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Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Curcuma Xanthorriza Roxb.: a Review

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Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Curcuma Xanthorriza Roxb.: a Review International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-Sept. 2020 Website: ijshr.com Review Article ISSN: 2455-7587 Traditional uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb.: A Review Een Kustina, Zulharmita, Sestry Misfadhila* School of Pharmaceutical Science (STIFARM Padang), Padang, Indonesia. *Corresponding Author: Sestry Misfadhila ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The curcuma plant is traditionally used as a medicine for heartburn, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, coughs, asthma, and canker sores. Curcuma has properties as an appetite enhancer, improves digestive function, nourishes the liver, and relieves joint and bone pain. Curcuma rhizome is nutritious because it contains chemical compounds, including curcumin, essential oils, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Pharmacologically this plant is reported as antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti- fungal, anti-acne, and antioxidant. Keywords: Curcuma xanthorrhiza, traditional Figure 1. Curcuma plant [1] use, phytochemical, pharmacological. Herbpseudo-trunk up to more than one INTRODUCTION meter high, but less than two meters high. Curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) is The pseudo trunk is a part of the leaf midrib, a medicinal plant belonging to the tribe which are erect and overlapping, they are Zingiberaceae. Curcuma comes from green or dark brown. The color of the leaves Indonesia, especially the Island Java, then is green, or purplish-brown from light to spread to several places in the region dark leaves 31 - 84 cm long and 10 - 18 cm biogeography Malaysia. Currently, most of wide, the length of the petiole includes 43 - the curcuma cultivation is in Indonesia, 80 cm strands, each is connected to the Malaysia, Thailand, and Philippines. This midrib, and the petiole is rather long. The plant, apart from Asia, can be found in flowers are dark yellow, unique, and China, Indochina, Barbados, India, Japan, clustered, namely inflorescences lateral, Korea, United States of America, and slender stalk, and scaly stripe, 9-23 cm long several countries in Europe. This plant can and 4 - 6 cm wide, with multiple protective grow well in the lowlands to an altitude of leaves whose length exceeds or is 1500meters above sea level and habitat in proportional to the flower crown. The petals tropical forests. This rhizome can grow and are white hairy, 8 - 13 mm long, tubular [1] develop well in loose soil. petals with a total length of 4.5 cm, white elongated circular flower strands with red or dice red tips, 1.25 - 2cm long, and one cm wide. [1] International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 494 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Een Kustina et.al. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Curcuma xanthorriza roxb.: a review TRADITIONAL USE The dried curcuma rhizome, when brewed with hot water, can cure liver and bile disorders. If the rhizome is grated and squeezed and then drunk, it can facilitate bowel movements and increase breast milk. [Error! Reference source not found.] The content of compounds such as alkaloids in the curcuma rhizome candenature protein, thereby impairing enzyme activity and causing cell death. [3] Figure 2. Rhizome of Curcuma [2] Curcuma rhizome is nutritious because it Rhizome fully formed and strongly contains chemical compounds, including branched, large, branched, and reddish- curcumin, essential oils, saponins, brown, dark yellow, or dark green. Each flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. shoot from the rhizome includes 2 - 9 leaves Traditionally, the curcuma rhizome is used with a round shape extending to wake as a treatment for heartburn, diarrhea, piles, coughs, asthma, and canker sores. [Error! lanceolate, the flesh of the rhizome is dark Reference source not found.] orange or brown, has a strong, pungent Curcuma has seven aroma and bitter taste. properties, namely using appetite, improving digestive function, maintaining Scientific classification [1] the liver function, relieving liver function, relieving joint and bone pain, reducing Kingdom : Plantae [5] Division : Magnoliophyta blood, fat, and as an antioxidant. Subdivisions : Angiosperms Several quality aspects that need to Class : Monocotyledonae be considered in making or consuming a Order : Zingiberales natural product as a medicine are the heavy Family : Zingiberaceae metal contamination of lead (Pb) and Genus : Curcuma cadmium (Cd). Thick extracts or extracts Species : Curcuma zanthorrhiza derived from natural ingredients before Binominal name : Curcuma xanthorrhiza being processed into herbal products must Roxb also meet applicable quality requirements, such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) DATA COLLECTION contamination. Heavy metal contamination of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) can occur in In compiling this review article, the [21] technique used is to use literature studies by herbal medicinal products. looking for sources or literature in the form The results of phytochemical of primary data or the form of official books screening tests showed that curcuma and international journals in the last ten rhizome contained several compounds, years (2010-2020). Besides, in making this namely flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, review article, data search was carried out and triterpenoids. Compounds that are using online media with keywords, namely thought to be responsible for inhibiting the Curcuma xanthorrhiza, phytochemistry, and action of the xanthine oxidase enzyme so pharmacology. Look for the primary that it can hinder the formation of uric acid references used in this review article in the body, namely flavonoids. This through trusted websites such as Mendeley, research is an experimental study with a ScienceDirect, PubMed, NCBI, Research pre-test and post-test control group design. Gate, Google Scholar, and other published It can be concluded that the administration and relied on journals. of the ethanol extract of curcuma rhizome can reduce uric acid levels with the International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 495 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Een Kustina et.al. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Curcuma xanthorriza roxb.: a review percentage of decreasing uric acid levels, respectively, by 19.53%, 28.80%, and 43.04%. The ethanol extract of curcuma rhizome with a dose of 200 mg/kg weight has the most optimal ability to reduce uric acid levels compared to the doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. [22] Figure 3. Chemical Structure of Curcumin PHYTOCHEMICAL Curcuma is very closely related to the Curcumin is a colorant in curcuma in bioactive compounds in it, especially the form of orange, yellow crystals. To find curcuminoids. The curcuminioid structure is out the best condition for curcumin from a group of phenolic compounds and is curcuma, using ethanol as a solvent. The composed of curcumin, ethanol concentration variations used were demethoxycurcumin, and 50%, 70%, and 96%. The highest curcumin [8] bidemethoxycurcumin compounds. content was 2,617%. Curcumin (1,-bis (4- hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene- Table 2. Curcuminoid structure 3, 5-dion) is a yellow pigment extracted No. Compound Name R1 R2 from the curcuma rhizome plant. [7] 1 Curcumin (C21H20O6) O CH3 OCH3 2 Demethoxicurcumin (C20H1805) H O CH3 3 Bisdemethoxycurcumin (C19H16O4) H H Several chemical elements, such as curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, l-hydroxy- In this research, determination of levels of 1,7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) -6- lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination heptene- 3,5-dione and 1- (4-hydroxy-3,5- using atomic absorption spectrometry is dimethoxyphenyl) -7- (4-hydroxy- valid for samples of methanol extract and 3methoxyphenyl) -1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione curcumarhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza was identified in the ethyl acetate fraction of Roxb.). The levels of lead contamination C. xanthorrhiza. In addition, (Pb) in methanol extract and bisdemethoxycurcumin and 1,7-bis (4- curcumarhizome were 2.10 ± 0.001 mg/kg hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) -heptane-3,5- and 4.34 ± 0.001 mg/kg, respectively, and diol were detected only using UPLC-MS / cadmium (Cd) levels were not detected. [20] MS. [9] International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 496 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Een Kustina et.al. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Curcuma xanthorriza roxb.: a review PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS homogeneity test, pH test, spreadability test, Antibacterial and protective ability test. Based on the Curcuma contains chemical results of the curcuma rhizome extract, it compounds that have physiologically active can be made into an ointment that meets the compounds, namely curcuminoids and requirements for testing ointment essential oils. Curcuminoid content in preparations. [12] curcuma has pharmacological effects as antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-tumor, and Antimicrobial contains antioxidants. Curcuminoid content Analysis of gas chromatography/ in curcuma ranges from 1-2%, and essential mass spectroscopy showed that the oil content in curcuma ranges from 3 - 12%. dominant monoterpene (88.53%) in the Curcuma rhizome extract is antibacterial curcuma rhizome oil (Curcuma against Staphylococcus aureus and xanthorrhiza). Sesquiterpenes (50.10%) is a Staphylococcus epidermis, Bacillus cereus, component of the most abundant essential Streptococcus mutans, which are gram- oil of C. glans. As a comparison, it was positive bacteria. [10] found monoterpenes (45.55%) and Based on the results of the study, it sesquiterpenes (45.81%) in C. aeruginosa
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