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Journal of Qualitative Criminal Justice & Criminology

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Journal of Qualitative Criminal Justice & Criminology JOURNAL OF QUALITATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE & CRIMINOLOGY Volume 8 Number 1 Fall 2019 AGGRIEVED ENTITLEMENT IN THE IVORY TOWER: EXPLORATORY QUALITATIVE RESULTS FROM A LARGE-SCALE CAMPUS CLIMATE SURVEY Walter S. DeKeseredy Kathryn Burnham Robert Nicewarner James Nolan Amanda K. Hall-Sanchez ……............................................................................................3 ETHICALLY REPRESENTING DRUG USE: PHOTOGRAPHS AND ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH WITH PEOPLE WHO USE METHAMPHETAMINE Heith Copes Whitney Tchoula Jared Ragland …………………........................................................................................21 IT’S DIRTY WORK BUT SOMEONE HAS TO DO IT: AN EXAMINATION OF CORRECTIONAL OFFICER TAINT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES Scott Chenault Brooke Collins …………..................................................................................................37 #JESUISPARIS?: AN APPEAL TO HYPOCRISY AND JUSTIFICATIONS FOR MASS CASUALTY VIOLENCE Karyn Sporer Michael K. Logan Gina S. Ligon Doug C. Derrick……… ....................................................................................................57 AN ANALYTICAL HISTORY OF BLACK FEMALE LYNCHINGS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1838-1969 David V. Baker Gilbert Garcia ...................................................................................................................83 “I DID WHAT I BELIEVE IS RIGHT”: A STUDY OF NEUTRALIZATIONS AMONG ANONYMOUS OPERATION PARTICIPANTS Kimberly A. DeTardo-Bora Erica N. Clark Bill Gardner ……………………………………………………………………………129 JQCJC VOLUME 8 NUMBER 1 (FALL 2019) AGGRIEVED ENTITLEMENT IN THE IVORY TOWER: EXPLORATORY QUALITATIVE RESULTS FROM A LARGE-SCALE CAMPUS CLIMATE SURVEY Walter S. DeKeseredy West Virginia University Kathryn Burnham West Virginia University Robert Nicewarner West Virginia University James Nolan West Virginia University Amanda K. Hall-Sanchez Fairmont State University Abstract A number of key risk factors are associated with racist, sexist, and homophobic practices on North American college campuses. However, one additional determinant that has thus far been overlooked is male aggrieved entitlement. Using exploratory qualitative data gleaned by the Campus Quality of Life Survey administered at a large college in the South Atlantic region of the United States, the main objective of this article is to help fill a major research gap by showing that aggrieved entitlement is a correlate that warrants more attention in future empirical and theoretical work on campus climates. Keywords: aggrieved entitlement; college; climate survey INTRODUCTION Numerous progressive changes spawned by the feminist movement have occurred over the past several decades, but again, a man was elected President of the United States on November 8, 2016. Why Donald Trump and not another man? One answer is that Trump embodies a white type of hegemonic masculinity (Katz, 2016), which is a practice that legitimizes male domination and female subordination in the U.S. and other parts of the world (Connell, 2005). The basic components of this masculinity are: (a) avoid all things feminine; (b) restrict emotions severely; (c) show toughness and aggression; (d) exhibit self-reliance; (e) strive for achievement and status; (f) exhibit non-relational attitudes toward sexuality; and (g) actively 4 DEKESEREDY ET AL. engage in homophobia (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005; DeKeseredy, 2017; Levant, 1994; Schwartz & DeKeseredy, 1997). Indeed, there is some evidence to support the claim that, “the desire for a strong virile man in the White House runs deep in the American DNA” (Katz, 2016, p. ix). As well, there remains a strong, white anti-feminist backlash in the U.S., one fueled in part by “the desire to return to aspects of an idealized past in which structured inequality was normalized” (Dragiewicz, 2018, p. 336). Many people, however, especially those on the Left, did not foresee the possibility of a Trump victory and were unaware that thousands of men across the U.S. are feeling what Kimmel (2013) identified three years prior to the presidential election (DeKeseredy, 2019). He uncovered a “new breed of angry white men” who are experiencing aggrieved entitlement: It is that sense that those benefits to which you believed yourself entitled have been snatched away from you by unseen forces larger and more powerful. You feel yourself to be heir to a great promise, the American Dream, which has turned into an impossible fantasy for the very people who were supposed to inherit it (p. 18, emphasis in original). The “American Dream” Kimmel refers to is one in which white men are superior to, and receive more privileges than, women and ethnic minorities. Their rage is expressed in many contexts, but the Internet is an increasingly important venue (Dragiewicz, 2008; Rosen, Dragiewicz, & Gibbs, 2009; Levin, 2017). In a culture where most socializing, particularly among youth, is done through electronic channels, using social media outlets enable people to reach a larger audience. In this way, more racist, anti-feminist men can become aware of a very large “support group” and become motivated to join angry white men’s organizations. Though defined by numerous people as bastions of liberal thought, colleges are now more conservative institutions of higher learning and are not immune to racism, sexism, and the growing culture of male aggrieved entitlement (Bove, 2013; DeKeseredy, Fabricius, & Hall- Sanchez, 2015). However, the extant social scientific literature on key sources of racist, sexist, and homophobic practices on campus overlooks the role of aggrieved entitlement. Using exploratory qualitative data derived from the Campus Quality of Life Survey (CQLS) administered at a large college in a South Atlantic region of the United States, the main objective of this article is to show that it is possibly an equally powerful correlate. Many researchers (e.g., DeKeseredy, 2019) find the concept of aggrieved entitlement to be a useful analytic tool, but it has not been subject to much empirical inquiry. The limited data that have been thus far collected are derived from a small number of interviews with non-college men and some content analyses of postings on social media and various other places on the Internet (DeKeseredy et al., 2015; Kimmel, 2013, 2018). Before presenting the results of our study, it is first necessary to describe the broader social context in which the CQLS was conducted. JQCJC VOLUME 8 NUMBER 1 (FALL 2019) “LET’S PUT IT IN CONTEXT”: THE RESEARCH SITE This section’s heading is the title of Lab’s (2003) commentary on Ireland, Thornberry, and Loeber’s (2003) public housing study, but some of his arguments apply to most social scientific research, including the empirical work described in this article. For example, Lab asserts: “One of the most important things that criminologists often fail to address is the context within which they (their projects or topics) are operating. This is true whether they are proposing a new theory, testing an existing explanation, investigating an emerging phenomenon or evaluating an intervention or program” (p. 39). The broader social, political, and economic context in which this study was conducted is as follows. First, the school is based in a Republican state where, at the time of writing this article (September 2018), Donald Trump had a very high level of popularity and more than 90% of its population is white (Bacon & Mehta, 2018). Further, the demographic characteristics of the research site presented in Table 1 show that the bulk of the students are white and very few students identify with other races. The CQLS sample (n = 5,718), not surprisingly then, is also predominantly white, as noted in Table 1. As well, Weiss’ (2013) study conducted at the same institution found many students’ drinking patterns extend far beyond the typical amount of alcohol consumed by binge drinkers. What is more, as uncovered by Weiss (2013) and previous analyses of CQLS data, there is evidence of a patriarchal rape-supportive culture. For example, 40% of the sample described in Table 1 reported that they believed women on the campus experience discrimination and of the students who responded to a question asking if they agreed with the statement “The institution tolerates a culture of sexual misconduct,” 75% either agreed or strongly agreed. Their perception is well-founded because 34% of the female CQLS respondents reported experiencing at least one of five types of sexual assault since they enrolled at the school (DeKeseredy, Hall-Sanchez, & Nolan, 2018). Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Main Campus Population and the CQLS Sample POPULATION Status N = 30,470 SAMPLE N = 5,718 Undergraduate 77.3 78.9 Professional 4.6 5.1 Graduate 18.2 15.9 Sex Female 48.6 57.2 Male 51.4 37.1 Other Not recorded 1.1 Race/Ethnicity Black/African American 6.7 4.4 White 86.5 83.8 6 DEKESEREDY ET AL. Asian 6.4 6.0 Hawaiian /Pacific Islander 0.5 0.2 Native American 1.4 0.4 Hispanic* 3.8 3.1 Other (including mixed race) Not recorded 2.0 Age Average age 23.3 22.1 * The ethnic category "Hispanic" was considered separate from race in the population column and so the total exceeds 100%. Though not measured by our survey, it is very likely that these findings are strongly associated with high levels of rape myth acceptance among college students (Canan, Jozkowski, & Crawford, 2016; Lonsway & Fitzgerald, 1994; McMahon, 2010; Phillips, 2017), as well as pornography consumption. Further, false beliefs about rape (e.g., no means yes) are strongly correlated
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