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Bulgaria: IREX Media Sustainability Index 2017

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Bulgaria: IREX Media Sustainability Index 2017 The decade of EU membership has been disappointing for development of the media market, as MSI studies have shown over the years. Even though Bulgaria’s media perform better than in some neighboring countries, experts and the general public are not satisfied with the overall quality of the media in the country. BULGARIA ii MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2017 introduction OVERALL SCORE: 1.86 BULGARIA Bulgaria celebrated 10 years as a member of the European Union (EU) on January 1, 2017. During that time, the country has witnessed stable economic growth, with per capita gross national income rising from $14,848 in 2007 to $17,880 in 2015, according to the World Bank (using adjustments for purchasing power parity). This growth, however, has not registered in Bthe way Bulgarians feel about their lives: according to Eurostat, 54 percent of Bulgarians were unsatisfied with their standard of living in 2016. Dissatisfaction has led to a series of government ousters in the past few years and, most recently, to the resignation of the government after the ruling center-right GERB party’s candidate lost the presidential elections in November 2016 to a political novice supported by the opposition Socialists. The new president, Rumen Radev, has been frequently described as a supporter of closer links with Russia, even though he insists that he favors deeper integration of Bulgaria in the EU. Bulgaria is a parliamentary republic, and real executive power lies with the government, which is appointed by parliament. Whether Bulgaria’s changing political climate will lead to significant policy changes will depend on the results of the early general elections to be held in March 2017. The decade of EU membership has been disappointing for development of the media market, as MSI studies have shown over the years. Even though Bulgaria’s media perform better than in some neighboring countries, experts and the general public are not satisfied with the overall quality of the media in the country. As one panelist in the 2016 MSI survey, university lecturer, rock star, and former media manager Constantine Markov, put it, “The media in Bulgaria don’t meet the expectations and standards established in the more developed part of the world. They may be better than in Moldova, but they’re not where they should be after so many years of democratic development.” Many Bulgarians share those sentiments. According to a 2016 survey carried out by the Media Democracy Foundation, only 17 percent of Bulgarians trust the independence of the media. The main threats to the public’s trust in the media are the huge growth of fake news, a campaign against Bulgaria’s pro-Western orientation, the visible political pressure on the leading national media, and the growing impact of the media described in Bulgaria as “truncheons”: tabloid newspapers, online news sites, and television channels used by local oligarchs to exert influence, ruin the reputations of political and business opponents, and manipulate public opinion. “The media are being used to hack people’s minds and to hijack reason. That’s above all the online media, which have sent us to the post-truth era when a connection to the facts becomes impossible and even undesirable,” said popular columnist and free-speech activist Yassen Boyadjiev. For these reasons, the 2017 issue of the MSI for Bulgaria marks the lowest level recorded since the survey launched in 2001, with a slight decrease in score compared with last year’s previous low. BULGARIA iii BULGARIA at a glance GENERAL MEDIA-SPECIFIC > Population: 7,144,653 (July 2016 est., CIA World Factbook) > Number of active media outlets: Print: 295 newspapers, 635 > Capital city: Sofia magazines (National Statistics Institute 2014); Radio Stations: 85; Television Stations: 112 (Council for Electronic Media) > Ethnic groups (% of population): Bulgarian 76.9%, Turkish 8%, Roma 4.4%, other 0.7% (including Russian, Armenian, and Vlach), other > Newspaper circulation statistics: Total annual circulation: (unknown) 10% (2011 est., CIA World Factbook) 324,310,000 (National Statistics Institute 2014) > Religions (% of population): Eastern Orthodox 59.4%, Muslim 7.8%, > Broadcast ratings: bTV, NOVA, BNT1 other (including Catholic, Protestant, Armenian Apostolic Orthodox, > News agencies: Bulgarian Telegraph Agency (state), BGNES (private), and Jewish) 1.7%, none 3.7%, unspecified 27.4% (2011 est., CIA Focus Information Agency (private) World Factbook) > Annual advertising revenue in media sector in 2014: $107.6 million > Languages: Bulgarian (official) 76.8%, Turkish 8.2%, Roma 3.8%, net (MA Pierrot 97) other 0.7%, unspecified 10.5% (2011 est., CIA World Factbook) > Internet Usage: 4.072 million (July 2015 est., CIA World Factbook) > GNI (2015-Atlas): $53.69 billion (World Bank Development Indicators, 2017) > GNI per capita (2015-PPP): $17,880 (World Bank Development Indicators, 2017) > Literacy rate: 98.4%; male 98.7%, female 98.1% (2015 est., CIA World Factbook) > President or top authority: President Rosen Plevneliev (since January 22, 2012) MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX: BULGARIA SUSTAINABLE NEAR 2.50 2.46 2.42 SUSTAINABILITY 2.35 2.35 2.33 2.26 2.19 2.16 2.18 2.11 2.11 2.11 2.07 2.04 2.00 1.94 1.97 1.95 1.90 1.76 1.75 1.75 1.74 1.58 SUSTAINABILITY 1.53 1.53 1.48 1.44 MIXED SYSTEM 1.35 UNSUSTAINABLE 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 UNSUSTAINABLE ANTI-FREE PRESS FREE PROFESSIONAL PLURALITY OF BUSINESS SUPPORTING SPEECH JOURNALISM NEWS SOURCES MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS OBJECTIVES Unsustainable, Anti-Free Press Unsustainable Mixed System (1–2): Near Sustainability (2–3): Country Sustainable (3–4): Country has (0–1): Country does not meet or Country minimally meets objectives, has progressed in meeting media that are considered generally only minimally meets objectives. with segments of the legal system and multiple objectives, with legal professional, free, and sustainable, or Government and laws actively government opposed to a free media norms, professionalism, and the to be approaching these objectives. hinder free media development, system. Evident progress in free-press business environment supportive of Systems supporting independent professionalism is low, and advocacy, increased professionalism, independent media. Advances have media have survived multiple media-industry activity is minimal. and new media businesses may be too survived changes in government and governments, economic fluctuations, recent to judge sustainability. have been codified in law and practice. and changes in public opinion or social However, more time may be needed conventions. to ensure that change is enduring and that increased professionalism and the media business environment are sustainable. Scores for all years may be found online at https://www.irex.org/msi iv MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2017 OBJECTIVE 1: FREEDOM OF SPEECH expired. In April, parliament elected two new members, and a candidate who had earlier been nominated by the president Score: 2.33 took her seat. The council’s revocation of the license for TV7 in 2016 was an example of why some believe its actions are politically motivated. TV7 is owned by Bulgarian oligarch Bulgaria has an established legal environment that protects Tzvetan Vassilev, who fell out of favor with his political and and promotes free speech and access to public information. business partners and lives in self-imposed exile in Serbia. The Regulations in this sphere were set up in the early 1990s and former banker regularly gives interviews in which he accuses the have been gradually improved and expanded; however, they are prime minister and the prime minister’s alleged business partner, not vigorously enforced, and the public puts less and less value member of parliament and media tycoon Delyan Peevski, of on free speech. Some experts say the radio and television law corruption. TV7 was forced to stop broadcasting as it was is long overdue for revision. Nikoleta Daskalova, of the Media preparing to air such an interview; the CEM, however, said the Democracy Foundation, has counted 44 amendments to it since move was motivated by the channel’s bankruptcy and multiple its adoption in 1998, most made in the last moment to serve a violations of the broadcasting law. Panel members said the short-term business or political purpose. “We don’t need any license of TV7 was taken away in the same political way it had more piecemeal changes, but a total reform of the legislation,” been awarded a few years earlier. she said. Panelists also noted the CEM’s unwillingness to start the Free speech is protected by Bulgaria’s constitution and election of a new director general for BNT, the Bulgarian public legislation on broadcast media. At the same time, Bulgaria television broadcaster. The incumbent’s final term ended in suffers from an overall weakness of the rule of law, and July, but parliament changed the law on radio and television to these norms and protections are not always enforced. Panel allow the term to be extended until a new director is elected. participants noted that the public has grown less concerned “This decision is very controversial, made at the last minute, about free speech, as this right has been abused by populist lacking in details, purely aiming to legalize the current situation politicians and tabloid media, fake news has increased, and and as a reaction to the fact that there is no agreement on a the media generally traffic in sensationalism. Public trust in the new candidate; new candidates aren’t even being discussed,” media is declining, and distaste for the behavior of the tabloids Daskalova said. has spilled over to media that adhere to professional standards. Conditions for entering the market and the tax structure for The licensing of broadcast media is done by the Council for media are fair and comparable to other industries; Bulgaria has Electronic Media (CEM), which started 2016 in limbo, as the a simplified VAT of 20 percent and a flat 10 percent revenue terms of three of its members, including the chairperson, had tax for all industries.
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