An Investigation of Urban Heat Island Intensity (Uhii) Using Remote Sensing and Land Cover Classification Techniques
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UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY UNIVERSITE JOSEPH FOURIER Department of Civil Engineering Observatoire des Sciences de l‟Univers de Grenoble AN INVESTIGATION OF URBAN HEAT ISLAND INTENSITY (UHII) USING REMOTE SENSING AND LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES. A CASE STUDY FOR LARISSA, GREECE. M.Sc. Management of Hydrometeorological Hazards – HYDROHASARDS Master thesis submitted by K.Koumantzelis1 Supervised by Dr. Marios Spiliotopoulos (1) Department of Civil Engineering, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos, Volos, 38333,Greece e-mail: [email protected] January 2016 Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 10/01/2018 01:54:28 EET - 137.108.70.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Marios Spiliotopoulos for creating and entrusting this subject to me and for the invaluable help and guidance he provided throughout the study. I wish to thank in general all the teaching staff at UJF and at the University of Thessaly that participated in the MSc of Hydrohazards for the knowledge that I acquired. I would also like to extend my deepest gratitude to my family for their constant moral support and love. This work was made possible to a large degree due to the USGS policy, by making their source code open and free of charge. Finally, I would like to thank my beloved Dimitra Plitsi, Civil Engineer and M.Sc. in Hydraulics for all the scientific help that she provided to me. i Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 10/01/2018 01:54:28 EET - 137.108.70.7 GLOSSARY Atmospheric Heat Islands AHI Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission ASTER and Reflection Radiometer Advanced Very High Resolution AVHRR Radiometer Boundary Layer Heat Island BLHI Classification-Based Emissivity Method CBEM COoRdinate INformation on the Corine Environment Corine Land Cover CLC Canopy Layer Heat Island CLHI Commercial/Industrial C/I Digital Number DN European Environment Agency EEA Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus ETM+ Ground Control Points GCP Greek Geodetic Reference System GGRS Geographic Information Systems GIS Hellenic National Meteorological Service HNMS Intergovernmental Panel on Climate IPCC Change Land Surface Emissivity LSE Land Surface Temperature LST Land-Use/Land-Cover LULC Landsat 8 L8 Maximum Likelihood M-L Multi-mission Modular Spacecraft MMS Moderate Resolution Imaging MODIS Spectroradiometer Multispectral Scanner MSS NDVI-based emissivity method NBEM Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI Normalized Difference Water Index NDWI National Observatory of Athens NOA Operational Land Imager OLI ii Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 10/01/2018 01:54:28 EET - 137.108.70.7 Return Beam Vidicon RBV Root Mean Square RMS Scan Line Corrector SLC Surface Urban Heat Island SUHI Short-wave Infrared SWIR Temperature Emissivity Separation TES Thermal InfraRed Sensor TIRS Top Of Atmosphere TOA Urban Heat Island Intensity UHII United States Environmental Protection US EPA Agency United States Geological Survey USGS USGS Earth Resources Observation and USGS EROS Science University Joseph Fourier UJF University of Thessaly UTH Vegetation Fractional Cover VFC Visible Near InfraRed VNIR World Wildlife Fund WWF iii Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 10/01/2018 01:54:28 EET - 137.108.70.7 ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to investigate the Intensity of Urban Heat Island (UHIΙ) in the city of Larissa, capital of Thessaly region, in Greece. For this purpose Landsat 8 images were used for the retrieval of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Emissivity (LSE) so as to derive Land Surface Temperature (LST). The correlation between LST values and maximum temperature values measured by meteorological stations was efficient and the retrieved function was applied to a new image, for validation of LST values. The UHII was estimated by applying a polygon summary Geographical Information Systems (GIS) operation using LST values, in combination with urban land cover information provided by the Corine land cover (CLC) database. The results were compared to two kinds of land cover classification technique. Finally, the correlation among NDVI, LST and Vegetation Fractional Cover (VFC) was retrieved. Keywords: Remote Sensing; Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; Urban Heat Island; Land Surface Temperature; Land Cover Classification ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ Ο ζθνπόο απηήο ηεο κειέηεο είλαη λα δηεξεπλήζεη ηελ έληαζε ηεο Αζηηθήο Θεξκηθήο Νεζίδαο (UHIΙ) ζηελ πόιε ηεο Λάξηζαο, πξσηεύνπζα ηεο πεξηθέξεηαο Θεζζαιίαο, ζηελ Διιάδα. Γη 'απηό ην ζθνπό Landsat 8 εηθόλεο ρξεζηκνπνηνύληαη γηα ηελ εύξεζε ηνπ θαλνληθνπνηεκέλνπ δείθηε βιάζηεζεο (NDVI) θαη ηεο αθηηλνβνιίαο ζηελ επηθάλεηα ηεο γεο (LSE), έηζη ώζηε λα εθηηκήζνπκε ηε ζεξκνθξαζία ζηελ επηθάλεηα ηεο γεο (LST). Η ζπζρέηηζε κεηαμύ ηηκώλ ζεξκνθξαζίαο βαζηδόκελσλ ζε δνξπθόξν (LST) θαη ζεξκνθξαζίαο πνπ κεηξάηαη από κεηεσξνινγηθνύο ζηαζκνύο ήηαλ ηθαλνπνηεηηθή θαη ε ζπλάξηεζε ζπζρέηηζεο πνπ πξνέθπςε, ρξεζηκνπνηήζεθε ζε κηα λέα εηθόλα, γηα επηθύξσζε ησλ ηηκώλ επηθαλεηαθήο ζεξκνθξαζίαο (LST). Η UHII εθηηκήζεθε εθαξκόδνληαο κέζνδν ρξήζεο πνιύγσλνπ ζην Σύζηεκα Γεσγξαθηθώλ Πιεξνθνξηώλ (GIS), ρξεζηκνπνηώληαο ηηκέο LST, ζε ζπλδπαζκό κε ηελ αζηηθή πιεξνθνξία ρξήζεσλ γεο πνπ παξέρεηαη από ηε βάζε δεδνκέλσλ εδαθνθάιπςεο Corine (CLC). Τα απνηειέζκαηα ζπγθξίζεθαλ κε δύν είδε ηερληθήο ηαμηλόκεζεο ρξήζεσλ γεο. Τέινο, ππνινγίζηεθε ε ζπζρέηηζε κεηαμύ NDVI, LST θαη ηεο θιαζκαηηθήο θάιπςεο βιάζηεζεο (VFC). Λέμεηο-θιεηδηά: Τειεπηζθόπεζε, Καλνληθνπνηεκέλνο Γείθηεο Βιάζηεζεο, Αζηηθή Θεξκηθή Νεζίδα, Δπηθαλεηαθή Θεξκνθξαζία, Ταμηλόκεζε Χξήζεσλ Γεο RESUME Le but de cette étude est d'étudier l'intensité de l'île de chaleur urbain (ICUΙ) dans la ville de Larissa, capitale de la région de Thessalie, en Grèce. A cet effet Landsat 8 images ont été utilisées pour la récupération de l'Indice de Végétation Différence Normalisée (NDVI) et l'émissivité de la surface terrestre (LSE) de manière à dériver Température de la surface terrestre (HNL). La corrélation entre les valeurs de LST et iv Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 10/01/2018 01:54:28 EET - 137.108.70.7 les valeurs de température maximale mesurée par les stations météorologiques a été efficace et la fonction récupéré appliqué à une nouvelle image, pour la validation de valeurs LST Le UHII a été estimé en appliquant un résumé de polygone géographique dans ArcMap environnement GIS en utilisant les valeurs LST, en combinaison avec l'information urbaine de la couverture terrestre fournies par la base de données Corine Land Cover (CLC). Les résultats ont été comparés à deux types de technique de classification de la couverture terrestre. Enfin, l'ampleur de corrélation entre NDVI, LST et Végétation Fractional Cover (VFC) a été récupéré. Mots-clés: Τélédétection; Indice de Végétation Différence Normalisée; Îlot de Chaleur Urbain; Terrain Température de la Surface; Classification de la Couverture Terrestre v Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 10/01/2018 01:54:28 EET - 137.108.70.7 CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... i Glossary ................................................................................................................ ii Abstract ............................................................................................................... iv Περιληψη ............................................................................................................ iv Resume ................................................................................................................ iv Contents .............................................................................................................. vi 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 UHI phenomenon.............................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Types of UHI ............................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Remote Sensing in UHI detection ............................................................. 2 1.2 Objectives of the study ..................................................................................... 3 1.3 Outline of the study .......................................................................................... 3 2 Background ......................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Spatial characteristics of the UHI ..................................................................... 4 2.2 UHII ................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Surface and Air Temperatures .......................................................................... 5 2.4 Environmental and Social Impacts of UHII ....................................................... 5 2.4.1 Increased energy consumption and greenhouse gasses .......................... 6 2.4.2 Air quality ................................................................................................. 6 2.4.3 Water quality ............................................................................................ 6 2.4.4 Increased instability of the urban atmosphere ........................................ 7 2.4.5 Human