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Motorist Compliance with Standard Traffic Control Devices

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Motorist Compliance with Standard Traffic Control Devices Motorist Compliance With Standard Traffic Control Devices Publication No. FHWA-RD-89-103 April 1989 REPRODUCED BY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161 Research, Development, and Technology Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center U.S. Depar~ment of Transportation 6300 Georgetown Pike Federal Highway Administration McLean, Virginia 22101·2296 FOREWORD This research study was initiated as a result of a survey conducted by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) where State officials indicated their concern about motorists violating traffic control devices. This study was to determine if a problem exists, to quantify the problem if possible, and to recommend solutions to problems which can be corrected. The research found situations having high violation rates include ignoring speed limit signs, disregarding STOP signs, and not stopping before turning right at red traffic signals. However, the limited data taken over the years did not indicate the violation rates were increasing. Driver interview studies found motorists often violate control devices when they determined "no risk" is involved. It is concluded that traffic control devices should be installed only where they are reasonable, and they should not unduly restrict the motorist. If high violation rates are observed, it is an indication the control device is not being properly applied by the traffic engineer or there is a lack of driver understanding. Heavy enforcement is not usually a practical solution. This report is being distributed to interested parties only. Copies of the report are available to Government agencies from the RD&T Report Center,· HRD-11, Federal Highway Administration, 6300 Georgetown Pike, Mclean, Virginia 22101-2296. The report is available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. ~~R. J. Betsold Director, Office of Safety and Traffic Operations Research and Development NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The contents of this report reflect the views of the contractor, who is responsible for the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the object of this document. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Cotoiog No. FHWA-RD-89-103 PB8 9 1 9 4 8 3 11A5 4, Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date MOTORIST COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARD TRAFFIC CONTROL April 1989 DEVICES 6. Performing Organization Code 1--:;--:--.--:-~----=-------------------....l B. Performing Orgoni zotion Report No. ~ Au~o~~ Martin T. Pietrucha, Kenneth S. Opiela, Richard L. Knoblauch, Kristy L. Crigler 9. Performing Organization Nome and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Center for Applied Research, Inc. NCP 3A1c0022 9617 Beach Mill Road 11. Contract or Grant No. Great Falls, VA 22066 DTFH61-86-C-00026 r-::~:----:--:----:-:---:--:--:-:-----------------J 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Final Report Office of Safety & Traffic Operations, R&D September 1986- Federal Highway Administration April 1989 6300 Georgetown Pike 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Mclean, VA 22101-2296 15. Supplementary Nates FHWA COTR: Howard H. Bissell (HSR-30) 16. Abstract This report describes a study of motorist compliance with standard traffic control devices. The research included a comprehensive review of past studies, contacts with traffic, law enforcement, and department of motor vehicles personnel, and an a?sessment of the viability of other information sources for identifying and quantifying motorist noncompliance. It was concluded that while there is considerable concern about motorist noncompliance, little data existed to determine the frequency of occurrence or consequences of the problem. To determine the reasons for noncompliance, motorists were interviewed. The interviews included both typical motorists and those having high violation rates. It was found that compliance is generally a function of perceived reasonableness of the traffic controls. Field studies to observe motorist behavior were conducted to establish the extent of noncompliance. Six noncompliance problems were selected and data were gathered at over 900 sites in four States. The results indicate that, ·although noncompliance is not uncommon (e.g., not making a full stop at a STOP sign), the occurrence of conflicts resulting from the noncompliance was insignificant. Potential countermeasures for increasing compliance were identified with the assistance of a panel of highway safety experts. Before/after field studies were conducted to evaluate several of the potential countermeasures that involved engineering changes. Limited changes in compliance were observed. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Motorist Compliance, Safety, No restrictions. This document is Traffic Control Devices, Human available to the public through the Factors, Motorist Behavior, National Technical Information Service, Traffic Violations Springfield, Virginia 22161 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages Unclassified Unclassified /51:. Form DOT F 1700.7 <B-72l Reproduction of completed page authorized TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND A. Literature Review ..•.•...•.•..•...•••.••.•...•.••..•.••..••...• 1 B. Current Research ............................................... 9 C. Solicitation of Opinions ..............................•........ 9 D. Review of Other Information Sources •••.••.••.•••••••••••••.•••• 18 E• Summary • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20 II. ATTITUDINAL STUDIES A. Study Procedures •..•.•...•...•...••........•...•...•.....••.... 25 B. Subject Profile •..•.••••.•••.••••.•••..•..•.••.•••..•.••.••••.• 25 C. Noncompliance Levels and Reasons •••.••.•••••••••.•••.••••.••.•• 27 III. BEHAVIORAL STUDIES A. Study Design and Analysis Procedures •••••• • ••••••.••••••••.•• 40 B. Field Studies of Running the Red Indication at Traffic Signals • 43 C. Field Studies of Improper Right Turns on Red at Signals ••••••.. 46 D. Field Studies of Failure to Come to a Full Stop at Stop Signs .• 50 E. Field Studies of No Left Turn Sign Violations ••••••••••••••.•.• 55 F. Field Studies of Exceeding Advisory Curve Speeds ••••••.•••••••• 56 G. Field Studies of Stopped School Bus Violations ••••••••••.••.••. 58 IV. DEVELOPMENT OF PRACTICAL COUNTERMEASURES A. Experts Pane 1 . • . • . • • . • • . • • • . • . • . • • • . • . • . • . 62 B. Analysis of Signal Timing Changes to Reduce Running the Red •••• 69 C. Analysis of Factors Associated with Stop Sign Compliance ••••••• 71 D. Analysis of Countermeasures to Increase No Left Turn Compliance 72 E. Analysis of Advisory Curve Speed Compliance •.••.•••••••••••••.• 73 F. Analysis of Stopped School Bus Violations •••••••••••••••••••••• 76 V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Summary and Conclusions ........................................ 79 B. Recommendations for Improved Practice ·················~········ 81 VI. REFERENCES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••• 85 APPENDICES Appendix A- Motorist Noncompliance Summary ••••••••.•••.•••••••••. 89 Appendix B - The 1987 Law Enforcement Viewpoint on Motorist Compliance with Traffic Control Devices ••••.••••••• 116 Appendix C - Police Enforcement Summary by Traffic Control Device or Law ••••••.••••••.•••••••••••••••.•••••..• 122 Appendix D-- Police Agency Compliance Information Request Form •••• 128 Appendix E- Motor Vehicle Administrator Compliance Information Request Form ••••••••.•••••.••..•.•••.•. 130 Appendix F- Behavioral Study Instructions and Field Data Forms •.• 133 LIST OF TABLES Table Description 1. Summary of compliance problems and concerns cited in the AASHTO survey .................................... o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 2. Point system/driver improvement programs summary by State ••••••.•••• 17 3. Driver examination features summary by State .•••.•••••••••••.••••.•• 17 4. Frequency TCDs or laws were mentioned as compliance problems in contacts with various groups •••••••••••••••.••••.•••••••.•••••••• 23 5. Police agency ranking of traffic control devices/laws that are most frequently violated ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 6. Summary of traffic control devices/laws and noncompliance actions selected for investigation ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 7. Distribution of driver sample for attitudinal study •.••••••••••••••• 30 8. Percentage of typical driver violations, frequency of violation, and ticketing by device/law ••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31 9. Percentage of chronic violators' violations, frequency of violation, and ticketing by device/law .•.••••.••••••••••••.•••.•• 32 10. Typical drivers principal reason for violating by device type •••.••• 33 11. Chronic violators' principal reason for violating by device type .•.• 34 12. Reasons motorists violate traffic signals (run red) ••••.••.••••••••• 35
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