sign in sign up
<<
Home , Pope Leo I, Pope Zachary

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 116 ( 2014 ) 4564 – 4567

5th World Conference on Educational Sciences - WCES 2013 Research of the ’s and the Hun’s history in Kazakhstan  Zhumagulov Kalkaman

Prof. Dr., the head of the chair of World history, historiography and Source, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi street 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan

Abstract

Research of the history of the Roman Empire and the has a great theoretical and practical significance. Objective: to show that the relationship between the Roman Empire and the Huns are characterized not only by military clashes, but also the synthesis, integration of social relations, cultural tribes and peoples who inhabited the then Eurasian continent. Research methods based in the use of rare written sources in language. Especially widely involved in our data archeology, ethnology, history linguistics and modern interdisciplinary research. Conclusion and results. In IV-V centuries important changes have occurred in the lives of European history in the process of transition beginning to a new era and civilization of the middle Ages. Recommendations. In research and practice of teaching it is needed to show that many of the nations of Europe considered the Hunnish state as counterbalance to the Roman Empire. After the fall of the Roman Empire the civilization got the wide range covering the whole European area.

Selection© 2013 The and Authors. peer reviewPublished under by Elsevier the responsibility Ltd. of Prof. Dr. Servet Bayram ©Selection 2013 The and/or Authors peer-review Published under by Elseresponsibilityvier Ltd. All of Academicrights reserved World Education and Research Center. Keywords: Roman Empire, the Huns, the Eurasian history, interdisciplinary research;

Introduction

In 1991, after the collapse of the USSR, Kazakhstan gains its independence and becomes a member of the United Nations and many other international organizations. Now, before the sovereign Republic of Kazakhstan there is a problem to prepare their own research and teaching staff, in one of the main areas of historical science and history education - world history. Experts in world history designed to study the past and present in different regions of the globe, tracing the relationship of peoples, nations and epochs, cultures. The ancestors of the Kazakh people for two thousand years have played a significant role in the development of states from the Far East to Western Europe, from Siberia to India. Moving over long distances, the tribes and unions have repeatedly changed the ethnic and National Eurasia.

______* Corresponding Author name. Tel.: +0-000-000-0000 E-mail address:       

1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Academic World Education and Research Center. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.986 Zhumagulov Kalkaman / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 116 ( 2014 ) 4564 – 4567 4565

The early history of Kazakhstan – is a part of Turkish history. It is very important to research of Huns history and their relationship with both the Roman Empire in the West. Before in the history of the Soviet historiography of Hun’s history in the West is almost not studied, this also applies to contemporary Russian science, where about the Huns in Europe are given only brief mention (Budanova, 2000, pp. 48-70). The history of the Huns in the East studied by L.N. Gumilev (Gumilev L.N., 1960). This problem is considered on the works of Western researchers (Maenchen-Helfen, 1978). Stickler paid an attention to this problem too (Stickler, 2007). In Kazakhstan, beginning from 2000, in the standards of education, training programs, manuals, methodical introduced a number of innovations. So in the course of a model program "Ancient History," "History of the Middle Ages" for university students of Kazakhstan including a completely new separate section as “The Roman Empire and the Huns in the era of the Great Migration in Europe”. I also gave special courses “Relations of the Roman Empire and the Huns in the West IV-V centuries”, "Huns in the history of Eurasia." In the middle of V century the relations between and the Hunnish state is deteriorating. Gigantic collisions of these forces are becoming evident. Events in the middle of V century show the military power Hun Empire. Concentrating power, ruler organized a campaign against Western Europe, aims to expand its territory. A contemporary chronicler of that tumultuous era Prosper Tiro wrote, "that as soon as he (Attila) crossed the Rhine, and numerous Gallic town seized with fear. And we decided to quickly: the Romans and the Goths combined forces to meet the brazen enemy (Prosper, 1892). The war with the Huns joined the Roman Empire and the Visigoth kingdom, who managed to win over the other unions Celtic and Germanic tribes. There were forgotten old contradictions and struggles. United army of , the Visigoth kingdom in Gaul, and other tribal alliances headed by Western commander Patrician Aetius. After the victorious march across Northern Gaul, ie France's decisive battle was fought in 451 at Catalaun fields in Champagne. I consider this battle as the largest battles and along with Cannes (216 g do.n. e.) In Hannibal and Waterloo (1815) in the period of Napoleon, it refers to the famous battles of the European and world history (Zhumagulov, 2011, pp. 11-24). Following Catalonians battle, just a few months Attila made a new campaign. Now he was sent to the heart of the Roman Empire - . After all of Northern Italy was taken by the Huns their way to Rome was short-lived. Becoming increasingly clear that the Western Empire did not have the power to stop the onslaught of menacing invaders, and Attila was close to world domination. Power, consisting of 4 parts, the northern borders stretched from the so-called Scythia (the kingdom of the Huns) to Germany (Scythica et Germanica regna). In southern tributaries of Attila were both Roman Empire (Eastern Roman and Western Roman). On its territory and influence Empire Attila geographically covered by that part of the world almost 4 from east to west and from north to south. But as more dramatic events took place in Italy? In this difficult for the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III position was inactive in Ravenna, anxiously watching what happens next. As for the commander Aetius, he was also at a loss. Roman army could not continue to resist the pressure of the Huns; she was paralyzed from their successes in Northern Italy.

Pope and Attila

In the end, it was decided to use a well-tested Eastern romei people (Byzantine) admission: delegation of embassy to Attila. It was headed by the Leo I; in its composition were also Avin consul and prefect of Rome Trigetsy (Prosper, 1892, pp. 481-482) Attila and Leo I met at Ambuley field in the middle reaches of the lake Mintsy (now Mincho): "igitur dum eius animus ancipiti neaotio inter ire et non ire fluctuaret secumque deliberans tardaret, placida ei legatio a Roma advenit. Nam Leo papa per se ad eum accedens in agroVenetum Arabuleio, ubi Mincius amnis commeantium frequentatione tmnsitur. qui mox deposuit exercitatu furore et rediens, quo venerat, iter ultra Danubium promissa pace discessit ... " ("And so, until the spirit of Attila hesitated on this dangerous business - or go - no go - thinking to 4566 Zhumagulov Kalkaman / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 116 ( 2014 ) 4564 – 4567

himself, hesitated, could come to him from Rome embassy peace proposals. Went to him to the Pope Leo Ambuley field in the province of Veneto , where the river meets Mintz crowds of travelers. Attila then stopped rampage of the army, and, turning back to where you came from, set off for the Danube, promising to keep the peace” (Getica, 1882, p. 223). At first sight, it seems paradoxical meeting of two personalities. On the one hand, Attila - the sovereign, who headed the Hun Empire, the formidable conqueror, a man deeply, absorbed the pagan ideas of the people. His name again stirred paganism East and Northern Europe at the time of the beginning of . On the other hand, it is - the head of the Christian church hierarchy. Analyzing the rare sources available in the stacks and collections in Europe, I do not find, however, the detailed instructions of the Leo I on the mission to Attila, who, incidentally, looked objectively high authority of the Pope, which has had an impact on the ruler of the East and the West in such a formidable Hour of the Roman Empire. And Pope Leo I was called the Great. If Attila, who was standing at the walls of Rome, to show respect for the head of the Christian church, standing in front of the Pope, the same cannot be said about the other characters of the time Geyzerihe, king of the . Three years later, in 455, the same Leo I could not hold it. Vandals looted and destroyed Rome, stripped to the skin of its population, hence the term "vandalism" - the mass destruction of cultural and material values, brutality and senseless cruelty. After 14 days of looting Geizerix Rome with his troops left the city. And the fact that the ruler of a huge Hunnish state, both of which were tributary to the Roman Empire, stood before capitulating city of Rome, listening to the requests of the Embassy, headed by the Pope - says the wisdom of Attila. He stopped the violence of his troops, refusing, in effect, from the senseless destruction and casualties. In Soviet historiography, the history of the Huns in Europe almost no coverage except for some references. The negative was the attitude and the history of religion. For example, in summarizing the book on the decline of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of the German kingdoms, medievalist, A.R. Korsun and historian R. Gunther (Germany) limited to only one or two sentences, "but the situation in Italy proved to be dangerous to themselves Huns, as the country was suffering from famine and epidemic began. This provided the Roman embassy; led by Pope Leo I negotiate with the Huns” (Коrsunskyi А.R., 1984, pp. 115). Considering further meeting at Ambuley field Attila and Leo I, we should note that it was after it begins the ascent authority of the church and the papacy. For the Pope history and the history of whole of medieval Europe, this meeting was an objective of great importance in terms of the growth of the political influence of the and clergy throughout the Middle Ages and subsequent history. Papacy gradually transformed into an active force capable to manage the secular affairs of the European scale. From this point of view should be considered, for example, the activities of the popes and to the Lombard kingdom in Italy in the middle. VIII. - as the logical conclusion of an active policy, which was launched in 452 g. in 756 Pope Stephen II with the support of the Frankish kingdom managed to get rid of the Lombard and found in central Italy secular state Dad. This was done, rather than the slightly earlier in 751, authorized the appropriation of mayor of the palace Franks deposed royal title and . I have cited other examples of European history: for example, a meeting in 799, the Pope Leo III to the future of in Paderborn (Germany). It was after this meeting next 800g. Leo III crowned the Frankish king crown of the Roman emperors in the Church of St. Peter in Rome. One could dwell on the struggle of the German kings and the papacy for investiture, etc. Note also that the Huns who worshiped celestial bodies, Tengrianism, showed tolerance to the religious beliefs of the conquered peoples. Attila favorably with his contemporaries - the warrior, to take trips to Rome. He showed respect for the Christian religion and the Pope. It is no accident and is now in the main - St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, you can see the image of the great ruler Hun empire. This legacy of the Huns can be judged by archaeological findings, which were excavated in the territory of Kazakhstan and other countries of the Eurasian continent. Excavations in the regions of Hun settlements in Kazakhstan indicates a high level of industry, trade, material culture, martial arts, and other aspects of social order Hun society (Zhumagulov, Dannye evropeiskoi archologii po istoryu gunnov IV-V vv., 2006, pp. 10-14) Zhumagulov Kalkaman / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 116 ( 2014 ) 4564 – 4567 4567

Exclusive place in the arsenal of the Huns held the bow and arrows, the use of which they reached the highest perfection. Luke special asymmetrical shapes made of flexible wood, to attach the plate horn, sinew, bone plates to hit the target from a distance. Of particular interest are magnificent examples of jewelry Huns. This gold and silver tiaras kolts, pendants, earrings, tips, brooches and more others that resonate with the image of jewelry Kazakhs. Much interest in the famous Hun bronze kettles, which can trace similarities to Saks counterparts stored including the Central State Museum of Kazakhstan (Im Zeіchen des goldenen Greіfen. Könіgsgräber der Skythen, 2008, pp. 158-170). Here is the study in Kazakhstan history of the Roman Empire and the Huns. This issue is part of the history of and the in world history.

References

Budanova, V (2000). Varvarskyi mir epohi Velikogo pereselenya narodov. - Moskow; Nauka, p. 48-70 Gumilev, L. (1960) Hunnu. Sredinya Azia v drevnye vremena. – Moskow. Maenchen – Helfen, O. Die. (1978). Weltder Der Hunnen. Wien-Köln-Graz. Stickler, T. (2007). Die Hunnen. München, Prosper Tiro. (1892). Epitoma de Chronicon. – Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH)/ Auct. Antiquis., t. IX, Vol. I. Berolini, p. 481-482. Zhumagulov К. (2011). Каtalaunskaja bitva . Оtаn tarihi. Nauchnyi zhurnal of NАN RК.. Аlmaty, , №2 (54) – P. 11-24. Jordanes. Getica. MGH Auctores Antiquissimi. Ed. Th. Mommsen. Berolini, Weidmannos, 1882, T. V, p.1, 223 Коrsunskyi А.R., Gunter R. (1984) Upadok i gibel Zapadnoyi Rimskoy imperii i voznoknoveniye germanskih korolevstv do seredini VI v./. Мoskwa, МGУ, , p, 115. Zhumagulov К. (2006). Dannye evropeiskoi archologii po istoryu gunnov IV-V vv. Materialy respublikanskoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferencyi „Problemi izuchenya i sohranenya istoriko-kulturnogo naslediya“, (pp. 10-14). Almaty. Im Zeіchen des goldenen Greіfen. Könіgsgräber der Skythen. (2008), München – Berlіn – London - New York, , S. 30-116, 158-170