Der „Erste Schrei Nach Gerechtigkeit in Amerika“. Zur „Skandalpredigt“ Gegen Die Versklavung Der Indígenas Vor 500 Jahren Von Antonio De Montesinos (21.12.1511)

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Der „Erste Schrei Nach Gerechtigkeit in Amerika“. Zur „Skandalpredigt“ Gegen Die Versklavung Der Indígenas Vor 500 Jahren Von Antonio De Montesinos (21.12.1511) 1 Der „erste Schrei nach Gerechtigkeit in Amerika“. Zur „Skandalpredigt“ gegen die Versklavung der Indígenas vor 500 Jahren von Antonio de Montesinos (21.12.1511) Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren, am 21. Dezember vor genau 500 Jahren hielt der Dominikanerpater Antonio de Montesinos eine Predigt, über die der US-amerikanische Kolonialhistoriker Lewis Hanke den Titel setzt: Der erste Schrei nach Gerechtigkeit in Amerika. Versinnbildlich finden wir diesen Schrei Montesinos, dieses prophetische Rufen in der 15 Meter hohen Statue, die der Mexikaner Antonio Castellanos Basich (*1946) zum Gedenken an diesen Dominikaner schuf. Sie steht in der Hauptstadt der Dominikanischen Republik, Santo Domingo, dem karibischen Meer zugewandt. In dieser Vorlesung möchte ich Ihnen die revolutionäre Predigt von Antonio de Montesinos vorstellen, indem ich sie in ihrem historischen Zusammenhang erläutere. Ein knapper Verweis auf die Gegenwart steht am Ende des Vortrags anhand des Kinofilms „También la lluvia“, Sogar der Regen. Im September 1510 landeten die ersten Dominikaner auf der Antilleninsel, der Christoph Kolumbus den Namen La Isla Española gegeben hatte, „Die Spanische Insel“. Die Engländer gaben ihr den Spitznamen Hispaniola, Klein-Spanien. Die autochthone Bevölkerung, die Taíno, die man zu den Arawak-Ethnien des Karibik-Raums zählt, nannte die Insel Aytí, Haiti. Antonio de Montesinos war unter diesen ersten Dominikanern, zusammen mit Pedro de Córdoba. Andere Ordensmitglieder folgten ihnen1. Diese Dominikaner-Patres waren nicht die ersten Missionare, die nach Hispaniola kamen2. Aber mit den Dominikanern brach eine neue Zeit in der Missions- und Kolonialgeschichte an. Sie reagierten nämlich auf eine bereits prekäre Situation in einer Weise, die Geschichte machen sollte. Diese prekäre Situation wird durch drei Ereignisse charakterisiert, die ich im Folgenden schildern möchte. In ihnen manifestieren sich nämlich jeweils grundsätzliche Problemfelder. Diese Problemfelder bilden den entscheidenden Bezugsrahmen der Predigt Montesinos‘. 1 Am 3. Oktober 1508 hatte nämlich der Ordensgeneral Tomás de Vio Cajetan entschieden, dass insgesamt 15 Mitglieder des Ordens nach Haiti gesandt werden sollten, um dort das Evangelium zu verkünden. Der spanische König Ferdinand II. zeigte sich ihnen sehr gewogen; er ließ den Kolonialbehörden mitteilen, dass man diese Dominikaner mit wohlwollender Hilfsbereitschaft unterstützen solle (Höffner 1947: 146). 2 Seit der zweiten Reise von Christoph Kolumbus nach Westindien 1493 hatten bereits vorwiegend Franziskaner und andere Kleriker den Weg nach Haiti gefunden. 2 Das erste Ereignis: Wie als Menetekel über der künftigen Kolonial- und Missionsgeschichte muss der Untergang der ersten Siedlung des Christoph Kolumbus „Navidad“ auf Haiti erscheinen. Die Zerstörung der Siedlung führte nämlich zu einer überzogenen Darstellung der Kriegslust der karibischen Indios, die bei der Zerstörung eine maßgebliche Rolle gespielt haben sollen. Gleichzeitig wurden die eigenen Opfer verklärt. Vor allem aber bot die Zerstörung von Navidad das Motiv für einen gerechten Krieg. Der Gefangennahme und Versklavung von indigenen Bevölkerungsgruppen stand endlich nichts mehr im Weg. Das Kolonialunternehmen schlug in eine bewaffnete Invasion um. Bis heute gelten die Umstände des Untergangs dieser ersten Siedlung und des benachbarten Taíno-Dorfes unter der Führung des Kaziken Goacanagari als nicht bis ins letzte aufgeklärt. In einem Gutachten, das Franziskaner und Dominikaner 24 Jahre nach diesem Ereignis verfassten, wird die Attacke der Indios als gerechtfertigte Verteidigung qualifiziert. Sie hätten sich zu Recht gegen die Gewalttätigkeiten der ersten Eroberer zu Wehr gesetzt. Die Frage nach der Rechtmäßigkeit, nach Recht und Gesetz von Kolonisation und Gewaltanwendung bilden den ersten Bezugspunkt der Predigt von Antonio de Montesinos. Die paradigmatische Bedeutung eines zweiten Ereignisses bildet den zweiten Bezugspunkt. Bartholomeus Kolumbus, der Bruder von Christoph Kolumbus, reagierte mit Repressalien gegen die Indios, als bekannt wurde, dass sie christliche Kultbilder in der Erde vergraben hatten. Was sich für die Spanier als Akt der Blasphemie darstellte, war ganz gegenteilig motiviert: Die indigene Bevölkerung hoffte, durch das Vergraben von Kultgegenständen in der Erde eine bessere Ernte zu erreichen. Man hätte dieses Verhalten der Taíno geradezu als erste Tainisierung des Christentums betrachten können, als einen Inkulturationsversuch - bedenkt der Kirchenhistoriker Johannes Meier (1991: 208). Aber dafür fehlte das Verständnis bei Bartholomeus Kolumbus3. Dieses zweite Ereignis steht paradigmatisch für die Verbindung von Religion und Kolonisation, von Religion und Gewalt in der Neuen Welt. Antonio de Montesinos‘ Predigt wäre nicht von weitreichender Bedeutung, würde sie nicht darauf abzielen, diese unheilvolle Allianz zwischen Religion und kolonialer Repression zu zerschneiden. Er wird auch Kategorien anbieten müssen, um die Andersheit der indigenen Bevölkerung in grundsätzlicher Weise zu sichern. Damit kommen wir schon zu dem Problemfeld, das durch das dritte Ereignis angezeigt wird: 3 Die von ihm verhängten Repressalien trugen mit dazu bei, dass ihm die Kontrolle über die weitere Entwicklung der immer gewaltsamer werdenden Kolonisation entglitt. 3 Indios ermordeten ihre eigenen Stammesgenossen, die sich hatten taufen lassen. Sie galten ihnen als Verräter, als Überläufer zu den Spaniern. Diese Deutung der Ereignisse gibt der Dominikaner Bartolomé de Las Casas, der durch seine Historia de las Indias Weltruhm erlangte. Ohne ihn und seine Geschichtsbücher über die europäischen Anfänge in Westindien wüssten wir auch nichts von der Adventspredigt des Antonio de Montesinos4. Im Licht von Las Casas‘ Schilderung der Vorgänge musste die kirchliche Missionstätigkeit als Aufruf zum Verrat an den vitalen Interessen der indigenen Bevölkerung erscheinen. Montesinos fand sich also vor die Aufgabe gestellt, zu erklären, unter welchen Voraussetzungen die Hinkehr zum Christentum keinen Verrat an der indianischen Identität impliziert. Fassen wir nochmals zusammen: Die genannten drei Ereignisse und ihre Implikationen markieren in fast symbolischer Verdichtung die prekäre Situation mit ihren brennenden Fragen, auf die die Gruppe der Dominikaner mit Antonio de Montesinos Predigt die Aufmerksamkeit lenken mussten. Das erste Ereignis impliziert die Frage nach dem Rechtsgrund für Kolonisation und Gewaltanwendung, das zweite nach dem Verhältnis von gewaltsamer Kolonisation und Religion, das dritte nach einem Christentum ohne Verrat an der indigenen Identität. I. Wenden wir uns zuerst den rechtlichen Fragen zu. Wie man in der Gegenwart die Vereinten Nationen oder eine Großmacht um Hilfe ersucht zwecks Klärung und Entscheidung völkerrechtlicher Fragen, so galt damals das geistliche Oberhaupt des Abendlandes, der Papst, als die richtige Adresse für derartige Angelegenheiten. Schon die Portugiesen baten bei ihren Eroberungen der westafrikanischen Küste Papst Nikolaus V. darum, die Rolle des obersten Lehnsherren dieser Gebiete zu übernehmen. In dieser Funktion sollte er den Portugiesen die entdeckten und noch zu entdeckenden Gebiete als Lehen übertragen. Man bediente sich dabei der aus dem Mittelalter bekannten Rechtsform des Auftragslehens. Als Spanien sich anschickte, seine Einflusssphäre im atlantischen Raum auszudehnen, war man in Madrid ebenfalls an einer völkerrechtlichen Regelung interessiert, zumal auch deshalb, 4 Las Casas korrigiert mit seiner Deutung der Mordmotive der Indios die Darstellung des Laienbruders Ramón Pané. Diese sollte im Auftrag von Kolumbus über die Taíno berichten. Das brachte ihm den Titel ein: erster Anthropologe Amerikas. Nach Panés Bericht sei die Ermordung der getauften Indios auf die Ablehnung des Christentums durch die anderen Stammesgenossen zurückzuführen: sie starben als Märtyrer. 4 weil Portugal Einspruch gegen die transatlantischen Aktivitäten seines Nachbarlandes erhob. 1493 kam es deshalb zu Verhandlungen. Der vierte in Madrid verfasste Textentwurf des Abkommens fand auch bei den Portugiesen Anerkennung und wurde am 4. Mai 1493 als päpstliches Edikt Inter cetera veröffentlicht. Das Edikt von Papst Alexander VI. (Rodrigo Borgia) besagt: Um das königliche Projekt der Unterwerfung und Missionierung der entdeckten Länder und Völker in weiter Fern mitten im Ozean mit noch größerem Eifer und Mut zu fördern, „schenken und übertragen und überweisen Wir Euch, den Königen von Kastilien und Leon, sowie Euren Erben und Nachfolgern für alle Zeit“ alle Länder und Inseln, die hundert Meilen westlich von einem zu bestimmenden Punkt der Azorischen und Kapverdischen Inseln liegen. Euch und Eure Nachfolger machen wir zu Herren dieser Gebiete. Am 7. Juni 1494 schlossen Spanien und Portugal den Vertrag von Tordesillas, in dem die Grenzziehung der Interessensphären nochmals neu zugunsten Portugals geregelt wurde5. Das Edikt des Borgia-Papstes charakterisierte man bald mit dem geflügelten Wort von der Weltverschenkung; man betrachtete es als Manifest einer ungeheuren Machtanmaßung. Bis in die Gegenwart hinein diskutiert man die rechtliche Natur dieses Edikts. Obwohl das Wort „donamus“ – wir schenken - im Text Verwendung findet, verschenkt der Papst dennoch nicht etwas, was er gar nicht im Sinn eines Privateigentümers oder Königs besitzt. Vorausgesetzt wird die hochmittelalterliche Vorstellung, nach der der Papst das eine Haupt der Christenheit ist, dem daher der ganze christliche Erdkreis gehört und der auch dem Kaiser sein Reich übergibt. Aber der
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