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Lobbyistes Et Décideurs Européens Paul Shotton Lobbyistes et décideurs européens Paul Shotton To cite this version: Paul Shotton. Lobbyistes et décideurs européens : validation des théories sur l’influence dans le contexte du lobbying en relation avec l’expérimentation sur les animaux de laboratoire. Sciences de l’information et de la communication. Université Nancy 2, 2011. Français. NNT : 2011NAN21006. tel-02074099 HAL Id: tel-02074099 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-02074099 Submitted on 20 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm NANCY UNIVERSITÉ École doctorale LANGAGE, TEMPS, SOCIÉTÉ LOBBYISTES ET DÉCIDEURS EUROPÉENS : VALIDATION DES THÉORIES SUR L’INFLUENCE DANS LE CONTEXTE DU LOBBYING EN RELATION AVEC L’EXPÉRIMENTATION SUR LES ANIMAUX DE LABORATOIRE thèse de doctorat nouveau régime discipline : science de l’information et de la communication présentée et soutenue publiquement par Paul Alexander SHOTTON sous la direction de MONSIEUR RÉGIS LATOUCHE Laboratoire : CREM (centre de recherche sur les médiations, équipe d’accueil 3476) 2011 1 2 Remerciements Je remercie les professeurs Roger Viry-Babel et Louis Philippe Laprévote. Tous deux m’ont encouragé au début de cette aventure lorsque le temps pour travailler se faisait très rare. Le départ, trop précoce, de ces deux hommes de Lettres a laissé un grand vide. Je remercie Régis Latouche, de l’IECA à Nancy, grâce à qui j’ai pu amener à bien ce projet. Je remercie Nancy Université pour m’avoir permis d’entreprendre ma re- cherche, pour avoir profité de l’expertise de ses chercheurs et de ceux du laboratoire CREM (Centre de recherche sur les médiations). Finalement je tenais à remercier toutes les personnes qui ont acceptées d’être interviewées ainsi que tous celles qui ont contribué par leurs idées et opinions à ma recherche. 3 4 Pour Nadia, Louis, Juliette et Marie. « Think twice before you speak, because your words and influence will plant the seed of either success or failure in the mind of another. » Napoleon Hill, auteur américain, 1883-1970 Professeur Roger Viry-Babel : Papi Nougat nous manque beaucoup. Professeur Louis Philippe Laprévote : Voila! Enfin fini… 5 6 SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION ET DÉFINITIONS ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 11 DÉFINITION ET CHAMPS D’INTERVENTION ..................................................................... 12 TROIS ÉTUDES DE CAS ............................................................................................. 18 EXPÉRIMENTATION ANIMALE ...................................................................................... 23 INSTRUMENTS ET MÉTHODES �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 33 ANALYSE D’UNE LITTÉRATURE ESSENTIELLEMENT PRATIQUE ................................................. 33 ANALYSE D’UNE LITTÉRATURE THÉORIQUE ..................................................................... 42 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................... 50 DIRECTIVE COSMÉTIQUE : L’INFLUENCE DANS UN ENVIRONNEMENT BIPOLAIRE AVEC PEU D’ACTEURS ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53 PRÉSENTATION DES PRINCIPAUX ACTEURS ..................................................................... 54 Les ONG de protection des animaux de laboratoire ����������������������������������������������������55 L’industrie cosmétique ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 57 Le Parlement européen ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������58 La Commission européenne ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������60 Le Conseil des ministres ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������61 LES CAMPAGNES DE LOBBYING .................................................................................. 64 Le contexte ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64 Une action initiée par les ONG ������������������������������������������������������������������������������64 Un contexte favorable à l’industrie ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 68 Les actions de lobbying �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������72 Lobbying du Conseil des ministres ��������������������������������������������������������������������������72 Lobbying du Parlement Européen ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 75 7 Le point de vue des décideurs �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������81 ANALYSE D’UN ÉCHEC POUR L’INDUSTRIE .................................................................... 90 ÉPILOGUE ............................................................................................................ 92 RÈGLEMENT REACH : L’INFLUENCE DANS UN ENVIRONNEMENT MULTIPOLAIRE AVEC BEAUCOUP D’ACTEURS ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 95 L’OBJECTIF DE REACH ............................................................................................. 95 PRÉSENTATION DES PRINCIPAUX ACTEURS ..................................................................... 96 Les ONG ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 99 Les représentants de l’industrie chimique ������������������������������������������������������������������103 Le Parlement européen ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������106 La Commission européenne ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������108 Le Conseil des ministres ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������110 LES CAMPAGNES DE LOBBYING ................................................................................ 113 Le contexte ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 113 Spécificité d’une arène à multipes objectifs ���������������������������������������������������������� 113 Un contexte politique équilibré ����������������������������������������������������������������������������114 Les actions de lobbying ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������115 Lobbying de la Comisson européenne ������������������������������������������������������������������115 Lobbying du Parlement européen ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 117 Lobbying du Conseil des ministres ������������������������������������������������������������������������119 Le point de vue des décideurs �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������122 ANALYSE D’UN COMPROMIS FAVORABLE À L’INDUSTRIE ET À CERTAINES ONG ....................... 133 ÉPILOGUE .......................................................................................................... 137 DIRECTIVE 86/609/CEE : L’INFLUENCE DANS UN ENVIRONNEMENT BIPOLAIRE AVEC BEAUCOUP D’ACTEURS ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 139 OBJECTIF DE LA RÉVISION DE LA DIRECTIVE 86/609/CEE .............................................. 139 PRÉSENTATION DES PRINCIPAUX ACTEURS ................................................................... 141 Les ONG de protection des animaux de laboratoire ��������������������������������������������������142 8 L’industrie et les associations de défense de la recherche ������������������������������������������ 144 Les organismes nationaux ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 145 La Commission européenne ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������146 Le Parlement européen ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������147
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