], it can result in missed opportuni- in a library of information that they could rely on ties for critical actions, which may, in turn, result [30]. Since this time, aerospace engineers have in poor designs and significant loss of time and been constructing models to collect data useful money [40]. To alleviate this problem, it is nec- for design. essary to move away from static representations Expert designers who are well versed in these and visualizations and develop means that en- information resources follow a three-phase de- able the interaction between information, and the sign process comprising conceptual, preliminary, human cognitive and perceptual systems, while and detailed phases. During this process, “de- simultaneously allowing users to integrate their sign evolves in increasing levels of detail, from background, expertise, and cognitive capabilities high-level representations of the overall concept into the analytical process. The need to address to the details of each and every component” [19]. these aspects has given rise to a multidisciplinary In the conceptual phase of the design, a hand- perspective named Visual Analytics. ful of design concepts are considered [61, 65]. In the remainder of this paper we first discuss These concepts are created using a predictive set the design of conventional and unconventional of tools based on existing flight data documenting configurations, identify the technical and human both aircraft configuration and characteristics. At and challenges linked to the design of unconven- the end of the process, a full-scale aircraft is sub- tional configurations, and present techniques and jected to experimentation and flight testing, thus methods to address them. Then, we introduce Vi- generating data and knowledge leveraged to de- sual Analytics, describe its process, and briefly sign the next generation of aircraft. This library discuss the merit of implementing Visual Ana- of information, built through successive aircraft lytics in design. We later present an unconven- developments, represents the best source of infor- tional design problem to illustrate how the inte- mation on which to base derivative design con- gration of Visual Analytics into the design pro- cepts. cess provides the designer and decision maker It is often taught that design is an art or talent with the capabilities to gain the knowledge and that is obtained and built upon over time. Daniel insight needed to make informed decisions. Raymer [61] states 2 Systems Design and Modeling “If the designer is talented, there is a lot more than meets the eye on This section discusses the design of conventional the drawing. A good aircraft design and unconventional configurations with a partic- seems to miraculously glide through ular emphasis on the challenges associated with subsequent evaluations by special- unconventional configurations. ists without major changes being re- quired.” 2 Systems Design and Modeling: A Visual Analytics Approach This talent described by Raymer is invalu- • Communication able because it indicates a familiarity with the Communicating expertise or results is es- design and an innate understanding of the con- sential to any decision making exercise sequences of early decision making. However, as such as design. Most of the challenges discussed in the following section, the character- in communicating results lie in the abil- istics and confidence that define great designers ity to present the data with an appropriate are lost when faced with the task of designing level of detail, enable the rapid extraction unconventional configurations or configurations of relevant information by all the parties involving radically new technologies. involved, independent of their background or expertise, retain the audience’s atten- 2.2 Advanced Design of Unconventional tion, and clearly articulate important in- Configurations formation to obtain the stakeholders’ buy- Design requires the exchange of data, informa- in. Based on the realization that abstract tion and knowledge [24]. However, the class knowledge without representation is hard of configurations considered for the new meth- to work with, Burkhard [15] proposes to ods presented in this paper are configurations “combine different visualization types that for which there does not exist any historical complement one another to illustrate dif- database, the designer’s expertise is limited or ferent levels of detail.” Presenting informa- nonexistent, and there is typically no feasible tion from various perspectives and formats design space unless new technologies are in- is also more likely to satisfy the different fused. The absence of these three key features thinking styles, expertise and knowledge of prevents the designer from applying traditional the stakeholders, thereby improving com- design methods. More particularly, it prevents munication between them and reducing po- him from conducting any kind of trades, un- tential misunderstandings and conflicts. derstanding sensitivities, identifying active con- • Collaboration straints and feasible design spaces, hence limit- ing the chances that these configurations be suc- The multi-disciplinary nature of design cessfully developed. calls for the involvement of various people The following sections describe in more de-
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