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Research Paper THEMED ISSUE: Mantle to Surface Dynamics during the Transition from Subduction to Collision to Tectonic Escape: Results from the Continental Dynamics–Central Anatolian Tectonics (CD-CAT) Project GEOSPHERE Paleoenvironmental conditions and drainage evolution of the GEOSPHERE, v. 16, no. 2 central Anatolian lake system (Turkey) during late Miocene to https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02135.1 Pliocene surface uplift 7 figures; 1 table; 1 set of supplemental files Maud J.M. Meijers1,2, Gilles Y. Brocard3,4, Donna L. Whitney2, and Andreas Mulch1,5 1Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany CORRESPONDENCE: [email protected]; 2Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA [email protected]; dwhitney@ 3Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), OSUG, Université Grenoble Alpes, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble, France umn.edu; [email protected] 4Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA 5Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany CITATION: Meijers, M.J.M., Brocard, G.Y., Whitney, D.L., and Mulch, A., 2020, Paleoenvironmental con- ditions and drainage evolution of the central Anatolian lake system (Turkey) during late Miocene to Pliocene ABSTRACT yet occurred asynchronously over the extent of the Mediterranean Sea. The onset of the rise of the surface uplift: Geosphere, v. 16, no. 2, p. 490– 509, CAP. Therefore, the final episode of lacustrine sed- CAP after ca. 11 Ma (Meijers et al., 2018b) was fol- https://doi.org /10.1130 /GES02135.1. Continued Africa-Eurasia convergence resulted imentation is unlikely to have been the result of a lowed by surface uplift of the Pontide and Tauride in post–11 Ma surface uplift of the Central Ana- climatic event, consistent with the absence of a Mountains after ca. 8 Ma (Cosentino et al., 2012; Science Editor: Andrea Hampel tolian Plateau (CAP) and the westward escape of clear aridification trend in the lacustrine δ18O data. Yıldırım et al., 2011; Meijers et al., 2018b). Follow- Guest Associate Editor: Susan L. Beck the Anatolian microplate. Contemporaneously, a Rather, capping carbonates reflect the interplay ing a period of compression, central Anatolia has Received 26 February 2019 central Anatolian fluvio-lacustrine system devel- of surface uplift and transition from inward- to been under an extensional tectonic regime roughly Revision received 3 July 2019 oped that covered extensive parts of the rising CAP. outward-drained plateau regions and concomitant since the Miocene-Pliocene boundary (ca. 5.3 Ma; Accepted 20 December 2019 Today, the semi-arid CAP interior—except for the lake reorganization during the formation of the CAP Jaffey and Robertson, 2005; Rojay and Karaca, 2008; Konya closed catchment—drains toward the Black and its margins. Fernández-Blanco et al., 2013; Özsayin et al., 2013). Published online 10 January 2020 Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Persian Gulf. Today, the CAP is characterized by a bimodal drain- Lake connectivity and drainage patterns of the age system. The CAP region roughly west of the Tuz fluvio-lacustrine system in the evolving plateau ■ INTRODUCTION Gölü fault (Fig. 1A) is characterized by the internally region are, however, largely unknown. drained Konya closed catchment (Fig. 1A), which Here, we present sedimentological and sta- The world’s largest orogenic plateaus, the includes the highly evaporative Tuz Gölü (Turkish for ble isotopic (δ13C and δ18O) data (N = 665) from 13 Puna-Altiplano and the Tibetan Plateau, are char- “Salt Lake”). The remainder of the CAP is externally well-dated lake sections covering the former flu- acterized by internally draining basins that persist drained, by means of rivers flowing into the Black vio-lacustrine depocenters of the southern CAP. under arid conditions in the rain shadow of oro- Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and Persian Gulf (Fig. 1A). Persistently (>1 m.y.) stable paleoenvironmental graphic barriers at the plateau margins. Protracted Active continental sedimentation has occurred and hydrological conditions suggest that a low- rapid shortening and high surface uplift rates under in numerous central Anatolian basins since the late relief environment characterized the southern CAP arid conditions prevent fluvial systems from defeat- Oligocene (Fig. 1C; e.g., Leng et al., 1999; Ocakoğlu, during plateau uplift. Throughout the late Miocene, ing the internally drained plateau regions, thereby 2002; Önal et al., 2004; Lüdecke et al., 2013; Mazz- various open and closed lakes of the southern CAP providing a way for internally drained conditions ini et al., 2013; Meijers et al., 2016, 2018a, 2018b). drained into closed, terminal lakes within the pla- to develop and persist (e.g., Sobel et al., 2003; Paleoenvironmental conditions of fluvio-lacustrine teau interior. Sedimentation east of the Tuz Gölü Strecker et al., 2007). sedimentation and of the development of the cen- fault ceased during the early Pliocene (ca. 5.3–3.6 At a smaller scale, the Pontide and Tauride tral Anatolian lake system can presently be retrieved Ma), when the eastern CAP became connected mountains (Fig. 1A) border the semiarid Central from the now-incised former depocenters. to marine base level as a result of river incision Anatolian Plateau (CAP, Turkey; average elevation Here, we present a comprehensive body of sed- shortly after the switch from regional compression ~1 km; Fig. 1A) to its north and south, respectively. imentological data and stable isotope values (δ18O This paper is published under the terms of the to extension. A final phase of lacustrine carbonate Both mountain belts exhibit humid conditions on and δ13C, N = 665, including 564 new δ13C values) CC-BY-NC license. sedimentation characterizes most sampled basins, their windward sides toward the Black Sea and from 13 fluvio-lacustrine sections within the southern © 2020 The Authors GEOSPHERE | Volume 16 | Number 2 Meijers et al. | Evolution of the Miocene to Pliocene central Anatolian lake system Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/16/2/490/4974375/490.pdf 490 by guest on 29 September 2021 Research Paper 1=Lake Seyfe A 2=Lake Tuzla C Black Sea 3=Sultan Marshes N Ant= Antalya tide B= Basin on N Çan= Çankırı P Cil= Cilicia NAF Mountains Galatya Çan B CAVP= Central Anatolian KR te volcanic province 40ºN HA 40ºN ropla mic Di= Dikme ian Sivas B KZK ol Isk= Iskenderun OV at CAP KU ER n TGF 1 CAF EAP A Kangal BYamadağ BH TS 2 GU CAVP BO GO AZ Altınapa B TG Gürün B TG 3 EAF CAVP BK s n Di B KCC ai Arabia IB-KAR t K HC n a u >3000 ram n B 0 100 km o 0 100 km 2000 a EF M Fault T Fault au ide Mut B Neogene rocks: r SR River 1000 Ant B Adana B Sedimentary º Closed basin º 36 N catchment Elevation (m) 36 N Volcanic Mediterranean Sea 0 Cil B Isk B 34ºE 42ºE 32ºE 36ºE Black Sea Figure 1. (A) Topographic map of Turkey with an overlay of exposed Neogene sedimentary basins, N section locations (AZ—Akmezar; BH—Bayramhacı; BO—Boğazlıyan; BK—Büyükkünye; GU—Gürün; ontides GO—Güzelöz; HC—Hacıbekirli; HA—Haliminhanı; IB-KAR—Ibrala; KZK—Kozaklı; KU—Kumarlı; P ne OV—Özvatan; TS—Ta han), major faults (CAF—Central Anatolian fault; EAF—East Anatolian fault; 40ºN I ture zo ş zmir-Ankara-Erzincan su EF—Ecemiş fault; NAF—North Anatolian fault; TGF—Tuz Gölü fault), Eastern Anatolian Plateau (EAP), Aegean CACC Central Anatolian volcanic province (CAVP); the Konya closed catchment (KCC), the three major A rivers presently draining the eastern portion of the Central Anatolian Plateau (CAP) (ER—Euphrates Menderes n a River; KR—Kızılırmak River; SR—Seyhan River), the outline of inward-draining catchments (blue massif t ol dotted line), and the location of the three remaining lakes east of the Tuz Gölü fault with their ide s-T aurides Arabian Plate names (see legend). TG—Lake Tuz Gölü. (B) Tectonic map of Turkey, indicating the main basement 36ºN B units: Pontides, Anatolides-Taurides and the metamorphic Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex 0 200 km (CACC), and Menderes massif. (C) Geographic map of Turkey, indicating the continental and marine Mediterranean Sea sedimentary basins and volcanic provinces that are referred to in the text. 30ºE 35ºE 40ºE CAP (Fig. 1A, Table 1) that aims at understanding ■ GEOLOGY OF ANATOLIA by the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zone (Fig. 1B). the hydrology and paleoenvironmental setting of the The basement below most of the CAP consists of former depocenters. Ages of deposition are derived The Pontide and Tauride Mountains that border the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (Fig. 1B), from radiometric and magnetostratigraphic ages the CAP locally exceed elevations of 3 km, and their which exposes metamorphic, ophiolitic, and igne- (e.g., Meijers et al., 2018a, 2018b) and combined with steep slopes contrast with the subdued topogra- ous rocks (e.g., Whitney and Hamilton, 2004). data from (mammal) biostratigraphy (e.g., The NOW phy of the plateau interior. Owing to its position The Neogene sedimentary cover of the CAP Community, 2017). The presented study includes within the Africa-Eurasia convergence zone, Turkey includes marine and continental basins. After the observations and stable isotope data from one sec- consists of an amalgamation of geologic terranes. deposition of the youngest marine rocks on the pla- tion sampled in an early Miocene basin and twelve The Pontide Mountains are part of a Late Creta- teau interior during the middle Miocene (ca. 12–11 sections sampled in late Miocene to Pliocene basins ceous to Paleogene fold‐and‐thrust belt with a Ma; Poisson et al., 2016; Ćorić et al., 2012; Ocakoğlu of the southeastern CAP. Based on our observations basement of Variscan origin (Okay and Tüysüz, et al., 2002), fluvio-lacustrine conditions prevailed.