Assessing Neighbourhood Change: Gentrification and Suburban Decline in a Mid-Sized City
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Changing Cities: 75 Years of Planning Better Futures at MIT / Lawrence J
Changing Cities 75 Years of Planning Better Futures at MIT Lawrence J. Vale © 2008 by Lawrence J. Vale and the SA+P Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form, without written permission from the publisher. Vale, Lawrence J. Changing Cities: 75 Years of Planning Better Futures at MIT / Lawrence J. Vale. ISBN 978-0-9794774-2-3 Published in the United States by SA+P Press. Support for this catalogue and its related exhibition was provided by the Department of Urban Studies and Planning, and the Wolk Gallery, School of Architecture + Planning. Developed from an exhibition at the Wolk Gallery, MIT School of Architecture + Planning, February 12 - April 11, 2008. Exhibition curated and written by Lawrence J. Vale, in collaboration with Gary Van Zante, Laura Knott and Gabrielle Bendiner-Viani/ Buscada Design. Exhibition & Catalogue design: Buscada Design SA PMITDUSP SCHOOL OFMIT ARCHITECTURE + PLANNING Dedicated to the Students and Alumni/ae of MIT’s Course in City Planning Contents 2 Acknowledgments 4 Preface 12 Planning at MIT: An Introduction 14 Up from Adams 25 The Burdell Committee & The Doctoral Program 28 The Joint Center 31 Ciudad Guayana 35 City Image & City Design: The Lynchian Tradition 41 Planning, The Revolution 47 Planning in Communities 50 Affordable Housing 58 Environmental Policy & Planning 62 The Laboratory of Architecture & Planning 65 The Center for Real Estate 68 International Development 74 Practica 78 DUSP in New Orleans 81 DUSP in China 85 Technologies & Cities 88 Changing Cities: Is there a DUSP way? 90 A Growing Department 92 An Urbanized and Urbanizing Planet 94 Appendix I: Here We Go Again: Recurring Questions Facing DUSP 107 Appendix II: Trends in Cities, Planning, and Development 121 Appendix III: “Tomorrow the Universe” 130 Notes 133 Images Acknowledgments Work on this exhibition and catalogue began in 2004, and I am particularly grateful to Diana Sherman (MCP ‘05) and Alison Novak (MCP ‘06) for their initial assistance with archival examination. -
Canadian Planning Through a Transnational Lens: the Evolution of Urban Planning in Canada, 1890-1930
Canadian Planning through a Transnational Lens: the Evolution of Urban Planning in Canada, 1890-1930 Catherine Mary Ulmer A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Fall 08 April 2017 Department of History and Classical Studies, Faculty of Arts, McGill University, Montreal © Catherine Mary Ulmer ii Abstract From the late nineteenth century onwards, a varied group of middle and upper class English- Canadians embraced urban planning, forming connections with the international planning cohort and circulating planning knowledge across Canada. Yet, despite their membership within the wider planning world, and the importance of such involvement to Canada’s early planning movement, the current historical narrative does not fully account for the complex nature of Canadian interactions with this wider planning cohort. This dissertation points to the necessity of applying a transnational perspective to our understanding of Canada’s modern planning history. It considers the importance of English-Canadian urban planning networking from 1910–1914, argues that these individuals were knowledgeable and selective borrowers of foreign planning information, and reassesses the role of Thomas Adams, the British expert who acted as a national planning advisor to Canada (1915–1922) and has been credited with founding Canada’s planning movement. Reevaluating his position, I argue that Adams did not introduce Canadians to modern planning. Instead his central role came through his efforts to help professionalize planning through creating the Town Planning Institute of Canada (TPIC) in 1919. As I assert, by restricting full membership to male professionals the TPIC relegated amateur planning advocates to a supporting role, devaluing the contributions of non-professionals, and, in particular, women. -
Upscaling the Neighborhood
Upscaling the Neighborhood Nicole Stelle Garnett* Introduction................................................................................................................................................... 1 I. The Inner-Suburban “Problem” ........................................................................................................... 6 II. The Inner Ring as a Distributional Problem: The Regionalist Response ............................................ 9 III. The Inner-Ring as an Aesthetic Problem: The Land-Use Planning Response .............................. 11 IV. Upscaling in Action: A Cautionary Tale ........................................................................................ 18 A. Rule-of-Law Concerns .................................................................................................................... 19 B. Compliance Costs ........................................................................................................................... 24 C. The Trouble with the Transect ........................................................................................................ 26 D. Imposition of a Uniform Urban Aesthetic ...................................................................................... 28 E. The Lure of the Wrecking Ball ........................................................................................................ 32 V. The Political Economy of Inner-Suburban Land Use Regulation....................................................... 34 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. -
The Demographic Transformation of Inner City Auckland
New Zealand Population Review, 35:55-74. Copyright © 2009 Population Association of New Zealand The Demographic Transformation of Inner City Auckland WARDLOW FRIESEN * Abstract The inner city of Auckland, comprising the inner suburbs and the Central Business District (CBD) has undergone a process of reurbanisation in recent years. Following suburbanisation, redevelopment and motorway construction after World War II, the population of the inner city declined significantly. From the 1970s onwards some inner city suburbs started to become gentrified and while this did not result in much population increase, it did change the characteristics of inner city populations. However, global and local forces converged in the 1990s to trigger a rapid repopulation of the CBD through the development of apartments, resulting in a great increase in population numbers and in new populations of local and international students as well as central city workers and others. he transformation of Central Auckland since the mid-twentieth century has taken a number of forms. The suburbs encircling the TCentral Business District (CBD) have seen overall population decline resulting from suburbanisation, as well as changing demographic and ethnic characteristics resulting from a range of factors, and some areas have been transformed into desirable, even elite, neighbourhoods. Towards the end of the twentieth century and into the twenty first century, a related but distinctive transformation has taken place in the CBD, with the rapid construction of commercial and residential buildings and a residential population growth rate of 1000 percent over a fifteen year period. While there are a number of local government and real estate reports on this phenomenon, there has been relatively little academic attention to its nature * School of Environment, The University of Auckland. -
Housing in the Evolving American Suburb Cover, from Top: Daybreak, South Jordan, Utah
Housing in the Evolving American Suburb Cover, from top: Daybreak, South Jordan, Utah. Daybreak, Utah St. Charles, Waldorf, Maryland. St. Charles Companies Inglenook, Carmel, Indiana. Ross Chapin Architects, Land Development & Building Inc. © 2016 by the Urban Land Institute 2001 L Street, NW Suite 200 Washington, DC 20036 Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the publisher. Recommended bibliographic listing: Urban Land Institute. Housing in the Evolving American Suburb. Washington, DC: Urban Land Institute, 2016. ISBN: 978-0-87420-396-7 Housing in the Evolving American Suburb About the Urban Land Institute The mission of the Urban Land Institute is to provide leadership in the responsible use of land and in creating and sustaining thriving communities worldwide. ULI is committed to n Bringing together leaders from across the fields of real estate and land use policy to exchange best practices and serve community needs; n Fostering collaboration within and beyond ULI’s membership through mentoring, dialogue, and problem solving; n Exploring issues of urbanization, conservation, regeneration, land use, capital formation, and sustainable development; n Advancing land use policies and design practices that respect the uniqueness of both the built and natural environments; n Sharing knowledge through education, applied research, publishing, and electronic media; and n Sustaining a diverse global network of local practice and advisory efforts that address current and future challenges. Established in 1936, the ULI today has more than 39,000 members worldwide, representing the entire spectrum of the land use and development disciplines. -
Towards Sustainable Urban Spatial Structure: Does Decentralization Reduce Commuting Times?
sustainability Article Towards Sustainable Urban Spatial Structure: Does Decentralization Reduce Commuting Times? Chunil Kim 1 and Choongik Choi 2,* 1 Housing Urban Finance Institute, Korea Housing & Urban Guarantee Corporation (HUG), BIFC, 40 Munhyeon-geumyung-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48400, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Public Administration, Kangwon National University, 1, Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-33-250-6813 Received: 31 December 2018; Accepted: 7 February 2019; Published: 15 February 2019 Abstract: This paper contributes to the existing debate on the co-location hypothesis, by devising a proximity measure and controlling for a set of other urban form measures. Utilizing the LEHD (Longitudinal Employer–Household Dynamics) Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) data that provide the number of jobs by a finer geography, this paper measured the degree of centralization, proximity, and job–housing mismatch. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the job–worker proximity leads to a shorter commuting time. In addition, the results focusing on suburban areas revealed that the impact of the job–worker imbalance and the impact of job–worker mismatch on the commuting time are greater in the suburb in comparison with the city center. Keywords: urban spatial structure; commuting; job–housing ratio; floating catchment area 1. Introduction The evolution of spatial structure plays a significant role in shaping interactions among decision-making agents in cities. The development of transportation technologies transformed old port city centers and connected inland areas to each other. As the railway system came into existence, firms that had been locked in the port center could move along the rail lines. -
Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America╎s New •Œmegapolitan╊ Geography
Brookings Mountain West Publications Publications (BMW) 2005 Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America’s New “Megapolitan” Geography Robert E. Lang Brookings Mountain West, [email protected] Dawn Dhavale Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/brookings_pubs Part of the Urban Studies Commons Repository Citation Lang, R. E., Dhavale, D. (2005). Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America’s New “Megapolitan” Geography. 1-33. Available at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/brookings_pubs/38 This Report is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Report in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Report has been accepted for inclusion in Brookings Mountain West Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. METROPOLITAN INSTITUTE CENSUS REPORT SERIES Census Report 05:01 (May 2005) Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America’s New “Megapolitan” Geography Robert E. Lang Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech Dawn Dhavale Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech “... the ten Main Findings and Observations Megapolitans • The Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech identifi es ten US “Megapolitan have a Areas”— clustered networks of metropolitan areas that exceed 10 million population total residents (or will pass that mark by 2040). equal to • Six Megapolitan Areas lie in the eastern half of the United States, while four more are found in the West. -
Thomas Adams, 1871 - 1940
Thomas Adams, 1871 - 1940 by David Lewis Stein David Lewis Stein is a TORONTO STAR urban affairs columnist. It may be some comfort to remember that Thomas Adams, the godfather of Canadian planning, was an international figure who suffered because of the public mood swings that still affect the planning profession today. Adams was born in 1871 on a dairy farm just outside of Edinburgh, Scotland, and in his early twenties he even operated a farm himself. From these agrarian roots, he went on to become a founding member of the British Town Planning Institute, founder of the Town Planning Institute of Canada and a founding member of the American City Planning Institute, forerunner of the American Institute of Planners. Adams accomplished this institutional hat-trick -- as well as becoming one of the most important early private practitioners--not so much because of the originality of his ideas but because he was an active, vigorous individual who was fortunate enough to be in the right place at the right time. While a farmer on the outskirts of Edinburgh at the end of the last century, Adams became a local councillor. He later moved to London to pursue a career in journalism and got caught up in the excitement of the Garden City movement. He qualified as a surveyor and became the first person in England to make his living entirely from planning and designing garden suburbs--doing no less than seven of them. By 1910, Adams was so widely recognized in his new profession that he became the first president of the British Town Planning Institute. -
Evolution of Canadian Planning PASSÉ L’Évolution De L’Urbanisme Canadien
PAST Evolution of Canadian Planning PASSÉ L’évolution de l’urbanisme canadien CLICK TO RETURN TO TABLE OF CONTENTS Our common past? Notre passé commun ? A re-interpretation Une réinterprétation des of Canadian planning histories histoires de l’urbanisme au Canada By Jeanne M. Wolfe, David L.A. Gordon, and Raphaël Fischler Par Jeanne M. Wolfe, David L.A. Gordon et Raphaël Fischler lanning is about change, and the common belief of all e premier enjeu de l’urbanisme est le changement et planners, no matter their specialty, expertise, skill, or area of tous les urbanistes, quels que soient leur spécialité, leur endeavour, is that change can be managed for the betterment expertise, leurs compétences ou leur domaine d’activité, ont of the community. Planners argue endlessly about the public pour principe commun que le changement peut être géré good – who is the public and what is good – but all share pour le bien de la collectivité. Les urbanistes débattent sans Pthe sentiment that the human environment can be improved in some Lcesse du bien public – qui est le public et ce qui est bon – mais way. This article traces the evolution of the profession of planning, its tous partagent le sentiment que l’environnement humain peut institutions, activities, underpinnings, and recurring debates. It follows être amélioré d’une manière ou d’une autre. Cet essai retrace a chronological order, mirroring the major social currents of the times l’évolution de la profession d’urbaniste, de ses institutions, de ses from first Indigenous settlements, while concentrating mainly on the activités, de ses fondements et de ses débats récurrents. -
Bodies and Nature in International Garden City Movement Planning, 1898-1937
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: ACTS OF LIVELIHOOD: BODIES AND NATURE IN INTERNATIONAL GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT PLANNING, 1898-1937 Samuel M. Clevenger Doctor of Philosophy, 2018 Dissertation directed by: Professor David L. Andrews Department of Kinesiology Urban planning and reform scholars and policymakers continue to cite the “garden city” community model as a potential blueprint for planning environmentally sustainable, economically equitable, humane built environments. Articulated by the British social reformer Sir Ebenezer Howard and his 1898 book To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, the model represented a method for uniting the benefits of town and country through a singular, pre-planned, “healthy” community, balancing spaces of “countryside” and “nature” with affordable, well-built housing and plentiful cultural attractions associated with city life. The book catalyzed an early twentieth-century international movement for the promotion and construction of garden cities. Howard’s garden city remains a highly influential context in the history of town planning and urban public health reform, as well as more recent environmentally-friendly urban design movements. To date, while historians have long examined the garden city as an agent of social and spatial reform, little analysis has been devoted to the role of prescribed embodiment and deemed “healthy” physical cultural forms and practices in the promotion and construction of garden cities as planned communities for “healthy living.” Informed by recent scholarship in Physical Cultural Studies (PCS), embodied environmental history, cultural materialism, and theories of modern biopower, this dissertation studies the cultural history of international garden city movement planning in early twentieth century Britain and the United States. -
Disinvestment and Suburban Decline Robert Streetar Hamline University, [email protected]
Hamline University DigitalCommons@Hamline School of Business Student Theses and School of Business Dissertations 2013 Disinvestment and Suburban Decline Robert Streetar Hamline University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.hamline.edu/hsb_all Part of the Physical and Environmental Geography Commons, Political Economy Commons, Public Policy Commons, Regional Economics Commons, Urban Studies Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Streetar, Robert, "Disinvestment and Suburban Decline" (2013). School of Business Student Theses and Dissertations. 4. https://digitalcommons.hamline.edu/hsb_all/4 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Business at DigitalCommons@Hamline. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Business Student Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Hamline. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. i Disinvestment and Suburban Decline Robert Streetar Hamline University 15 July 2013 ii ABSTRACT Beginning in the mid-1970s, U.S. suburbs started to experience many of the same problems typically associated with earlier inner-city decline including accelerating income decline, increasing family poverty, falling housing prices, growing income polarization, escalating crime, and increasing racial and ethnic diversity. Conventional wisdom often lays the blame for neighborhood decline on who moves in and who moves out. This is understandable, as neighborhood migration is easily observable. It is the hypothesis of this research, though, that the less visible disinvestment of capital from suburban neighborhoods is an initial cause of suburban decline that precedes and coincides with the more observable physical, social, and economic indicators of decline. -
Part 1B Fundamental – History 2
FUNDAMENTAL PLANNING KNOWLEDGE History 75-2 05 368836 Talen p:JAPA 70-1-8 Laurian 3/19/09 4:37 PM Page 144 144 Design by the Rules The Historical Underpinnings of Form-Based Codes Emily Talen Problem : Form-based codes (FBCs) affect t the start of the 21st century, urban planning has rediscovered how the design of cities with rules about building to regulate the design of cities with rules about building form called form- form and location. They are of renewed based codes 1 (FBCs). The Form-Based Codes Institute (2008) , a nonprofit interest to modern planners, but their history A group devoted to their advancement, provides the following definition: and that of coding reform generally are largely unexplored. Purpose : This research traces the historical ... a method of regulating development to achieve a specific urban form. lineage of FBCs. Form-based codes create a predictable public realm primarily by control - Methods : This work is based on archival ling physical form, with a lesser focus on land use. Form-based codes research on historic codes regulating urban address the relationship between building facades and the public realm, development. I also used secondary sources the form and mass of buildings in relation to one another, and the scale on coding history, both from the United and types of streets and blocks. Not to be confused with design guide - States and abroad. lines or general statements of policy, form-based codes are regulatory, not Results and conclusion s: I describe examples from a long history of rules advisory. Form-based codes are drafted to achieve a community vision governing building form and placement, based on time-tested forms of urbanism.