International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-Sept. 2020 Website: ijshr.com Review Article ISSN: 2455-7587

Traditional uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of xanthorriza Roxb.: A Review

Een Kustina, Zulharmita, Sestry Misfadhila*

School of Pharmaceutical Science (STIFARM Padang), Padang, .

*Corresponding Author: Sestry Misfadhila ([email protected])

ABSTRACT

The curcuma is traditionally used as a medicine for heartburn, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, coughs, asthma, and canker sores. Curcuma has properties as an appetite enhancer, improves digestive function, nourishes the liver, and relieves joint and bone pain. Curcuma rhizome is nutritious because it contains chemical compounds, including curcumin, essential oils, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Pharmacologically this plant is reported as antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti- fungal, anti-acne, and antioxidant.

Keywords: Curcuma xanthorrhiza, traditional Figure 1. Curcuma plant [1] use, phytochemical, pharmacological. Herbpseudo-trunk up to more than one INTRODUCTION meter high, but less than two meters high. Curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) is The pseudo trunk is a part of the leaf midrib, a medicinal plant belonging to the tribe which are erect and overlapping, they are . Curcuma comes from green or dark brown. The color of the leaves Indonesia, especially the Island Java, then is green, or purplish-brown from light to spread to several places in the region dark leaves 31 - 84 cm long and 10 - 18 cm biogeography . Currently, most of wide, the length of the petiole includes 43 - the curcuma cultivation is in Indonesia, 80 cm strands, each is connected to the Malaysia, , and . This midrib, and the petiole is rather long. The plant, apart from Asia, can be found in flowers are dark yellow, unique, and , Indochina, Barbados, , , clustered, namely inflorescences lateral, Korea, United States of America, and slender stalk, and scaly stripe, 9-23 cm long several countries in . This plant can and 4 - 6 cm wide, with multiple protective grow well in the lowlands to an altitude of leaves whose length exceeds or is 1500meters above sea level and habitat in proportional to the flower crown. The petals tropical forests. This rhizome can grow and are white hairy, 8 - 13 mm long, tubular [1] develop well in loose soil. petals with a total length of 4.5 cm, white elongated circular flower strands with red or dice red tips, 1.25 - 2cm long, and one cm wide. [1]

International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 494 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Een Kustina et.al. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Curcuma xanthorriza roxb.: a review

TRADITIONAL USE The dried curcuma rhizome, when brewed with hot water, can cure liver and bile disorders. If the rhizome is grated and squeezed and then drunk, it can facilitate bowel movements and increase breast milk. [Error! Reference source not found.] The content of compounds such as alkaloids in the curcuma rhizome candenature protein, thereby impairing enzyme activity and causing cell death. [3] Figure 2. Rhizome of Curcuma [2] Curcuma rhizome is nutritious because it Rhizome fully formed and strongly contains chemical compounds, including branched, large, branched, and reddish- curcumin, essential oils, saponins, brown, dark yellow, or dark green. Each flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. shoot from the rhizome includes 2 - 9 leaves Traditionally, the curcuma rhizome is used with a round shape extending to wake as a treatment for heartburn, diarrhea, piles, coughs, asthma, and canker sores. [Error! lanceolate, the flesh of the rhizome is dark Reference source not found.] orange or brown, has a strong, pungent Curcuma has seven aroma and bitter taste. properties, namely using appetite, improving digestive function, maintaining Scientific classification [1] the liver function, relieving liver function, relieving joint and bone pain, reducing Kingdom : Plantae [5] Division : Magnoliophyta blood, fat, and as an antioxidant. Subdivisions : Angiosperms Several quality aspects that need to Class : Monocotyledonae be considered in making or consuming a Order : natural product as a medicine are the heavy Family : Zingiberaceae metal contamination of lead (Pb) and Genus : Curcuma cadmium (Cd). Thick extracts or extracts Species : Curcuma zanthorrhiza derived from natural ingredients before Binominal name : Curcuma xanthorrhiza being processed into herbal products must Roxb also meet applicable quality requirements, such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) DATA COLLECTION contamination. Heavy metal contamination of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) can occur in In compiling this review article, the [21] technique used is to use literature studies by herbal medicinal products. looking for sources or literature in the form The results of phytochemical of primary data or the form of official books screening tests showed that curcuma and international journals in the last ten rhizome contained several compounds, years (2010-2020). Besides, in making this namely flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, review article, data search was carried out and triterpenoids. Compounds that are using online media with keywords, namely thought to be responsible for inhibiting the Curcuma xanthorrhiza, phytochemistry, and action of the xanthine oxidase enzyme so pharmacology. Look for the primary that it can hinder the formation of uric acid references used in this review article in the body, namely flavonoids. This through trusted websites such as Mendeley, research is an experimental study with a ScienceDirect, PubMed, NCBI, Research pre-test and post-test control group design. Gate, Google Scholar, and other published It can be concluded that the administration and relied on journals. of the ethanol extract of curcuma rhizome can reduce uric acid levels with the

International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 495 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Een Kustina et.al. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Curcuma xanthorriza roxb.: a review percentage of decreasing uric acid levels, respectively, by 19.53%, 28.80%, and 43.04%. The ethanol extract of curcuma rhizome with a dose of 200 mg/kg weight has the most optimal ability to reduce uric acid levels compared to the doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. [22] Figure 3. Chemical Structure of Curcumin

PHYTOCHEMICAL Curcuma is very closely related to the Curcumin is a colorant in curcuma in bioactive compounds in it, especially the form of orange, yellow crystals. To find curcuminoids. The curcuminioid structure is out the best condition for curcumin from a group of phenolic compounds and is curcuma, using ethanol as a solvent. The composed of curcumin, ethanol concentration variations used were demethoxycurcumin, and 50%, 70%, and 96%. The highest curcumin [8] bidemethoxycurcumin compounds. content was 2,617%. Curcumin (1,-bis (4- hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene- Table 2. Curcuminoid structure 3, 5-dion) is a yellow pigment extracted No. Compound Name R1 R2 from the curcuma rhizome plant. [7] 1 Curcumin (C21H20O6) O CH3 OCH3 2 Demethoxicurcumin (C20H1805) H O CH3 3 Bisdemethoxycurcumin (C19H16O4) H H

Several chemical elements, such as curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, l-hydroxy- In this research, determination of levels of 1,7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) -6- lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination heptene- 3,5-dione and 1- (4-hydroxy-3,5- using atomic absorption spectrometry is dimethoxyphenyl) -7- (4-hydroxy- valid for samples of methanol extract and 3methoxyphenyl) -1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione curcumarhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza was identified in the ethyl acetate fraction of Roxb.). The levels of lead contamination C. xanthorrhiza. In addition, (Pb) in methanol extract and bisdemethoxycurcumin and 1,7-bis (4- curcumarhizome were 2.10 ± 0.001 mg/kg hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) -heptane-3,5- and 4.34 ± 0.001 mg/kg, respectively, and diol were detected only using UPLC-MS / cadmium (Cd) levels were not detected. [20] MS. [9]

International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 496 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Een Kustina et.al. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Curcuma xanthorriza roxb.: a review

PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS homogeneity test, pH test, spreadability test, Antibacterial and protective ability test. Based on the Curcuma contains chemical results of the curcuma rhizome extract, it compounds that have physiologically active can be made into an ointment that meets the compounds, namely curcuminoids and requirements for testing ointment essential oils. Curcuminoid content in preparations. [12] curcuma has pharmacological effects as antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-tumor, and Antimicrobial contains antioxidants. Curcuminoid content Analysis of gas chromatography/ in curcuma ranges from 1-2%, and essential mass spectroscopy showed that the oil content in curcuma ranges from 3 - 12%. dominant monoterpene (88.53%) in the Curcuma rhizome extract is antibacterial curcuma rhizome oil (Curcuma against Staphylococcus aureus and xanthorrhiza). Sesquiterpenes (50.10%) is a Staphylococcus epidermis, Bacillus cereus, component of the most abundant essential Streptococcus mutans, which are gram- oil of C. glans. As a comparison, it was positive bacteria. [10] found monoterpenes (45.55%) and Based on the results of the study, it sesquiterpenes (45.81%) in C. aeruginosa can be concluded that the ethanol extract of by a significant amount. The main 96% of curcuma rhizome (Curcuma component C. aeruginosa is characterized xanthorrhiza Roxb.)can inhibit the growth as camphor (29.39%) and germakron of the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis. (21.21%). Germacrone (15.76%), b-pinene The ethanol extract of 96% curcuma (9.97%) and camphor (9.96%) were rhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) had identified as the main compounds in the oil a significant difference in inhibition in each rhizome C. glans. The third essential oil of concentration group. The concentration of curcuma species have a more significant curcuma rhizome extract 25% have been activity against gram-positive bacteria able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus epidermidis bacteria, and the most massive cereus) compared with gram-negative inhibitory response lies in the curcuma bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas rhizome extract with a concentration of aeruginosa). The results showed that the 100%. The results of this study illustrate essential oil of fresh curcuma rhizome that the active ingredients in curcuma can be potential as a source of natural antimicrobial useful for antibiotic treatment in the future. agent. [13] [17] The antimicrobial activity of essential oil from curcuma rhizome extract Anti-fungal has xanthorihizol, camphene and curcumene Curcuma methanol extract has an derivatives, monoterpene hydrocarbons, anti-fungal function against Candida oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, albicans by invitro, using a concentration of and hydrocarbons. The antimicrobial 10% curcuma methanol extract can produce activity of curcuma essential oil is known to an inhibition zone diameter of 16.2 mm. [11] inhibit bacteria such as Asperrgilus liger and Fusarium oxysforum significantly. [14] Anti-acne The minimum inhibitory level Curcuma rhizome extract was cannot be determined because the higher the prepared by maceration method using 95% concentration of curcuma rhizome extracts ethanol as a solvent. An ointment is used by in the tube, the more cloudy. In comparison, dissolving nipagine with PEG 400, then the minimum kill rate is a concentration melting PEG 400, and mixing nipagin as a level of 6.25%. The test results using one- preservative. The ointment then passed way ANOVA showed significant several tests, including an organoleptic test, differences in treatment (P = 0.000). The

International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 497 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Een Kustina et.al. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Curcuma xanthorriza roxb.: a review higher the concentration of curcuma thereby suggesting areas for further study. rhizome, the greater the ability to inhibit and [18] kill Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (r = - 0,788). Giving the concentration of curcuma Anti-inflammatory extract affected decreasing the number of The development of anti- bacterial colonies of Staphylococcus aureus inflammatory agents focused on the Perml (106) (r2 = 62.1%). [15] response to the proteins involved in inflammatory disorders. The ethanol extract Antioxidants of rhizome of Curcuma xanthorrhiza The type of solvent had a significant standards (CE) with xanthorrhizol evaluated effect on antioxidants and affected curcumin to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory levels. Total phenol, as well as the activity in a mouse model of 5% dextran antioxidant activity of curcuma extract, did sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis-induced colitis not affect yield. The best type of solvent for (UC). Treatment with CE (4 or 40 mg/kg) curcuma extraction is ethanol, which debilitating disease activity index, produces 14.90% yield, 1.74% curcumin, shortening of the colon, histologic changes, total phenol 51.56 mgGEA/100 g sample, and myeloperoxidase activity. We the antioxidant capacity of 5.49 mgGAEAC concluded that CE is a natural plant material / 100g sample, and antioxidant activity IC50 which is relatively edible and non-toxic amounting to 51.17 mg/L. [16] which appears to be related to dietary supplements beneficial gut, and their use Anticancer can provide an alternative approach to Xanthorrhizol (XNT) is a kind modulate inflammation. This discovery bisabolene sesquiterpenoids compound highlights the potential of CE as a extracted from Curcuma xanthorrhiza functional food products, and cost-effective Roxb. It has been demonstrated that phytopharmaca. [19] curcuma has a variety of biological activities such as anti-cancer, antimicrobial, CONCLUSION anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti- The information collected above hyperglycemic, anti-hypertensive, anti- regarding the use of Curcuma (Curcuma platelet, nefroprotektif, hepatoprotective, xanthorrhiza) in the world is adjusted to the estrogenic and estrogenic effects. Because available literature. This plant is used in many synthetic drugs have toxic side effects traditional alternative medicine systems and are not capable of supporting the against various diseases such as asthma, increasing prevalence of the disease, the malaria, fever, dysentery, diarrhea, epilepsy, development of natural products for the skin diseases, snake bites, and others. In treatment of uterine stem increasing. XNT is recent years, the use of ethnobotany and a potent natural bioactive compounds that traditional natural compounds, especially can meet the needs of today's new drug those of plant origin, has received much discovery. Regardless of its importance, a attention because of their well-tested comprehensive review of the efficacy and generally believed to be safe pharmacological activity XNT not yet been for human use. All available literature on published in the scientific literature to date. curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) illustrates Here, this review aims to summarize the that curcuma is a popular medicine among information available in this area, focusing various tribes and traditional practitioners on anti-cancer properties, and shows the for the treatment of diseases. Researchers status of current research. It also can help are currently exploring the plant's facilitate understanding of the role of therapeutic potential. pharmacological XNT in drug discovery,

International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 498 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020 Een Kustina et.al. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Curcuma xanthorriza roxb.: a review

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International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 500 Vol.5; Issue: 3; July-September 2020