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Education; Civil Rig's; Court Litigation; DOCUMENT RESUME ED 243 316 FL 014 339 AUTHOR Castellanos, Diego; Leggio, Pamela TITLE The Best of Two Worlds: Bilingual-Bicultural Education in the U.S. INSTITUTION New Jersey State Dept. of Education, Trenton.Office of Equal Educational Opportunity. SPONS AGENCY Department of Education, Washington,-DC. PUB DATE 83 NOTE 290p. AVAILABLE FROM Offirs of Equal Educational Opportunity, New Jersey Department of Education, 225 W. State St., CN500, Trenton, NJ 08625-0500 (free while supplylasts). PUB TYPE Historical Matelsals (060) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC12 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Acculturation; Act!vism; Adult Education; *Bilingual Education; Civil Rig's; Court Litigation; Demography; * Educational History; Elementary Secondary Education; *English (SecondLanguage); Ethnicity; *Federal Legislation; Government Role; Government School Relationship; *Immigrants; *Language Attitudes; Language Proficiency; Program Evaluation; School Desegregation; Second Language Instruction ABSTRACT This history of bilingual education in theUnited States begins with the advent of theSpanish in the early 16th century, and traces the development of thephenomenon to the present. Chapters cover (1) early immigration ofSpanish and Germans before the Revolution, (2) early 19th centuryxenophobia, (3) bilingual schooling in the early 19th century, (4)bilingual education's decline in the late 19th and early 20thcenturies, (5) the Puerto Rican influx in the mid-20th century, (6) therise and failure of instruction in English as a second language(ESL), (7) the 1960s renaissance of bilingual education, (8) thefederal bilingual act (Title VII of the Elementary and SecondaryEducation Act of 1965) and its implementation, (9) the ethnic awarenessmovement of the mid-1970's, (10) the peak of the bilingual movement,and (11) the aftermath of the Lau v. Nichols ruling. Alsoincluded are chapters on (1) variations on the bilingual concept,(2) a comparison of concepts of bilingual education and schooldesegregation, (3) the status of bilingual education in the bicentennial year,(4) program evaluation efforts and results, (5) denial ofeducational services to undocumented immigrants and challenges to Lauremedies, (6) issues of accountability, (7) foreign language deficienciesand linguistic chauvinism in American society, (8) theincreasing need for bilingual 'instruction due to immigrant influx and otherneedy language minorities, (9) the 1979 proposed Lauregulations, (10) the recent shrinkage of the federal role in education,(11) headline immigrant language issues, (12) jeopardy to someindividual rights, and (13) some projections andsuggestions. (MSE) The Best of Two Worlds Bilingual-Bicultural Education in the U.S. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION ,iifE UCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproducedas received from the person ororganization originating it. Minor changes have been made toimprove reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in thisdocu- ment do not necessarily representofficial NIE Position or policy. Diego Castellanos 2 The Best of Two Worlds Bilingual-Bicultural Education in khe U.S. Dr. Saul Cooperman Commissioner of Education Office of Equal Educational Opportunity Nida E. Thomas Director Written by: ("- Dr. Diego Castellanos IPO with P.1mela Leggio Q New Jersey State. Department of Education CN 500 Trenton, New Jersey 08625 1983 PTM No. 200.19 ii Diego Castellanos STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION S. David Brandt. President Cherry Hill Robert J. Wolfenbarger, Vice President Summit Maud Dahme Annandale Betty Dean East Orange Mateo F. De Cardenas Union City Anne S. Dillman Perth Amboy James Jones Teaneck John 1'. Klagholz Seaside Park Ruth H. Mancuso Glassboro Gustavo A. Md Lander Wayne P. Paul Ricci Vineland Sonia B. Ruby Atlantic City Deborah P. Wolfe Cranford Representating State Board of Higher Education T. Edward Hollander, ex officio Chancellor. State Department of Higher Education Saul Cooperman. Secretary Commissioner of Education Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:83-50825 1941 This publication was printed and disseminated bythe New Jersey Department of Education with funds provided by theNational Ori- gin Project of Title IV of the Civil Rights Actof 1964. However, the opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflectthe position or policy of the United States Department of Education orthe New Jersey Department of Education and no officialendorsement by either department is implied or should be inferred.Since this publi- cation was printed with government support. it is inthe public domain and may hereproducedorquoted withoutper- missionprovided due credit is attributed. Cover by Debbi Csogi Line drawings by Lynn Price 4 The Best of Two Worlds iii TABLE OF CONTENTS BPIEF "PRIMER" ON BILINGUAL INSTRUCTION viii ABOUT THE AUTHOR PREFACE xi CHAPTER 1: A POLYGLOT NATION 1 The Spanish 1 The Colonial Period 3 The Germans 5 The Revolutionary Period 7 The New Nation 8 CHAPTER 2: THE BEGINNING OF XENOPHOBIA 11 The Mexicans 12 Selective Assimilation 13 Anti-Foreigner Sentiments 14 CHAPTER 3: EARLY BILINGUAL SCHOOLING 17 German Dual Language Schools 20 Ethnic Enclaves 21 The St. Louis Experience 23 CHAPTER 4: THE DECLINE OF BILINGUAL EDUCATION 27 New Immigration 27 Indian Removal 29 Linguistic Homogeneity 31 Ethnic Bigotry 32 Americanization Efforts 35 The Melting Pot Concept 36 Anglo Conformity 37 The Concept of Pluralism 41 Foreign Language Education 42 Preserving Native Language and Culture 43 Restriction of Foreign Languages 45 Mexican-American Pupils in Anglo-American Schools 46 World War II Experience 47 Recovery of Bilingualism 48 iv Diego Castellanos CHAPTER 5: THE PUERTO RICANS 51 Lack of Educational Resources in P.R 52 Language Policies in Puerto Rico 52 Puerto Rican Students in U.S. Mainland Schools 53 Institutional Responses 54 Schools Unprepared 56 Puerto Ricans Were Different 57 CHAPTER 6: THE ESL PERIOD 59 The Brown Decision 59 A Lull on Linguistic Hostilities 60 The Cuban Influx 62 The Teaching of English as a Second Language 63 The Failure of ESL (Pedagogical Flaws) 66 The Failure of ESL (Milieu of the Times) 68 CHAPTER 7: TIME RENAISSANCE OF BILINGUAL EDUCATION 71 The Coral Way Experience 72 The Move Toward RelevantIn:Aruction 73 The Civil Rights Movement 74 CHAPTER 8: FEDERAL BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT 81 Antecedent Bilingual Programs 82 Title VII ESEA 83 Significance of Title VII 85 Weaknesses of Title VII 85 Potential for Segregation 86 HEW Memorandum 91 Ethnic Demographics 92 The Massachusetts BilingualMandate 95 Needs Confirmed 96 The St. Lambert Experiment 98 Lack of Local Commitment 99 Alternative Funding Sources 101 CHAPTER 9: ETHNIC AWARENESS MOVEMENT 105 The New Pluralism 106 Insensitive Stereotyping 107 Treatment of Minorities in Texts 109 Non-pedagogical Benefits 111 The Beet of Two Worlds CHAPTER 10: TI IE PEAK OF THE BILINGUAL MOVEMENT 115 Lau v. Nichols 115 Serna v. Porta les 118 Aspires Consent Decree 118 The Education Amendments of 1974 119 CHAPTER 11: AFTERMATH OF LAL 125 The Lau Remedies 125 Bilingual Ballots 126 Innacurate Comparisons 128 More States Mandate Bilingual Instruction 130 Indochinese Refugees 132 CHAPTER 12: VARIATIONS ON THE BILINGUAL CONCEPT 135 Cognitive Approach to Language Learning 135 Immersion and Submersion Programs 136 Additive vs. Subtractive Bilingual Approaches 139 Trilingual Education Programs 140 CHAPTER 13: BILINGUAL EDUCATION VS. SCHOOL DESEGREGATION 143 Bilingual Tracks 145 Critical Mass Criterion 145 Not Incompatible 146 The Courts Decide 147 Reconciling the Conflict 148 National Origin Desegregation 150 CHAPTER 14: BILINGUAL EDUCATION IN THE 'BICENTENNIAL 153 TESOL Support 154 The Canadian Connection 155 Bilingual Movement Continues to Grow 157 Bilingual Teachers 160 CHAPTER 15: BILINGUAL PROGRAM EVALUATION 163 Individual Programs 163 Nationwide Evaluation 165 AAR Study 166 Cumulative Effects 169 Other Positive Results 171 vi Diego Castellanos CI [ATTER 1c EDUCATIONAL SERVICES DENIED 173 Undocumented Workers 173 Lau Remedies Challenged 174 CHAPTER 17: ACCOUNTABILITY 177 School Finance 178 The Education Amendments of 1978 179 Research and Evaluation 181 The Carnegie Report 183 The Year of the Child 184 CHAPTER 18: FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEFICIENCIES 185 President's Commission on Foreign, Languages 186 Linguistic Chauvinism 191 "Black English" 192 Cl IAPTER 19: NEED FOR BILINGUAL INSTRUCTION INCREASES 195 Ilaitians and Other "Boat People" 196 Children of Illegal Aliens 199 Other Needy Language Minorities 202 Evidence of Success 212 Capacity vs. Barriers 215 CHAPTER 20: PROPOSED LAU REGULATIONS 219 Local Control 221 Curriculum Dictum 223 Implementation Cost 223 Validity QuestionedAgain 224 Spurious Issues 225 Congressional Reaction 226 U.S. v. Texas 228 Proposed Lau Rules Withdrawn 231 CHAPTER 21: FEDERAL ROLE IN EDUCATION BEGINS TO SHRINK 233 The Fairfax Story 233 Weak OCR Enforcement 235 The New Federalism 236 The Pendulum Swings Back 237 CHAPTER 22: IMMIGRANT LANGUAGE ISSUES MAKE BANNER HEADLINES 241 Quantitative and Qualitative Controls Over Immigration 241 Fiscal and Judicial Support 243 Dissenting Voices 245 The Baker/de Kanter Study 246 Foreign' Language Programs 247 The Best of Two Worlds vii CHAPTER 23: IZIGI ITS IN JEOPARDY 251 Proposed Voucher System 251 Lack of Political Participation 252 Constitution Applies Also to Illegals 254 Lau Remedies Withdrawn 257 U.S. v. Texas Reversed'. 258. Block Grants 259 Minimum Competency Tests 261 CHAPTER 24: EPILOGUE 263 As General Education Goes...So Goes Bilingual Instruction 264 Need for
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