Study on Waste-To-Energy Project in Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Study on Economic Partnership Projects in Developing Countries in FY2013 Study on Waste-to-Energy Project in Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan Final Report 【SUMMARY】 February 2014 Prepared for: The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Ernst & Young ShinNihon LLC Japan External Trade Organization Prepared by: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Environmental & Chemical Engineering Co., Ltd. EX Research Institute Ltd. Clean Association of TOKYO 23 (1) Background and necessity of the project The basic concept for transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to Green Economy was officially approved, and it promotes an economic growth based on the high energy efficiency, development of renewable energy technology and sets forth the sector-based objectives for the transition to Green Economy. For the waste sector, the ratio of recycling household garbage is set to be increased to 40% by 2030 and 50% by 2050. In addition, for the electricity sector, based on the Renewable Energy Act revised in 2013, the Ministry of Environment and Water Resource has been reviewing the FIT system and purchase prices, wherein Energy from waste has been included as an item of purchase. However, in Almaty, the largest city in Kazakhstan, garbage from urban households is virtually buried directly without getting separated, causing environmental degradation around the city with foul odor and harmful insects and bugs. Moreover, generation of methane only worsens the greenhouse gas effect, thereby adversely affecting the global environment. Besides, in Almaty, half of the city’s demand for electricity relies on import and the heat supply is predicted to fall short of its demand in the future. Furthermore, cheap coal being used as the fuel for these energy resources is held attributable to the serious air pollution in Almaty city. Under such situation, Waste-to-Energy Project in this study which treats municipal solid waste will make a contribution to both sustainable waste management and energy supply-demand balance, and will be satisfied with Almaty City’s demand. (2) Basic policy required to determine the project details 1) Almaty City’s District Figure 1:City Map of Almaty Turksib district Zhetysu district Medeu district Alatau district Almalin district Auezov district Bostandik district Source:Prepared by Study Team 2) Waste generation and management in Almaty city The quantity of waste generated in Almaty city in 2012 was about 672,693t/y, of which approximately 644,900t or about 95.9% were from homes and ordinary businesses whereas 15,800t or 2.3% were industrial waste from factories, 5,100t or 0.8% were waste from roads and 6,900t or 1.0% were the waste collected from commercial installations. When calculated on a daily base, the quantity is translated into approximately 1,842t /d Table 1:Population, area and garbage quantity data by the districts of Almaty city Quantity of Population Garbage qty Area Districts garbage collection Population density per person (ha) (t/y (people/ha) (g/person・day) A Alatau Zhetys 358,879 498,900 17,170 29.1 719.3 Turksib B Almalin 161,752 497,100 5,010 99.2 325.4 Auezov C Bostandyk 152,062 454,300 13,050 34.8 334.7 Medeu Total 672,693 1,450,300 35,230 41.2 463.8 Daily qty(t/day) 1,843 - - - 1.3 Source: Prepared by the investigation team based on the data obtained from the Almaty City Statistics Bureau http://www.almaty.gorstat.kz/ Private companies make contracts with garbage collection and transport companies for handling and disposing garbage, and there is almost no government budget or subsidies in garbage business. The largest disposal site, the Karasay disposal site located 30km to the west of the city, accepts 1,000~1,300t per day, of which 70% are the garbage collected by Tartyp Co., Ltd. KWC, a private enterprise, has been governing the Karasay disposal site and overseeing the business since 2010, and soil covering, which previously wasn’t done, is now being carried out. Waste is directly buried without getting separated. Waste pickers pick up mainly plastics, etc. Figure 2:Landfill condition at Karasay disposal site (left), washed and shredded plastics (right) Source: Prepared by Study Team 3) Waste stream; current situation of Almaty city The above-mentioned condition is outlined in below as the waste stream of Almaty city. Figure 3: Garbage collection and transport in Almaty city Household waste Collection Final disposal site KWC Co., Ltd. Waste from ordinary businesses Collected amounts: about Industrial waste 1,842t/day Landfilling 65~70% of discharged from 1,000~1,300t/d factories, etc. garbage collected Waste from roads, by Tartyp etc. Valuables are salvaged, 46 small and recycled, and then sold Industrial waste from commercial medium private to Russia, China, etc. installations (estimated at 1.5t/d) Collection fee Disposal charge 340KZT/person/month: Household garbage: Source: Prepared by Study Team. 827KZT/t Factory garbage: 898KZT/t 4) Waste characteristics survey result Strong bias and significant difference were found in the waste composition of each district. Many drink bottles were found during the survey as the characteristic type of the waste. Many fallen leaves were found because the survey was conducted in autumn. In addition, ashes, that seemed to be residue after the woods were burned for heating, were discharged in some district, although the amount was small. Table 2: Physical composition of the waste of each district (wet base) (Unit: %) District name Alatau Zhetysu Turksib Auezov Almaly Bostandyk Medeu Kitchen waste 7.14 14.26 23.05 25.91 11.52 29.62 19.57 Paper 11.94 15.03 16.95 10.11 28.25 27.57 18.91 Fiber 4.49 2.92 8.08 5.53 1.77 2.78 1.69 Vegetation 60.21 44.16 30.84 21.56 29.53 17.89 30.29 Plastic 10.61 14.78 14.97 30.02 12.89 13.49 20.60 Metal 2.45 1.55 2.17 1.03 1.67 2.20 1.41 Glass 3.16 7.30 3.94 5.84 14.37 6.45 7.53 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Group A B C High rate of kitchen Features High rate of vegetation. High rate of plastic waste Source: Prepared by Study Team. Based on the survey results of the three compositions the water content is not so high. Therefore, they seem to be appropriately disposed of at the incineration facility without auxiliary fuel being used. The reason of high ash content can be assumed that the glass wastes such as drink bottles are contained relatively in a high percentage. According to the analysis results on the calorific values, they showed the appropriate values forWaste Power Generation. The calorific value of the waste generated especially from B group (Auezov District and Almaly District) was high, because the waste contained high plastic content. Table 3: Three compositions and calorific value of each group Group A group B group C group Alatau, Zhetysu Auezov and Bostandyk and District name and Turksib Almaly Medeu Water content (%) 43.03 37.22 40.18 Combustible content (%) 45.67 44.86 46.89 Ash content (%) 11.30 17.92 12.93 Total of three compositions (%) 100.00 100.00 100.00 Low calorific value(kcal/kg-wet) 2,190 2,422 1,864 Source: Prepared by Study Team. 5) Energy supply-demand situation in Almaty city Demand for power in Almaty province, where Almaty city is located, is 625MW. Because the self-power generation of the province is 316MW, its self-sufficiency rate for power is approximately 50%. The province depends on the supply from the provinces in the north or import from Kirgizstan for the 309MW shortage. Meanwhile, demand for heat for local heating, which came to 2,470 Gcal/h in 2011, is being supplied by existing facilities1. The heat supplying methods in Kazakhstan are threefold: one is fromco-generation plants, the second is from local heat supply and the third is the heating equipment furnished to individual buildings. The co-generation plant is a majority way of meeting the city’s heat demand Coal is used mainly as the fuel for co-generation plants and heat supplying plants in Almaty city. Because the energy efficiency of the co-generation facilities in the city has been declining significantly from wear and tear of equipment and environmental measures are not properly established, the co-generation system has become the largest source of air pollution of the city. In addition, treatment of coal ash after burning is currently a major problem in Almaty. 1From interviews with the Energy Bureau of Almaty city and other associated agencies. Figure 4: Smoke from coal-fired co-generation plants (left) Air pollution in Almaty city (right) Source: Prepared by Study Team. 6) Technical review of the disposal method There are mainly two disposal methods of the incinerating municipal solid waste, incineration (Stoker) method and gasification melting method in Japan. The gasification melting method was determined to be adopted considering environmental maintenance, economy, and easiness of consensus building with local residents. (3) Outline of Project 1) Concept of Engineering It is forecast that the amount of waste generated in Almaty City will be increasing from 1,842 t/d to 2,400 t/d by 2030. The recycle system will be expected to be introduced in the future, although the recycling climate now in the city is not mature yet. Plant capacity is as follows. First stage: 120 t/d x Two furnaces = 240 t/d (electric supply: about 2.2MW)※1 Second stage: 120 t/d x Two furnaces = 240 t/d (electric supply: about 2.2MW) Third stage: 120 t/d x Two furnaces = 240 t/d (electric supply: about 2.2MW) Total: 720 t/d (electric supply: about 6.6MW) ※1:Case of operating only supply electricity The wastes that are conventionally directly disposed of by landfill are carried in and disposed of by gasification melting process.