A Recepção Crítica De Orfeu Negro De Marcel Camus (1959-2008)

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A Recepção Crítica De Orfeu Negro De Marcel Camus (1959-2008) ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// \\\\\\\\ Um mito exótico? A recepção crítica de Orfeu Negro de Marcel Camus (1959-2008) /////////////// Anaïs Fléchet Universidade Paris IV-Sorbonne e Pesquisadora do Centro de Estudos do Brasil e do Atlântico Sul. 42 | signi!cação | nº32 | 2009 2009 | nº32 | signi!cação | 43 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Um mito exótico? A recepção crítica de Orfeu Negro de Marcel Camus (1959-2008) | Anaïs Fléchet Resumo Palma de Ouro em 1959, Orfeu Negro, do cineasta Marcel Camus, conhecido também como Orfeu do carnaval e Black Orpheus, teve uma recepção crítica ambígua desde então. Se, por um lado, o suces- so do filme deu um impulso fundamental à divulgação do cinema e da música brasileira no exterior nos anos 1960, foi também denun- ciado em nome da autenticidade da própria cultura brasileira. A aná- lise dos documentos da produção, bem como dos artigos publicados nas revistas européias e norte-americanas, permite repensar o papel do filme nas relações interculturais entre Brasil, França e Estados Unidos. A hipótese defendida é que, apesar das críticas formais e ide- ológicas, Orfeu Negro constitui um documento de primeira ordem para o estudo da paisagem cultural carioca do final dos anos 1950 e da história das transferências culturais. Palavras-chave Realizado por Marcel Camus a partir de uma idéia original de Intercâmbios culturais, Crítica cinematográfica, Música popular, Vinicius de Moraes, o filme Orfeu Negro pode ser considerado como Brasil, França, Estados Unidos.. um marco na história da divulgação da cultura brasileira no mundo. Ganhou a Palma de Ouro em Cannes em maio de 1959, o Oscar e Abstract o Globo de Ouro do melhor filme estrangeiro em 1960. Graças a Winner of the Palme d’Or in 1959, Black Orpheus by Marcel Camus, esses prêmios, beneficiou-se de uma ampla distribuição na Europa, also known as Orfeu Negro and Orfeu do carnaval, obtained an nas Américas e até no Japão, sempre atraindo um grande núme- ambiguous critical reception. If, on the one hand, the success of the ro de espectadores. Na França, por exemplo, foram contabilizadas movie gave an impulse to the divulgation of Brazilian music and cerca de quatro milhões de entradas desde a estréia em junho de cinema on the 60’s, on the other hand, it was severely criticized in 1959 (Simsi, 2000, p. 30). Além do sucesso de público, Orfeu Negro the name of the authenticity of the Brazilian popular culture. The obteve boas críticas na imprensa internacional, (Stam, 1997, p. 173) analysis of the production’s documents and the film critics published tanto nos jornais de grande difusão quanto nas revistas especializa- in Europe and Americas, invites us to revalue the role of the movie in das, como Les Cahiers du cinéma, Filmkritik, Kine Weekly ou Film the cultural exchanges between Brazil, France and United States. The Quaterly (Fléchet, 2007, p. 512-515). O romance brasileiro de Orfeu hypothesis defended here is that Black Orpheus, despite the formal and e Eurídice agradou por três motivos principais: as imagens coloridas ideological critic, is a first class document for the study of the carioca do Rio de Janeiro e da Baía de Guanabara, filmada a partir do morro cultural scene of the late 50’s, and the story of cultural transfers. de Babilônia na zona sul da cidade; o elenco inteiramente negro, no qual se destacam o ex-jogador de futebol Breno Mello, a atriz norte- Key-words americana Marpessa Dawn e a jovem Lourdes de Oliveira; e a trilha Cultural exchanges, Film criticism, Popular music, Brazil, France, sonora, incluindo músicas de Luiz Bonfá e Tom Jobim, baterias de Estados Unidos. escola de samba e pontos de macumba. 44 | signi!cação | nº32 | 2009 2009 | nº32 | signi!cação | 45 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Um mito exótico? A recepção crítica de Orfeu Negro de Marcel Camus (1959-2008) | Anaïs Fléchet Os ritmos fascinantes do Brasil sica popular brasileira, permitindo uma difusão inédita dos ritmos afro-brasileiros além das fronteiras nacionais, tanto na Europa como Elogiado e premiado, Orfeu Negro abriu vários caminhos para a cul- nos Estados Unidos. Incluindo músicas de Tom Jobim e Vinicius de tura brasileira no mundo. No meio cinematográfico, suscitou um Moraes, o filme é tradicionalmente visto como o ponto de partida da interesse novo pelo Brasil, um país até então pouco conhecido pelos moda internacional da bossa nova na alvorada dos anos 1960. Vale espectadores europeus e norte-americanos, antes da boa recepção lembrar, porém, que as gravações da trilha sonora começaram em crítica de O Cangaceiro de Lima Barreto, primeiro filme brasilei- fevereiro de 1958, alguns meses antes do lançamento dos dois primei- ro a obter um prêmio em Cannes em 1953. O sucesso comercial ros discos da bossa nova: o LP Canção de amor demais, de Elizeth de Orphée noir deu origem a uma onda de filmes musicais franco- Cardoso, e o compacto Chega de Saudade, de João Gilberto. Porém, brasileiros no início da década de 1960. O próprio Marcel Camus mesmo se algumas músicas do filme anunciavam o novo gênero realizou Os Bandeirantes em 1960, seguindo a fórmula já aprovada musical, como A Felicidade de Tom Jobim e Vinicius de Moraes, pelo público internacional, “uma viagem filosófica no norte e no gravada por Agostinho dos Santos e Roberto Menescal no violão, a nordeste do país”, com elenco negro e trilha sonora do sambista trilha sonora não continha nenhuma bossa nova canônica. Aliás, a José Monteiro. Robert Mazoier, assistante de Camus em Orfeu música do filme que obteve maior sucesso foi Manhã de carnaval, Negro, também quis se aproveitar da moda brasileira: em 1960, um samba-canção romântico composto por Luiz Bonfá e Antônio realizou Santo Módico, uma história de pescadores interpretada Maria, com forte influência do bolero mexicano. O tema ficou co- por Breno Mello e a cantora Leny Eversong, com música de Tom nhecido, nos Estados Unidos, como Black Orpheus, onde ganhou Jobim. O compositor Antoine d’Ormesson seguiu caminho idêntico mais de 700 gravações, além da interpretação de Frank Sinatra, e com Les Amants de la mer, adaptação da lenda de Tristão e Isolda entrou no famoso Real Book, coletânea de partituras que reúne os na Baía de Guanabara, com roteiro de Vinicius de Moraes. Num principais standards de jazz, em 1974 (Kernfeld, 2006). registro mais leve, o italiano Steno realizou a comédia Copacabana De fato, os jazzmen norte-americanos foram os mais sensíveis ao Palace em 1964, uma co-produção franco-italiana com participação charme e à variedade da música apresentada no Orfeu Negro. O especial de Tom Jobim, Luiz Bonfá e João Gilberto (Castro, 2002, flautista Herbie Mann, por exemplo, conta que: p. 218). Ainda em 1964, o Brasil serve de cenário para as aventuras de Jean-Paul Belmondo em L’Homme de Rio, comédia de Philippe “Anyone who as seen Black Orpheus can surely recall the haunting, de Broca que atraiu aproximadamente 5 milhões de espectadores primal feelings the movie evoked and the music that counterpointed (Simsi, 2000, p. 40). the dark, erotic story line (…) When I left that theatre, however, my Se esses filmes não obtiveram o impacto de Orfeu Negro e foram feelings about Brazil, its music, and music in general had been forever esquecidos rapidamente, tanto pelo público quanto pela crítica, ali- transformed (…) the movie seared Brazil forever in my being” (apud mentaram a moda do Brasil nos cinemas franceses nos anos 1960 e Perrone, 2001, p. 59) tiveram um papel importante na divulgação do cinema brasileiro no exterior, criando uma expectativa em relação às produções nacio- O trompetista Dizzy Gillespie se expressa de modo semelhante: nais. Assim, a atribuição da Palma de Ouro ao realizador brasilei- ro Anselmo Duarte para O Pagador de promessas em 1962 pode ser “My first exposure to samba was in the soundtrack of the film Black interpretada como uma conseqüência do choque criado por Orfeu Orpheus, and when they first started getting into it, I thought, ‘Those Negro três anos antes. Da mesma maneira, o filme de Camus pode are some brothers down there ?’ Arriving in Brazil, I found out that ser visto como uma das origens da descoberta do Cinema Novo pela there were and that our music had a common bond. I really dug the crítica européia na década de 1960, mesmo com uma proposta esté- connection, when they took me to escola de samba in Rio de Janeiro. tica radicalmente oposta (Ferreira, 2000). (….) Samba is the bossa nova, rather the bossa nova is a watered O impacto de Orfeu Negro foi ainda maior na história da mú- down version of samba. I first heard samba live, when we toured South 46 | signi!cação | nº32 | 2009 2009 | nº32 | signi!cação | 47 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Um mito exótico? A recepção crítica de Orfeu Negro de Marcel Camus (1959-2008) | Anaïs Fléchet America. You could really learn a lot about rhythm down their, es- O posicionamento das elites econômicas, políticas e diplomáti- pecially in Brazil. (…) We were the first in the US to play that
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