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Rules of Go It Would Be Suicidal (And Hence Illegal) for White to Play at E, the Board Is Initially Because the Block of Four White Empty
Scoring Example another liberty at D. Rules of Go It would be suicidal (and hence illegal) for white to play at E, The board is initially because the block of four white empty. stones would have no liberties. Could black play at E? It looks like a suicidal move, because Black plays first. the black stone would have no liberties, but it would occupy On a turn, either place a the white block’s last liberty at stone on a vacant inter- the same time; the move is legal and the white stones are section or pass (giving a captured. stone to the opponent to The black block F can never be keep as a prisoner). In the diagram above, white captured. It has two internal has 8 points in the center and liberties (eyes) at the points Stones may be captured 7 points at the upper right. marked G. To capture the by tightly surrounding Two white stones (shown be- block, white would have to oc- low the board) are prisoners. cupy both of them, but either them. Captured stones White’s score is 8 + 7 − 2 = 13. move would be suicidal and are taken off the board Black has 3 points at the up- therefore illegal. and kept as prisoners. per left and 9 at the lower Suppose white plays at H, cap- right. One black stone is a turing the black stone at I. prisoner. Black’s score is (Notice that H is not an eye.) It is illegal to make a − 3 + 9 1 = 11. White wins. -
How to Play Go Lesson 1: Introduction to Go
How To Play Go Lesson 1: Introduction To Go 1.1 About The Game Of Go Go is an ancient game originated from China, with a definite history of over 3000 years, although there are historians who say that the game was invented more than 4000 years ago. The Chinese call the game Weiqi. Other names for Go include Baduk (Korean), Igo (Japanese) and Goe (Taiwanese). This game is getting increasingly popular around the world, especially in Asian, European and American countries, with many worldwide competitions being held. Diagram 1-1 The game of Go is played on a board as shown in Diagram 1-1. The Go set comprises of the board, together with 180 black and white stones each. Diagram 1-1 shows the standard 19x19 board (i.e. the board has 19 lines by 19 lines), but there are 13x13 and 9x9 boards in play. However, the 9x9 and 13x13 boards are usually for beginners; more advanced players would prefer the traditional 19x19 board. Compared to International Chess and Chinese Chess, Go has far fewer rules. Yet this allowed for all sorts of moves to be played, so Go can be a more intellectually challenging game than the other two types of Chess. Nonetheless, Go is not a difficult game to learn, so have a fun time playing the game with your friends. Several rule sets exist and are commonly used throughout the world. Two of the most common ones are Chinese rules and Japanese rules. Another is Ing's rules. All the rules are basically the same, the only significant difference is in the way counting of territories is done when the game ends. -
Complete Journal (PDF)
Number 151 Spring 2010 Price £3.50 PHOTO AND SCAN CREDITS Front Cover: New Year’s Eve Rengo at the London Open – Kiyohiko Tanaka. Above: Go (and Shogi) Shop – Youth Exchange in Japan – Paul Smith. Inside Rear: Collecting IV – Stamps from Tony Atkins. British Go Journal 151 Spring 2010 CONTENTS EDITORIAL 2 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 3 UK NEWS Tony Atkins 4 VIEW FROM THE TOP Jon Diamond 7 JAPAN-EUROPE GO EXCHANGE:GAMES 8 COUNCIL PROFILE -GRAHAM PHILIPS Graham Philips 14 WHAT IS SENTE REALLY WORTH? Colin MacLennan 16 NO ESCAPE? T Mark Hall 18 CLIVE ANTONY HENDRIE 19 ORIGIN OF GOINKOREA Games of Go on Disk 20 EARLY GOINWESTERN EUROPE -PART 2 Guoru Ding / Franco Pratesi 22 SUPERKO’S KITTENS III Geoff Kaniuk 27 FRANCIS IN JAPAN –NOVEMBER 2009 Francis Roads 33 BOOK REVIEW:CREATIVE LIFE AND DEATH Matthew Crosby 38 BOOK REVIEW:MASTERING LADDERS Pat Ridley 40 USEFUL WEB AND EMAIL ADDRESSES 43 BGA Tournament Day mobile: 07506 555 366. Copyright c 2010 British Go Association. Articles may be reproduced for the purposes of promoting Go and ’not for profit’ providing the British Go Journal is attributed as the source and the permission of the Editor and of the articles’ author(s) have been sought and obtained in writing. Views expressed are not necessarily those of the BGA nor of the Editor. 1 EDITORIAL [email protected] Welcome to the 151 British Go Journal. Changing of the Guard After 3 years and 11 editions, Barry Chandler has handed over the editor’s reins and can at last concentrate on his move to the beautiful county of Shropshire. -
Korea 2014 Catalog of Publications and Videos on Korea
All About Korea 2014 Catalog of publications and videos on Korea Copyright Ⓒ 2014 by Korean Culture and Information Service All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher. First Published in 2014 by Korean Culture and Information Service Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism Phone: +82-44-203-3340~47 Fax: +82-44-203-3592 Website: www.kocis.go.kr ISBN 978-89-7375-583-7 03000 Printed in the Republic of Korea For further information about Korea, please visit: www.korea.net Designed by Sangsang: +82-2-548-3835~7 Photo Sources: Korea Tourism Organization Contents Korea 008 Cultural Heritage 072 General Introduction, Inter-Korean Issues, History, Diplomacy, Policy, 015 UNESCO, Holidays, Cultural Facilities, Relics, Religion, Lifestyles 080 Geography, Government, National Defense Life 024 Nature & Tourism 086 Korean Lifestyles, People, Traditional Clothing, Yeosu Expo 2012, Fashion, Religion 026 Landscapes, Natural Wonders, Natural Resources, 091 Tourist Spots, Travel Information, Map, Geography, Environment Food 029 Introduction to Organizations & Lists of Books 095 Korean Cuisine, Korean Food Culture 033 037 Economy & Society Korea-related Sites 107 Business, Investment, Economic Situation, Consumption, Labor Law, Economic Policy, 041 Education, Medicine, Traditional Medicine, Health, Language 048 Arts & Culture Index 150 Music, Fine Arts, Perfomances, Design, Theater, Dance, Animation, Architecture, Movies, 064 Dramas, Media, Sports, Literature, Cultural Phenomena, Clothing, Crafts, Seoul’s Art Street Each category is divided into printed publications and videos/DVDs . The items in each are alphabetized. 2014 008/ Korea All About Korea 009/ 2013 Calendar · Summary: The K-drama Photo Calendar 2013 features images selected from popular Korean TV dramas. -
Lesson Plans for Go in Schools
Go Lesson Plans 1 Lesson Plans for Go in Schools By Gordon E. Castanza, Ed. D. October 19, 2011 Published By Rittenberg Consulting Group 7806 108th St. NW Gig Harbor, WA 98332 253-853-4831 ©Gordon E. Castanza, Ed. D. 10/19/11 DRAFT Go Lesson Plans 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 4 Purpose/Rationale ........................................................................................................................... 5 Lesson Plan One ............................................................................................................................. 7 Basic Ideas .................................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 11 The Puzzle ................................................................................................................................. 13 Surround to Capture .................................................................................................................. 14 First Capture Go ........................................................................................................................ 16 Lesson Plan Two ........................................................................................................................... 19 Units & -
Computer Go: from the Beginnings to Alphago Martin Müller, University of Alberta
Computer Go: from the Beginnings to AlphaGo Martin Müller, University of Alberta 2017 Outline of the Talk ✤ Game of Go ✤ Short history - Computer Go from the beginnings to AlphaGo ✤ The science behind AlphaGo ✤ The legacy of AlphaGo The Game of Go Go ✤ Classic two-player board game ✤ Invented in China thousands of years ago ✤ Simple rules, complex strategy ✤ Played by millions ✤ Hundreds of top experts - professional players ✤ Until 2016, computers weaker than humans Go Rules ✤ Start with empty board ✤ Place stone of your own color ✤ Goal: surround empty points or opponent - capture ✤ Win: control more than half the board Final score, 9x9 board ✤ Komi: first player advantage Measuring Go Strength ✤ People in Europe and America use the traditional Japanese ranking system ✤ Kyu (student) and Dan (master) levels ✤ Separate Dan ranks for professional players ✤ Kyu grades go down from 30 (absolute beginner) to 1 (best) ✤ Dan grades go up from 1 (weakest) to about 6 ✤ There is also a numerical (Elo) system, e.g. 2500 = 5 Dan Short History of Computer Go Computer Go History - Beginnings ✤ 1960’s: initial ideas, designs on paper ✤ 1970’s: first serious program - Reitman & Wilcox ✤ Interviews with strong human players ✤ Try to build a model of human decision-making ✤ Level: “advanced beginner”, 15-20 kyu ✤ One game costs thousands of dollars in computer time 1980-89 The Arrival of PC ✤ From 1980: PC (personal computers) arrive ✤ Many people get cheap access to computers ✤ Many start writing Go programs ✤ First competitions, Computer Olympiad, Ing Cup ✤ Level 10-15 kyu 1990-2005: Slow Progress ✤ Slow progress, commercial successes ✤ 1990 Ing Cup in Beijing ✤ 1993 Ing Cup in Chengdu ✤ Top programs Handtalk (Prof. -
Robotic Go: Exploring a Different Perspective on Human-Computer Interaction with the Game of Go
Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics San Antonio, TX, USA - October 2009 Robotic Go: Exploring a Different Perspective on Human-Computer Interaction with the Game of Go Tae-Hyung “T” Kim, J. Adam Nisbett, Donald C. Wunsch II Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla, Missouri, USA [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract — The advent of computers and the World Wide An extensive literature search reveals no paper publications Web diversified the way in which the game of Go is played. While about Go robotics. Therefore, the literature survey should be traditional human-to-human play still remains an important stated in the context of entertainment robotics. Dautenhahn et. form of game play, amateur players, along with some al. in [4] provide a solution to an intellectual question of what a professional players, have shifted the play domain from “off-line” robot companion is. Their survey results show that a majority club houses to “on-line” Go servers. Computer Go is an of people are favorable to the idea of a robot companion. Our important field of study to develop a software to play Go or a Go work was performed based on the hypothesis of a favored robot engine. In addition to human-to-human play, a Go engine or companion. Goodrich and Schultz in [5] review Human-Robot computer intelligence to play Go adds another axis to play Interaction and discuss it as a growing field of research and configuration: human-to-computer play and computer-to- application which requires interdisciplinary understanding. -
Learning to Play the Game of Go
Learning to Play the Game of Go James Foulds October 17, 2006 Abstract The problem of creating a successful artificial intelligence game playing program for the game of Go represents an important milestone in the history of computer science, and provides an interesting domain for the development of both new and existing problem-solving methods. In particular, the problem of Go can be used as a benchmark for machine learning techniques. Most commercial Go playing programs use rule-based expert systems, re- lying heavily on manually entered domain knowledge. Due to the complexity of strategy possible in the game, these programs can only play at an amateur level of skill. A more recent approach is to apply machine learning to the prob- lem. Machine learning-based Go playing systems are currently weaker than the rule-based programs, but this is still an active area of research. This project compares the performance of an extensive set of supervised machine learning algorithms in the context of learning from a set of features generated from the common fate graph – a graph representation of a Go playing board. The method is applied to a collection of life-and-death problems and to 9 × 9 games, using a variety of learning algorithms. A comparative study is performed to determine the effectiveness of each learning algorithm in this context. Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Background 4 2.1 Go................................... 4 2.1.1 DescriptionoftheGame. 5 2.1.2 TheHistoryofGo ...................... 6 2.1.3 Elementary Strategy . 7 2.1.4 Player Rankings and Handicaps . 7 2.1.5 Tsumego .......................... -
9X9 Board for Advanced Beginners
by Immanuel deVillers 1 81 Little Lions An introduction to the 9x9 board for advanced beginners by Immanuel deVillers ([email protected]) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial - No Derivatives 4.0 International License. English Version 0.90 - 22. August 2015. 2 for Jon who introduced me to 9x9 3 Table of Contents Welcome to 9x9..............................................................................................5 Short History.................................................................................................6 The Basics......................................................................................................7 Openings.....................................................................................................7 Tengen....................................................................................................7 Takamoku...............................................................................................8 Mokuhazushi........................................................................................10 Hoshi....................................................................................................11 Komoku................................................................................................12 Sansan.................................................................................................13 Influence is subtle, Control is everything..................................................14 A mistake is always lethal.........................................................................15 -
Computer Go: an AI Oriented Survey
Computer Go: an AI Oriented Survey Bruno Bouzy Université Paris 5, UFR de mathématiques et d'informatique, C.R.I.P.5, 45, rue des Saints-Pères 75270 Paris Cedex 06 France tel: (33) (0)1 44 55 35 58, fax: (33) (0)1 44 55 35 35 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.math-info.univ-paris5.fr/~bouzy/ Tristan Cazenave Université Paris 8, Département Informatique, Laboratoire IA 2, rue de la Liberté 93526 Saint-Denis Cedex France e-mail: [email protected] http://www.ai.univ-paris8.fr/~cazenave/ Abstract Since the beginning of AI, mind games have been studied as relevant application fields. Nowadays, some programs are better than human players in most classical games. Their results highlight the efficiency of AI methods that are now quite standard. Such methods are very useful to Go programs, but they do not enable a strong Go program to be built. The problems related to Computer Go require new AI problem solving methods. Given the great number of problems and the diversity of possible solutions, Computer Go is an attractive research domain for AI. Prospective methods of programming the game of Go will probably be of interest in other domains as well. The goal of this paper is to present Computer Go by showing the links between existing studies on Computer Go and different AI related domains: evaluation function, heuristic search, machine learning, automatic knowledge generation, mathematical morphology and cognitive science. In addition, this paper describes both the practical aspects of Go programming, such as program optimization, and various theoretical aspects such as combinatorial game theory, mathematical morphology, and Monte- Carlo methods. -
Go Books Detail
Evanston Go Club Ian Feldman Lending Library A Compendium of Trick Plays Nihon Ki-in In this unique anthology, the reader will find the subject of trick plays in the game of go dealt with in a thorough manner. Practically anything one could wish to know about the subject is examined from multiple perpectives in this remarkable volume. Vital points in common patterns, skillful finesse (tesuji) and ordinary matters of good technique are discussed, as well as the pitfalls that are concealed in seemingly innocuous positions. This is a gem of a handbook that belongs on the bookshelf of every go player. Chapter 1 was written by Ishida Yoshio, former Meijin-Honinbo, who intimates that if "joseki can be said to be the highway, trick plays may be called a back alley. When one masters the alleyways, one is on course to master joseki." Thirty-five model trick plays are presented in this chapter, #204 and exhaustively analyzed in the style of a dictionary. Kageyama Toshiro 7 dan, one of the most popular go writers, examines the subject in Chapter 2 from the standpoint of full board strategy. Chapter 3 is written by Mihori Sho, who collaborated with Sakata Eio to produce Killer of Go. Anecdotes from the history of go, famous sayings by Sun Tzu on the Art of Warfare and contemporary examples of trickery are woven together to produce an entertaining dialogue. The final chapter presents twenty-five problems for the reader to solve, using the knowledge gained in the preceding sections. Do not be surprised to find unexpected booby traps lurking here also. -
Eyespace Values in Go
Games of No Chance MSRI Publications Volume 29, 1996 Eyespace Values in Go HOWARD A. LANDMAN Abstract. Most of the application of combinatorial game theory to Go has been focussed on late endgame situations and scoring. However, it is also possible to apply it to any other aspect of the game that involves counting. In particular, life-and-death situations often involve counting eyes. Assuming all surrounding groups are alive, a group that has two or more eyes is alive, and a group that has one eye or less is dead. This naturally raises the question of which game-theoretical values can occur for an eyemaking game. We define games that provide a theoretical framework in which this question can be asked precisely, and then give the known results to date. For the single-group case, eyespace values include 0, R R R R R 1 1 3 1 1, 2, 2 , 1 2 , 4 , 1 4 , 1 ,andseveralko-relatedloopygames,aswell ∗ R 1 as some seki-related values. The 2 eye is well-understood in traditional R R R R 1 3 1 Go theory, and 1 2 only a little less so, but 4 , 1 4 ,and 1 may be new discoveries, even though they occur frequently in actual games.∗ For a battle between two or more opposed groups, the theory gets more complicated. 1. Go 1.1. Rules of Go. Go is played on a square grid with Black and White stones. The players alternate turns placing a stone on an unoccupied intersection. Once placed, a stone does not move, although it may sometimes be captured and removed from the board.