April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 ISSN 2347 - 4912 SHELTER Theme Paper Policy Review Case Studies Publication

Theme: RESILIENT CITIES India at the 25th Session of the Governing Council Meeting of UN-HABITAT, Nairobi, April 17-23, 2015

UN‐Habitat is the global agency in 59 member countries participated The exhibition was inaugurated by the UN system for urban affairs. In in this meeting. During the event, H.E. Mr. Yogeshwar Varma, High the context of rapid urbanization in an exhibition was organised by Commissioner of India in Kenya India, with India’s active association Government of India, Ministry at Nairobi, in the distinguished in UN‐Habitat, there is a significant of Housing and Urban Poverty presence of Dr. Nandita Chatterjee, potential for information sharing and Alleviation through HUDCO. The Secretary (HUPA), Ministry learning for achieving sustainable exhibition had 14 panels highlighting of Housing and Urban Poverty development of human settlements various initiatives of the government Alleviation, Government of India; in India. The Governing Council in the field of housing and urban Dr. M. Ravi Kanth, Chairman and is an intergovernmental decision – development. The initiatives for Managing Director, Housing and making body for the United Nations Housing for All by 2022, National Urban Development Corporation Human Settlements Programme Urban Livelihood Mission, Smart Limited; and Shri Sanjeev Kumar, (UN-Habitat). It meets biennially Cities, Development of Heritage Joint Secretary, Ministry of Housing and reports to the General Assembly Cities, inclusive planning initiatives, and Urban Poverty Alleviation, of the United Nations through investment opportunities in the Government of India, among other the Economic and Social Council, housing and urban infrastructure important dignitaries. particularly on programmatic issues. sector in India, institutional The exhibition was visited by a The 25th session of the Governing initiatives and contribution large number of dignitaries and Council of UN-Habitat was held by HUDCO, BMTPC, HPL, distinguished personalities from at Nairobi from 17-23 April 2015. CGEWHO, etc. were on display. various countries. Policy Review Case Studies INSIDE 01 Gender Equity in 55 Sabar Shouchagar- City Planning An Inspiring District Level Model for Dr. Priyanjali Prabhakaran eliminating Open Defecation in India P. B. Salim S. N. Dave 07 Housing Amenities in Urban India- Issues and Challenges Gurgaon- Arjun Kumar 60 Almost the Millennium City Mansi Sahu 15 ICT Preparedness of Indian Cities- Sarfaraz Momin Can we become Smart? Mahesh Waghdhare Debolina Kundu Shraddha Marathe Rahul Dalal 67 A Smarter Gurgaon- Theme Theme Papers Must Learn from Dharavi Ankita Chachra RESILIENT 21 Planning For Resilient Cities- CITIES Key Imperatives Feature A.K. Jain The word “resilience” typically describes a material’s ability to recoil or spring back into shape 72 Improved Public Transport for a after bending, stretching, or being 30 Making a Disaster Resilient City- The Japanese Experience compressed. In ecology, resilience Resilient City has been described as the capacity of Dr. Pawan Kumar an ecosystem to tolerate disturbance Deepak Kumar Pandey without collapsing into a qualitatively different state. Thus, a resilient 78 Traditional Placemaking & Identity in ecosystem is considered to be one Cities through Community Calibrated that can more effectively withstand My Opinion external shocks and rebuild itself after Charettes- Case of Mumbai Mills experiencing those shocks. Revitalization In line with this understanding, the Expert Views of Director, SPA, Deependra Prashad idea of resilience when applied to 40 urban areas, refers to the capacity of New Delhi on RESILIENT CITIES our communities and cities to bear the IN THE BOX future shocks and stresses associated Prof. Chetan Vaidya with climate change, environmental degradation, social and economic Amendments to “The Real Estate 19 turmoil etc. and to continue to (Regulation and Development) function, instead of collapsing. This places an important responsibility Energy Conservation Bill, 2013 on urban planners, architects, social scientists and city administrators, to Urban Design Principles for 20 plan and manage our cities as resilient Energy Management for a Planned Resilient Cities systems that will be able to cater to the 45 needs of today and the future as well City-A Case Study of Chandigarh HUDCO Best Practice Award to 54 as withstand any forces which may Sarang Goel impact its functional efficiency. Improve the Living Environment 2014-15 With the rapid growth of urban areas there is greater concentration Energy Conservation Building Code General Guidelines for Submission of people, economic activities and 52 71 assets in urban areas, and therefore (ECBC) Implementation of Articles the impact of any hazard or disaster Arun Bhandari would also be many times greater. CSR Initiative of HUDCO 86 The urgent need for shift in social and economic paradigms, improved technologies, and efficient energy The views expressed in this publication are the personal views of authors and do not necessarily solutions can hardly be overstated, reflect the official views and policies of HUDCO/HSMI. Articles or any other material in the as also, the need for involvement of publication may be reproduced so long as credit is given and tear sheets are provided to the editor. all stakeholders in developing the All photo credits are by the authors unless otherwise specified. resilience of communities. SHELTER FROM THE CHIEF EDITOR Vol 16 No.1 April 2015 www.hudco.org The impacts of climate change are expected to create numerous challenges for cities Any ISSN 2347 - 4912 effort at building the resilience of our cities must work towards helping communities prepare for increased climate risk not only in ways that allow a quicker, safer return to SHELTER is an official publication of normalcy after an event but also an ability to thrive going forward. Critical issues for urban HUDCO/HSMI, distributed free of adaptation that have emerged include, the need for political commitment at multiple levels of government, information and data as a basis for understanding potential risks charge. It deals with issues related to and vulnerabilities, meaningful and effective stakeholder engagement shaped by local housing, urban development and contexts, and sustained financial and staff resources that are sensitive to urban variability. other themes relevant to the habitat Through careful land use planning, wise investment in infrastructure, and smart building sector. Contributions, comments and design, we can protect the value we’ve created in our cities and be more robust when facing adverse events. The role of the community as a key stakeholder in how to prepare and correspondence are most welcome plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events is extremely and should be forwarded to: important. A resilient city is prepared to face the threats posed by natural and man-made threats, EDITOR thereby reducing the risk for the city’s population. The vulnerability of the population SHELTER can be reduced by building its capacity to respond to climate change challenges, disasters HUDCO’S Human Settlement and economic shocks. Instances of cities being caught off-guard are frequent, and the consequences are there for all to see in the aftermath of the many disasters, such as the Management Institute devastating floods in Uttarakhand in 2013, or Ladakh floods in 2010 or even the tsunami HUDCO House, Lodhi Road in the economically advanced Japan in 2004. However it is heartening to see that during New Delhi-110 003 the cyclone which hit Odisha and Andhra Pradesh in 2014, the loss to life and economy Tel: 011-24308600-638 was substantially reduced due to the preparedness of the government machinery. Fax: 011-24365292 Planning for urban resilience, and specifically adaptation, is well under way in a number of Email: [email protected] cities around the world. These programmes include not just creating resilience to natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, etc., but also to the stress that weakens the fabric of a city like unemployment, endemic violence, drought, crop failure etc. The United Nations BOARD OF DIRECTORS office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) has launched a Making Cities Resilient Chairman & Managing Director programme, aimed at providing support to cities, improving city to city cooperation, Dr. M. Ravi Kanth, IAS (r) promoting local action planning and monitoring the progress of cities. At the Rockefeller Foundation, the 100 Resilient Cities project is highlighting urban hardiness around the Directors world by helping 100 cities in the world to become more resilient to physical, social and Shri N. L. Manjoka economic challenges. Also, more and more institutions are getting into the act along with organizations like the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, European Union etc. The Shri A. K. Kaushik resilience movement is a global attempt to address two of the long-standing and most vital Shri Rajiv Ranjan Mishra, IAS questions facing theorists, planners and leaders, viz. what is the purpose of society, and Smt. JhanjaTripathy what is a society’s responsibility to its citizens. Prof. Sukhadeo Thorat In this publication of Shelter, authors from all over the country have attempted to put forward their views on different aspects of resilient cities. The theme papers by AK Jain and Deepak Kumar Pandey, provide a multi-pronged strategy to make cities resilient to Company Secretary disasters. These papers also highlight a transformative action plan towards creating climate Shri Harish Kumar Sharma resilient, safe and gender sensitive cities. The paper by Dr. Priyanjali Prabhakar emphasizes the importance of gender equity in EDITORIAL TEAM city planning, while Dr. Pawan Kumar has linked the Japanese experience of an improved Chief Editor: Rajiv Sharma public transport system to the making of a resilient city. Co-Editor: Dr. Akshaya Sen Shri PB Salim (et. al) has recognized the need of a district level model for elimination Dr. Ravi Shankar of open defecation in India and the case studies on Gurgaon provide an answer to the Ms. Nila Pandian ongoing criticism of this suburb. Learnings from the residents of Dharavi slum in Mumbai about how improving their well-being is a pre-requisite to provide a citizen oriented and Cover Design: Arun Sharma transparent model of governance are illustrated in the paper by Ankita Chachra. Social capital credit model could be used as a tool in instrumentalising the same. Mansi Sahu Registered Office: (et. al) has suggested various ways of preparing plans which are bound to go beyond the HUDCO Bhawan, Core 7-A, present landuse plan to urban economic development. India Habitat Centre, Arun Bhandari and Sarang Goel have addressed the need for energy conservation in Lodhi Road conventional buildings and city neighbourhoods. Prof. Chetan Vaidya lists the challenges being faced by Indian cities and cites examples from Melbourne to make them resilient. New Delhi-110 003 Deependra Prasad home the need to redevelop the derelict mill land in Mumbai by Tel (EPABX) 011-24649610-23, formalizing the voice of community in the process. 24627113-15, 24627091,92,95 Arjun Kumar argues that certain sections of society still face deprivation of basic services After Office Hours : 24648193-95 in urban India and calls for developing new cities to accommodate growing population. Fax : 011-24625308 Debolina Kundu has drawn a road map of smart cities, which talks of increasing the CIN:U74899DL1970GOI005276 penetration of mobile and internet usage for more meaningful connectivity. E-Mail : [email protected] Hope you enjoy this issue of Shelter. POLICY REVIEW

Gender Equity in City Planning

DR. PRIYANJALI City planning is based on presumed needs et.al 1996, Rendell 2000) Gender PRABHAKARAN of citizens. Citizens in a city are not a roles are culturally determined. homogeneous group with homogeneous Gender relations have been studied needs. City systems and resources are in different societies, which have experienced by women and men differently. shown the variability of gender roles Many traditional Indian Such difference in the needs of the user and the near universality of gender cities are characterized groups is not reflected in the allocation subordination (Mayoux 2005). by high density mixed of city resources. Women as a user group use development where have specific needs and constraints in The actions and experiences of men women are also part accessing the city. The way a city is planned and women in the built environment of income generating can change the lives of various user groups and their attitude towards it differ. activities. Women actively positively. This paper examines how the These differences vary culturally and take part in family gender roles of women create different needs historically and according to age, business, agriculture, and how such needs are addressed in city class and many other circumstances. horticulture, animal space, infrastructure and other resources. husbandry, handicrafts, An urban planner or designer is and small scale INTRODUCTION concerned about how the different manufacture. New cities user groups have different needs, how City planning is the judicial and in India, i.e., Chandigarh, existing built environments meet the equitable allocation and use of Gandhinagar or Naya needs of these different groups and resources for the benefit of society as Raipur, have less land use how stereotype assumptions affect a whole. Spatial planning is the spatial mix and are functionally design and planning. more fragmented than manifestation of such allocation. many old Indian cities. Different user groups- men,ASSUMPTIONS OF It can be argued that women, the aged, children, people STEREOTYPE USER GROUPS women living in these with special needs - experience cities have less chances of space differently. It is essential for Planning has the smallest unit as participating in the many spatial planners to recognize this, a family- the stereotype family activities of the city. so that they are able to allocate has a young male breadwinner, resources without consciously or female homemaker and children. unconsciously denying any user In reality, families are very diverse, group, the opportunity to enjoy the with an increasing proportion of KEYWORDS fruits of planning. female headed households and single women households. Different Gender Equity, City Planning, Safety of GENDER AND PLANNING families have diverse needs of Women. housing, livelihoods, education, Gender identifies the social relations transportation, recreation and Dr. Priyanjali Prabhakaran between men and women and is ([email protected]) is Associate community support. Professor of Architecture at the College of different from sex, which identifies Engineering, Trivandrum. the biological difference between Women are seen as a minority men and women. (Moser 1993, Bitton category existing in the private

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 1 POLICY REVIEW realm. The concept of women’s owned vehicles. Housing areas did increase land use mix and transit domestic roles in separate homes not offer any alternatives to their accessibility. People living in central and residential neighborhoods are domestic responsibilities (Friedan areas of cities with high land use the basis of restrictions on their 1963, Hayden 1984). Such single- mix are more likely to walk or use access to the wider resources of the use zoning discriminates against public transport than people living city (Mackenzie 1988, Greed 1994). persons who want to combine many in far flung single use sprawling Some sociologists are of the opinion tasks and particularly reduces the neighborhoods. that women are considered a problem chances of women participating in It may also be true that women and even sometimes a symptom of economic activities. who live in denser and high land disorder in urban space. A woman use mix areas have greater chances is considered as temptress, as In a study of land use impact on of combining many activities with whore, as fallen woman, or virtuous transportation, Litman (2015) their domestic chores. They get womanhood in danger. Respectable argues that land use patterns affect more opportunities to participate in woman’s movements in urban space accessibility and people’s ability to economic activities. are a subject of regulation (Wilson reach desired services and activities. 1991). Women users of public space Proximity between differentMany traditional Indian cities are often seen and see themselves land uses (housing, commercial, are characterized by high density as illegitimate users of public space. institutional) tends to reduce vehicle mixed use development where (Viswanath and Mehtrotra 2007). travel and increase use of alternative women are also part of income Women are held responsible for modes of travel like walking, cycling generating activities. Women their own safety and are advised etc. Increased density tends to actively take part in family business, not to venture into the public space without adequate safety precautions. Fig. 1 Land use Plan of Raipur Thus, society at large advises women not to participate in the public realm. Women are allowed to use public spaces only when they have a purpose to be there on their way to work or study, dropping or picking up children, walking in a park, shopping etc.

LAND USE AND DENSITY Conventional urban planning has cities divided into zones for specific activities with houses, markets and factories in separate locations. Such planning envisages male breadwinners traveling across town to work and women as housewives caring for children and the elderly. Studies show that widespread suburbanization in the American cities have excluded a large number of women from the labor force. Job centers were too distant and required commuting only by privately Source: Department of Town Planning, Chattisgarh

2 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication POLICY REVIEW agriculture, horticulture, animal use mix and are functionally more show the land use plans of Raipur husbandry, handicrafts and small fragmented than many old Indian and Naya Raipur respectively. The scale manufacturer. If we examine cities. It can be argued that women old city shows a better mix of land the land use plans of new cities in living in these cities have less uses than the new one. India, i.e., Chandigarh, Gandhinagar chances of participating in the many or Naya Raipur, they have less land activities of the city. Figures 1 and 2 Nohn (2011) contends that 18 per cent of male urban workers and 25 Fig. 2 Plan of Naya Raipur shows less land use mix than Raipur. More land use per cent of female urban workers are mix may help residents to combine many activities together while reducing travel distances. home based. Hence it is important to recognize home based production activities and retailing as permissible uses in residential areas. The “National Policy on Urban Street Vendors” recognizes the right to livelihood of street vendors in cities. However, most cities are yet to initiate the registration of street vendors and demarcation of vending zones. Street vending provides livelihood to a large number of women (Fig. 3). Demarcation of street vending zones has to be in coordination with land use plans of cities.

Fig. 3 A street vendor: Strict land use controls may reduce the chances of many women employed in the unorganized sector like street vending.

NAVIGATING THE CITY Functionally fragmented cities create travel patterns difficult for women. It is proven that women are more reliant than men on public transport Source: Naya Raipur Development Authority to meet their travel requirements.

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Women have to regulate their travel encroached by various users making spaces not safe enough for children, according to the availability of public it difficult for women and children to put mothers on high alert. Water transport. Women’s work, recreation navigate them. bodies without fencing, staircases, and shopping options are very much balconies and other overlooking Women need safe toilets in the public reliant on the availability of transport areas with handrails which children realm. The non availability of toilets can climb or might fall through Women own and use less number of drives them home early. The fear of are common. When public space is private vehicles as compared to men. not being able to find a convenient safe for children the accompanying Better transport facilities in a city toilet forces them to avoid long adults, mainly women are also will facilitate women’s access to the journeys and navigation in the benefitted. public realm and women’s economic public realm. Pregnant women, participation. (Pickup 1988, Greed menstruating women and women of Investment in roads in many cases is 94) older ages need to use toilets more limited to betterment of carriageway often, so do children. and parking facilities. Road widening Women are more likely to be is invariably carriageway widening pedestrians and are more likely Breastfeeding mothers need feeding with no consideration to improving to move with children and elderly areas in public spaces. In many pedestrian facilities. Even the areas due to their traditional role as railway stations and bus stations, with highest pedestrian flow, like caregivers. Hence, all efforts to most often no facilities are provided transit stations and shopping streets improve pedestrian environments for feeding or nappy changing for lack continuity of footpath, proper benefit women and help them children. In crowded trains and width of footpath and road crossing to participate more in the public buses women have to breastfeed facilities (See Figures 4 & 5). realm. Proper detailing of footpaths, children in the public. Our public curbs, drains, manholes, wide zebra spaces are not suitable for pram Many cities in the developed world crossings, traffic calming measures users. Mothers usually carry infants are trying to adopt traffic calming and proper management of all these in their hands. Waiting areas never measures to make their streets more facilities ensure good pedestrian have facilities for sleeping children; pedestrian friendly. The New York environment. Pedestrian areas mothers carry them throughout their Pedestrian Safety action plan (2010) (particularly footpaths) are often journey in the public space. Public recommends “Slow Speed Zones”,

Fig. 4 Pedestrian areas are encroached by many users. Women and children find it difficult to navigate through footpaths.

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trains) can be reduced by proper planning and management of these facilities. Similar findings were reported in Rosario, Argentina. In Dar-es Salaam people reported that poor management of urban spaces, in the form of lack of street lighting, narrow paths, unnamed streets, old/ unfinished or dilapidated buildings, lack of open spaces, unlit bus and taxi stands, unfenced public Fig. 5 The attention given to carriageway is not given to pedestrian areas. facilities, lack of signage etc., create Absence of continuity of footpaths makes them less attractive to pedestrians fear. The above findings point to the important fact that fear of violence “Safe Routes to School”, “Safe Streets streets with lot of doors, windows can be reduced by better planning for Seniors”, and “Speed Reducers” and balconies of adjoining houses and management of urban facilities. among other programs. Theopening into them) and adequate (Women in Cities International) National Complete Streets Coalition lighting evoke a feeling of safety. of USA calls for a “Complete Streets Crime Prevention ThroughHOUSING AND BASIC Policy” to create facilities for all Environmental Design (CPTED) FACILITIES users travelling along the roads strategies can be incorporated Adequate housing is most essential to including pedestrians, cyclists and into planning and design of public the safety and well being of women. public transport users. spaces. Safety in public transport can be ensured by proper management Since women spend relatively more time within houses, the inadequacy SAFETY of resources and use of technology. of houses can seriously affect their Women’s safety in public space The gender inclusive cities program physical and mental health. Women has been a matter of serious public funded by the United Nations Trust are poorer and own lesser resources. discourse in the recent past. City Fund to End Violence Against It is harder for women headed planners and designers also have Women was implemented in some families to acquire adequate housing a role in shaping the physical cities including Delhi. Under this and proper tenure rights than for environment which will ensure program ‘Jagori’ organization male headed families. safety and will support women’s conducted a “Safe Delhi Campaign” Provision of food and drinking access and inclusion in the public in 2005 and found that poor water is the traditional responsibility space. Women are vulnerable to lighting, poor infrastructure and of women. When cooking fuel violence in urban areas. They are the crowded public transport are some and drinking water are not readily primary victims of rape or sexual of the key factors that affected safety available, it is the role of women harassment and attacks committed or fear of safety in cities. Improving and girls in the family to fetch them. by strangers. Such vulnerability lighting and providing adequate The non-availability of toilets forces ends up controlling women and infrastructure can immediately women to wait until dark to ease restricting their social activities improve safety in most cities. The study in Petrozavodsk, Russia also themselves, which pose a serious (UNCHS 2000). Safety of public concluded that women found poor health and safety hazard. Availability space is identified as an important lighting and crowded vehicles and of health infrastructure is crucial factor affecting enrolment of girl non conforming uses (like beer in maintaining maternal and child children to school. (Bhan 2001) outlets) near bus stops as the main health. In households which lack High density areas with adequate factors affecting safety. Crowding these basic facilities, priority is often natural surveillance (for example in public transport (buses, metros, given to television, mobile phone

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 5 POLICY REVIEW or motorcycles than to toilets or to land use mix, adequate density, Mayoux, Linda. 2005. Rocky Road to safe drinking water provision. It safe public spaces, and urban Gender City. Gender Training DFID could be seen that the provision of infrastructure such as water supply, Evaluation Department. web basic facilities is more important to sanitation, waste disposal, public Moser, Caroline O. N. 1993. Gender women. transport, improved pedestrian Planning and Development - Theory, facilities, adequate street lighting Practice and Training. London and New TRADITIONAL ROLES OF and intelligent management systems York: Routledge. WOMEN are very crucial in making cities Nohn, Mathias 2011 Mixed Use Zoning Women’s traditional roles as equitable. Policymakers should plan and Home based Production in India caregivers and home makers can be to make gender sensitive cities where Women in Informal Employment: women too can enjoy all the fruits of aided by many city systems. Women Globalizing and Organising planning. with young children benefit a lot from Rendell Jane, Barbara Penner and Lain community facilities like crèches Borden, eds. 2000. Gender Space REFERENCES and community kitchens. Crèches Architecture: An Interdisciplinary should be made mandatory in all Bhan, Gautam. 2001. India Gender Profile Introduction. London: Routledge Report: Commissioned for Sida August workplaces with female employees 2001 BRIDGE (development- gender) Pickup, Laurie. 1988. Hard to get around: and also in neighborhoods. Taking Institute of Development Studies A study on Travel Mobility. In Women care of the aged and the disabled University of Sussex, Brighton Website In Cities Gender And The Urban also can be incorporated in civic www.ids.ac.uk/bridge accessed 21 Environment, eds. Little Jo., Linda Peake planning which will ease the burden March 2007 & Pat Richardson. London: Macmillan of the women caregivers. Bitton Tony, Bonet Kevin, Jones Pip, Education. Skinner David, Stanworth Mitcheelle and Webster Andrew. 1996 Introductory UNCHS. 2000. Draft Policy Paper on CONCLUSIONS Sociology London: Palgrave Women and Urban Governance Gender equity in planning can be Carmona, Matthew, Tim Heath, Taner Viswanath Kalpana and Surabhi Thandon ensured when the resources of the Oc and Steven Tiesdell. 2003. Public Mehrotra 2007. ‘Shall We Go Out?’ city are equally accessible to men Places- Urban Spaces: The Dimensions Women’s Safety in Public Spaces in Of Urban Design, Amsterdam, Tokyo: Delhi. In Economic and Political Weekly as well as women. Participation Architectural Press. of women in the public realm, by April 28, 2007 pp 1542-1548. Friedan, Betty. 2000. The problem that has enjoying it, travelling through it, no name. In Gender Space Architecture: Wilson, Elizabeth. 1991. Into the Labyrinth. learning from it and taking part in An Interdisciplinary Introduction eds. In Space, Gender, Knowledge Feminist leisure and all activities which others Rendell Jane, Barbara Penner and Lain Readings ed. Mc Dowell Linda, Joanne are able to, ensures them the right to Borden. 33-44 London: Routledge. P Sharp 277-283. London: Arnold. the city. City systems should be able Originally Published in Friedan The Feminine Mystique 1963 Women in Cities International Tackling to facilitate and supplement women’s Gender Exclusion: Experiences in traditional gender roles. Greed Clara H. 1994. Women And Planning: Creating Gendered Realities, Gender Inclusive City Planning accessed If constraints in the urban area London: Routledge. ------1984. on 16/03/2015 can be removed, more women Redesigning the American Dream: The Future of Housing Work and Family ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS can contribute towards economic Life. New York: W .Norton & Company. production and wage employment This work is part of the literature Litman, Todd Alexander. 2015. Land use and can become empowered. In Impacts on Transport : How Land Use study of the doctoral thesis titled “The India urbanization is expected to Factors affect Travel Behaviour Victoria Influence of Physical Space on Gendered increase in the coming decades. Transport Policy Institute. Participation in the Public Realm: The Policies for creating employment Mackenzie, Suzanne. 1988. Balancing our case of Hyderabad” completed in January opportunities for women and men space and Time: The Impact of Women’s 2010 under Dr. Padmavathi Pervar, Vice should be tied up with measures to Organisation on the British City 1920- Chancellor, Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture 1980. In Women In Cities Gender And and Fine Arts University. Hyderabad. The remove constraints for the rightful The Urban Environment, eds. Little Jo, participation of women in the urban Linda Peake and Pat Richardson. 1988. research was conducted under the QIP area. Adequate housing, proper London: Macmillan Education. programme of AICTE.

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Housing Amenities in Urban India Issues and Challenges

ARJUN KUMAR The need for access to basic amenities — 2012-17 (TG-12) estimated the drinking water, sanitation, electricity, and number of urban households to be drainage — to ensure a decent quality of 81.35 million and the urban housing life has been internationally and nationally recognised and acted upon in the form of shortage to be 18.78 million, in 2012. “As the fruits of Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) Households from economically and various policies and programs in development reach weaker sections and lower income India. Deprivation and disparities in access groups accounted for around 96 an increasingly large to basic amenities in urban India have number of people, the been highlighted in this paper. Despite per cent of this shortage, mainly on pace of migration from improvement over time, many households the account of the congestion factor the rural areas to the in urban India still face deprivations of basic (Kumar, 2014 c). amenities and hence have a low standard cities also increases. of living. Disparity among the households The urban housing needs have A neo middle class is located in slums and small and medium changed drastically over the emerging which has towns/cities and those belonging to poor past few decades. Issues such as the aspiration of better (lower strata of consumption expenditure economic competitiveness of cities, living standards. Unless, classes), Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste and Wage Labourers (casual labourers) provision of easy access to housing/ new cities are developed were observed to be increasing. Findings affordable housing, empowerment to accommodate the suggest the need for attention towards basic of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) / burgeoning number of amenities with special focus on slums, small Para-Statal agencies, provision and people, the existing cities and medium towns/cities and for group- pricing of quality infrastructure would soon become specific measures, to raise the overall quality of life and well-being. / amenities / other municipal unliveable. The Prime services, slums redevelopment, Minister has a vision of INTRODUCTION formalisation/regularisation of developing ‘one hundred Adequate shelter and housing unauthorized colonies, congestion & Smart Cities’, as satellite overcrowding, migration & mobility towns of larger cities amenities are crucial to ensure a dignified life with physical, and steep rise in vacant houses have and by modernising the cropped up in the recent past. These existing mid-sized cities.” psychological, social and economic security for the people of a country are additions to the prevailing issues and to raise their standard of living. such as temporary/katcha houses, The importance of housing and basic obsolete condition of houses, KEYWORDS amenities has been internationally homeless households and shelter recognized by the United Nations, camps, delivery of basic amenities Housing Amenities, Development, since the Universal Declaration to every household, and challenges Slums, Smart Cities. of Human Rights in 1948, and in of urban planning and development Arjun Kumar([email protected]) is Millennium Development Goals like equal access and opportunity, a Research Affiliate and Visiting Faculty (MDGs) pledged by 189 nations inclusiveness, decentralisation, with the Indian Institute of Dalit Studies, in 2000. In India, the Technical New Delhi. sustainability, protection of the Group on Urban Housing Shortage, environment and security.

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‘Housing and Basic Amenities for All’ soon become unliveable. The Prime Over the years, various policies and has been a dream long envisioned and Minister has a vision of developing actions have positively stimulated the worked upon, but ‘All’ are far from ‘one hundred Smart Cities’, as urban housing condition and access attaining housing as well as access satellite towns of larger cities and by to amenities in India, in terms of the to housing amenities, leading to dire modernising the existing mid-sized type of dwelling structures, access to consequences on the development cities.” housing amenities such as drinking of our country and rendering water, sanitation, electricity, etc. by There is a crying need for the cities the MDGs unfulfilled. Various to get smarter to handle this large- the households. However, as the programmes of the Government scale urbanization and find new literature points out,there are still a of India such as Jawaharlal Nehru ways to manage complexity, increase large proportion of households that National Urban Renewal Mission efficiency, reduce expenses, and fail to have adequate housing and the (JnNURM), aimed at improving and improve quality of life. The key feature essential basic amenities, especially augmenting the economic and social of a smart city is in the intersection the households located in slums, small infrastructure in select cities as well between competitiveness, capital towns/cities and backward states, and as at providing affordable housing and sustainability. Smart cities those belonging to the lower strata and basic services to the urban should be able to provide good of consumption expenditure (poor), poor (BSUP) through planned infrastructure and quality of life scheduled tribes, scheduled castes and interventions. Other schemes such as water, sanitation, reliable wage labourers. like Rajiv AwasYojana (RAY), utility services, health care; attract This paper aims to give an overview Affordable Housing in Partnership investments; transparent processes of the situation of the availability of (AHP) Scheme and Interest Subsidy to run commercial activities; fast housing amenities (like drinking Scheme for Housing Urban Poor online building approval system water, sanitation, electricity and (ISHUP) etc. are also functioning and simple online citizen centric drainage arrangement) to the urban for the provisions of various housing services.Institutional Infrastructure households. It also tries to show the needs and services. Further, the (including Governance), Physical gaps in the provision of housing Government of India has set a target Infrastructure, Social Infrastructure amenities, for which targeted focus of building 20 million houses by and Economic Infrastructure is required, and it shows the urban 2022 to replace urban slums and constitute the four pillars on which spaces where attention is required provide affordable housing for all. a city rests. The centre of attention immediately. Based on various Cities are referred to as the engines for each of these pillars is the citizen. policies, schemes and literature, this of economic growth.It is in this In other words a smart city works paper also tries to list the challenges context that the new government has towards ensuring the best for its involved in and the steps required on decided on developing 100 “Smart entire people, regardless of social how to go ahead in providing access Cities” in the country. Accordingly, status, age, income levels, gender, to housing amenities for all, so that in his budget speech of July 2014, etc. the well-being and standard of living the Finance Minister has stated as In developing nations like India, of the people in urban India can be follows: where an increasing share of raised. “As the fruits of development reach an population resides in urban areas increasingly large number of people, and faces various institutional, social DEPRIVATION IN ACCESS the pace of migration from the rural and financial challenges to gaining TO HOUSING AMENITIES IN areas to the cities is increasing. A neo adequate housing, amenities and URBAN INDIA middle class is emerging which has the services, it is crucial to understand the Data for housing amenities have aspiration of better living standards. needs and dynamics of the demand- been used from House listing and Unless, new cities are developed to side of the situation, so that the Housing Census data, Census of accommodate the burgeoning number supply-side can be effectively planned India (2001 and 2011) and Housing of people, the existing cities would and implemented. Conditions Round1, National

8 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication POLICY REVIEW

Sample Surveys (NSS) (1993 cent, 18.6 per cent, 7.3 per cent and in 2011 (28.8 per cent of urban and 2008-09). The indicators2 of 55.5 per cent respectively. households). In case of no latrine housing amenities–drinking water, There was an improvement in access facilities within the premises, there sanitation, electricity and drainage to housing amenities by urban was an increase of 0.5 million arrangement—used in this paper households, in percentage terms, households, from 14.1 million in are deprivation measures3, which during 2001-11. However, when 2001 (26.3 per cent) to 14.7 million highlight the households not having we analyse the absolute number in 2011 (18.6 per cent). The number access to the corresponding housing of households deprived of these of households not having electricity amenities. amenities, we find that despite in the house witnessed a decrease the decline in the proportion of of 0.9 million, from 6.7 million in Aggregate deprived households, there has been 2001 (12.4 per cent) to 5.8 million marginal increase in the numbers in 2011 (7.3 per cent), and those not The total number of urban of households deprived of the having closed drainage connectivity households was 78.9 million as availability of drinking water within for waste water outlet witnessed an per Census, 2011, which were 25.2 the premises, latrine facility within increase of 8.6 million, from 35.2 million households (46.9 per cent) the premises and closed drainage million in 2001 (65.5 per cent) to more than the corresponding figure connectivity to a waste water outlet, 43.8 million in 2011 (55.5 per cent). of 53.7 million households in 2001. while there has been a decline in the The compounded annual rates (Table 1) number of households deprived of of decline in the percentages of As per census 2011, the proportion electricity in the premises. deprived households, during 2001 of urban households deprived of the The number of households not to 2011, were 1.82 percent, 3.40 per availability of drinking water within having availability of drinking water cent, 5.16 percent and 1.64 per cent the premises, latrine facility within within the premises witnessed an for no availability of drinking water the premises, electricity in the house increase of 4.1 million, from 18.6 within the premises, latrine facilities and closed drainage connectivity to million in 2001 (34.6 per cent of within the premises, electricity a waste water outlet were 28.8 per urban households) to 22.7 million in the house and closed drainage

Table 1 Deprivation in Access to important Basic Amenities by the Household during 2001 and 2011 in Urban India (numbers are in millions)

Levels 2001 – 2011 (Changes) 2011 2001 Numbers as proportion of Annual compo- (millions) total households unded (in %) during 2001 (in %) Number of Households (in millions) 78.9 53.7 25.2 in % 46.9 Number of Households Not having Availability of Drinking Water 22.7 18.6 4.1 within the premise (Near the premise and Away) (in millions) as proportion of total HHs (in %) 28.8 34.6 22.3 -1.82 Number of Households Not having Latrine Facility within the premise 14.7 14.1 0.5 (Public and Open latrine use) (in millions) as proportion of total HHs (in %) 18.6 26.3 3.9 -3.40 Number of Households Not having Electricity in the house (Kerosene, 5.8 6.7 -0.9 Other sources and no lighting) (in millions) as proportion of total HHs (in %) 7.3 12.4 -13.5 -5.16 Number of Households Not having Closed Drainage Connectivity for 43.8 35.2 8.6 Waste Water Outlet (Open drainage and No drainage) (in millions) as proportion of total HHs (in %) 55.5 65.5 24.4 -1.64 Note: Annual compounded growth rate is calculated based upon percentage in 2011 over percentage in 2001 of levels of deprivation of corresponding housing amenities. Source: House listing and Housing Census Data, Census of India, 2001 and 2011.

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connectivity for waste water outlet improvement has increased on a Thus a reinvigorated focus on smaller respectively. The compoundedmodest scale, exclusionary practices towns and cities, while making annual rate of decline in the such as evictions have increased, provisions of housing amenities in proportion of deprived households partly to ‘cleanse’ the cities and urban India, would go a long way in was the highest for the availability enhance their image among ensuring inclusive urban growth. of electricity in the house, which in prospective investors.’ (UN- Habitat: turn can be seen in terms of fall in 2014) State-Wise Distribution the absolute number of households Backward states like Assam, Bihar, deprived of electricity in the house. Various Class Sizes of Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Even as per NSS, improvement in Towns/Cities Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, the access to housing amenities was In urban India, growth in small North-Eastern and hilly States observed between 1993 and 2008/9. towns has been slower than that were found to have slow rates of There was, in fact, acceleration in in medium and large towns. As a improvement in access to housing the rate of decline in deprivation in result, there has been a decline in amenities during 2001 to 2011, as per access to housing amenities by the the share of small towns and an Census data, and as a result, they had households during 2002–2008/9. increase in the share of medium high percentage levels of deprivation (Kumar: 2013, Kumar: 2014 a) and large town households in this in 2011, among all the indicators in period. This phenomenon has also urban areas. The rise in the absolute Slums been highlighted in earlier literature number of households deprived The 2011 Primary Census Abstract as ‘dualism in urbanization’ or ‘top- of housing amenities during this for Slums reveals that the slum heavy structure of urbanization’ period can mostly be attributed to population in India increased (Kundu: 2006). backward states like Assam, Bihar, during 2001-2011, with urban Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Households in smaller towns have slum4 households constituting 17.43 Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar been noticed to have the lowest per cent of the total 78.87 million Pradesh, West Bengal and others. annual rate of improvement (decline households in urban India (Table 2). This shows that ‘Inequity’ in the in deprivation) in availability of Households in urban slums reported provision of basic services across housing amenities, followed by higher level of deprivation in access states and various size categories the improvement rates in medium to basic amenities as compared to of urban centres is extremely high. towns and then larger towns and Investments for the development the levels of deprivation in urban cities, between 1993 and 2008-09, of infrastructure and provision of India as a whole in 2011. However, from NSS data, resulting in high basic services have not been spatially as can be seen from Table 2, the levels of deprivation in access to balanced during the past few decades. access to important basic amenities housing amenities in smaller towns, More specifically, state governments has improved significantly during followed by deprivation in medium and para-statal institutions did not the 2001-2011 census. towns and then larger towns and exhibit sensitivity towards small ‘While public spending on slum cities. (Table 3) and medium towns and backward

Table 2 Deprivation in Access to important Basic Amenities by the Household in Urban Slums and Urban India during 2011 (in %)

Urban Slums Urban India Number of Households (in Millions) 13.75 78.87 Households Not having Availability of Drinking Water within the premise 43.3 28.8 Households Not having Latrine Facility within the premise 34.0 18.6 Households Not having Electricity in the house 9.5 7.3 Households Not having Closed Drainage Connectivity for Waste Water Outlet 63.1 55.5 Source: Primary Census Abstract for Slums, Census of India, 2011.

10 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication POLICY REVIEW states. Unfortunately, privatisation, social and economic categories access to housing amenities by partnership arrangements and from gaining a foothold in households and very low annual community-based projects that are cities and a stifling dynamics of rate of decline in this deprivation being projected as alternatives have development at the lowest level of among poor households, not been able to fill the vacuum the urban hierarchy (Kundu: 2011). as compared to non-poor created by the withdrawal of the A detailed study on the deprivation households, thus resulting in State, taking place under the new in access to housing amenities in high levels of deprivation among system of governance.’ (Kundu et al: the poor (Kumar: 2013, Kumar: 1999, Kundu: 2006). urban India across various socio- economic groups brings various 2014 a). Across caste and ethnic groups, Scheduled Tribe (ST) and Socio-Economic Groups forms of exclusions to the forefront, throwing light on the issues like Scheduled Caste (SC) households A major failure of city governance had remarkably higher levels of insensitivity towards inclusion of has been the inability to meet deprivation and lower annual the poor (economically weaker), the needs of the poor and the rate of decline in deprivation, caste-based exclusion and elite apprehension is that this is a as compared to the households manifestation of an exclusionary capture. belonging to other social groups. urbanisation in the country, As per NSS data, economic Interface of caste-based and prohibiting or discouraging category-wise study showed high economic categories show that in in-migration of persons in the low percentage of deprivation in every economic class category, ST

Table 3. Deprivation of Few important Basic Amenities by the Household among Various Size class of Towns/Cities during 1993 and 2008-09 in Urban India (levels are in % and changes in annual compound growth rate)

Small Towns Medium Towns Large Towns Urban Areas No Facility of Drinking Water in the House Levels in 1993 44.6 41.0 28.4 39.2 Levels in 2008-09 31.6 22.5 15.6 22.9 Annual Change, 1993 to 2008-09 -2.2 -3.7 -3.7 -3.3 No Latrine Facility in the House Levels in 1993 42.7 36.0 29.9 36.6 Levels in 2008-09 26.5 14.7 15.3 17.7 Annual Change, 1993 to 2008-09 -3.0 -5.5 -4.2 -4.5

No Electricity Use for domestic Purposes in the House Levels in 1993 25.2 18.7 8.9 18.4 Levels in 2008-09 7.0 3.6 1.4 3.9 Annual Change, 1993 to 2008-09 -7.8 -9.9 -11.3 -9.4

Open, Katcha and No Drainage Arrangement in the House Levels in 1993 51.7 40.5 18.5 38.8 Levels in 2008-09 34.1 22.0 5.2 20.6 Annual Change, 1993 to 2008-09 -2.6 -3.8 -7.7 -3.9 Note: The classifications used here for the analysis of different size classes of towns/cities, from NSS data during 1993 and 2008/9, are: Small towns- population less than 50,000; Medium towns- population more than 50,000 and less than 1 million; and, Large towns- population more than 1 million. It should be noted here that the reference time for arriving at the year differences between two surveys is the mid-point of the NSS Housing Conditions rounds. The NSS 49th round (January to June 1993) was completed in six months while the 65th round (July 2008 to June 2009) was completed in a year. Thus, the overall period under study is 15.75 years, from 1993 to 2008-09. Source: Author’s Calculation using National Sample Survey, Household Conditions Rounds, unit record data for the respective years.

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 11 POLICY REVIEW and SC households experienced CONCLUDING the overall responsibility of ensuring higher levels of deprivation and OBSERVATIONS AND THE housing amenities to all sections of lower annual rate of decline WAY FORWARD population in different size/class of in deprivation vis-à-vis other Availability of housing amenities urban centres, irrespective of their households. Among livelihood such as drinking water, sanitation, income or affordability. For this categories, casual labourers’ electricity and drainage purpose it would be important to households were found to have arrangement, etc. by the households set up the ‘minimum standards’ for high levels of deprivation, followed has improved substantially in the amenities in realistic terms. The by households belonging to self proportion terms during the last government may, however, fulfil employed and then regular wage/ decades in urban India. However, this responsibility by engaging/ salary earners and others. Among the deprivation has starkly risen in supporting private organisations, religious groups, Muslims followed terms of absolute numbers (except NGOs and CBOs or by strengthening by Hindu households were found for access to electricity in the house, the local bodies (Kundu et al: 1999). to have high levels of deprivation, where there was a fall in the absolute To reduce the top-down as compared to other religious number of deprived households) due minorities’ households. (Kumar: implementation of policies, to the increase in urbanisation and planners and policymakers have, 2013) in-migration. Households located in in recent years, made a strong case slums, in small and medium towns Achieving the goal of an ‘inclusive for para-statal agencies and local and cities, in backward regions and society’ calls for immediate governments to mobilise finances those belonging to the poor (lower corrective measures having from their internal resources or strata of consumption expenditure legal sanctity, along with other borrow from financing institutions classes), scheduled tribe, scheduled complimentary anti-poverty, non- with the objective of ‘bringing in caste and wage labourers (casual discriminatory and economic and efficiency and accountability in their labourers) were found lagging in the social development programmes. functioning’ (Kundu et al: 1999, availability of amenities in the house Besides socio-economic exclusions, Kundu: 2006). there has been a stark lag in the in urban India. policy-making efforts, coupled Constitutional amendment for The findings suggest that availability with the inefficient top-down decentralisation of financial powers of housing amenities that are policy implementation in India. is not sufficient for augmenting highly crucial for ensuring a better ‘The big city bias of the mission resources of the local bodies. quality of life in urban India, (JnNURM) is very evident. India’s This must be backed up by require immediate attention and developed states and big cities actual devolution of powers and have been able to take advantage recent policies relating to these provisions need to be strengthened responsibilities and their use by of the mission and improve their the local bodies. The management infrastructural requirements with inclusive and socio-spatial perspective. This would help to capacities of these bodies need to of water supply, sewerage and be strengthened by giving more transportation. Spending for the deliver an equal access to basic housing amenities and services. technical personnel, training the urban poor has declined over the existing staff and capacity building. years and they are partners in the While the focus is required to extend They should be able to organise their programme in a very cosmetic the effective delivery of housing affairs better, including mobilisation sense. The small towns and poorer amenities and services where it is of tax and non-tax resources (Kundu states have taken little advantage of unavailable, additional efforts are et al: 1999). this programme because of their also required for affordable pricing 5 limited capacity to understand or user fee charges of these housing The new paradigm of participatory and implement reforms, and to amenities and municipal services in governance, backed up by area and prepare city development plans transparent, accountable, efficient social group targeting can help and detailed project reports which and sustainable manner. the lagging states in preparing and are contingent for qualifying for implementing a comprehensive funds.’ (Kundu, D: 2014) The state governments should take plan for infrastructure, basic

12 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication POLICY REVIEW amenities and social development The major challenges in providing shift in urban development from in collaboration with the major basic amenities to households are ‘urban renewal’ to ‘resilient cities’ national and international partners of implementation and monitoring necessitates specialised urban (Kundu& Varghese: 2010). and of constraints with ULBs, as institutions with continual vigour. highlighted in earlier literature. Smart and Empowered Urban Local Also, decisions on the funding of Development of smart cities and Bodies and Para-Statal Institutions 65 mission cities under JnNURM steps towards the achievement will cater to our current needs and were based on the Census 2001. of MDGs require smart and challenges and also help to meet our This resulted in disparities in the empowered urban local bodies and future requirements and planning creation of urban infrastructure para-statal institutions. judiciously. across India, as smaller towns were at a disadvantage vis-à-vis large There is a need of carrying out NOTES effective and stringent legal and cities in access to the funds. Thus, 1 administrative reforms and of Data on the indicators were extracted the funding for the well-off cities and tabulated from the NSS household (like the state capitals and million- enforcement of second generation unit record data by applying the weights plus cities) needs to be scaled down reforms on priority basis, by ULBs. provided by the NSS. as they have the capacity to generate In order to deliver affordable and 2 Indicators Used: resources of their own. The extra efficient housing amenities and Census of India available funds could be directed municipal services, the ULBs i towards making special provisions need to work in an expansion or Households not having availability of exponential mode, with continuous drinking water within the premise: It for addressing the infrastructure refers to households having availability needs of the economically backward capacity building and revitalisation of drinking water near the premises and states and smaller towns (D. Kundu: of administrative and financial away from the premises. 2014). energy, which will require roping in ii Households not having latrine of specialised institutions and para- facility within the premise: It refers to There is an urgent need for a Mission, statal agencies. These institutions households having public and open specifically targeting the small need to be people friendly and latrine use, meaning no latrine facility and medium towns, including the should make optimum utilisation within the premise. newly identified urban centres for of local resources, and choose iii Households not having electricity in urbanisation process in the country appropriate actions learning from the house (as a source of lighting in the to acquire a non-exclusionary past experiences across urban house): It refers to households having kerosene, other sources of lighting in the character (Kundu A 2014). spaces, for arriving at apt decisions. house and no electricity. The idea of smart or developed cities Local-level governments and iv Households not having closed drainage often stays limited to the affluent institutions should also have connectivity for waste water outlet: sections of society. Even though It refers to households having open periodic, real-time comprehensive drainage and no drainage connectivity various low-cost/ low-income database of services available to each for waste water outlet. housing projects and schemes and house and household (information National Sample Survey provisions for housing amenities are such as house number, availability i under planning or implementation, No facility of drinking water in the and usage of quantity and quality of house: It refers to the community use but the question remains whether various amenities and services, such of the drinking water facility by the population in low income category as water, electricity, LPG, etc., along households. will be able to afford these houses with their connection details) using ii No latrine facility in the house: It refers & services. These are certainly not latest technology and coordination to Public or community use of latrine affordable by the income levels of the with all the stakeholders, to facilities, and non-availability of such households belonging to the weakest efficiently monitor the households’ facility in the house. sections, which mostly live hand-to- demand and requirements, as well iii No electricity used for domestic mouth on daily-wages, in cities and as supply-side leakages and to pace purposes. towns, where even bare sustenance is up the delivery of such services iv Open katcha and no drainage ridiculously expensive. in timely manner. The paradigm arrangement: Here, underground and

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pucca arrangement for drainage are Contradictions”, Penguin Books, New “Regional Inequality and ‘Inclusive excluded. Delhi. Growth’ in India under Globalization: 3 The indicators were created based on Kumar, Arjun (2013), “Access to Basic Identification of Lagging States for the information from Census and NSS. Amenities in Urban India – An Analysis Strategic Intervention”, Oxfam India These are the recoding of the variables across Size Class of Towns/Cities”, as available from the same. The focus Urban India, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 127-140, working papers series, OIWPS – VI, here is to include those indicators which July – Dec 2013, National Institute of September 2010. significantly capture the unavailability Urban Affairs. Kundu, Debolina (2014), “Urban and no access to the corresponding Kumar, Arjun (2014 a), “Access to Basic Development Programmes in India: A housing amenities. Amenities: Aspects of Caste, Ethnicity Critique of JnNURM”, Social Change, 4 A Slum, for the purpose of Census, and Poverty in Rural and Urban India— has been defined as residential areas 1993 to 2008–2009”, Journal of Land and 44(4), 615-632. where dwellings are unfit for human Rural Studies, January 2014, Vol. 2, No. Kundu, Debolina & Dibyendu Samanta habitation by reasons of dilapidation, 1, pages 127-148, Sage Publication. (2011), “Redefining the Inclusive Urban overcrowding, faulty arrangements and Kumar, Arjun (2014 b), “Estimating Rural Agenda in India”, Economic and Political design of such buildings, narrowness Housing Shortage”, Economic and or faulty arrangement of street, lack of Political Weekly, Vol - XLIX No. 26-27, Weekly, Vol - XLVI No. 05, January 29, ventilation, light, or sanitation facilities pp 74-70, June 28, 2014. 2011. or any combination of these factors Kumar, Arjun (2014 c), “Urban Housing Mahadevia, Darshini (2011), “Branded which are detrimental to the safety and Shortages in India - Aspects of Economic and Renewed? Policies, Politics and health. For the purpose of Census, Slums Category, Caste and Ethnicity”, Shelter, have been categorized and defined as of Vol. 15 No. 2, pp 47-54, HUDCO/HSMI Processes of Urban Development in the the following three types- Notified (All Publication, October 2014. Reform Era”, Economic and Political notified areas in a town or city notified Kumar, Arjun (2015), “Discrepancies in Weekly, Vol– 66(31), July 30, 2011. as ‘Slum’ by State, UT Administration Sanitation Statistics of Rural India”, or Local Government under any Act Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. L including a ‘Slum Act’), Recognized (All No. 2, pp 13-15, January 10, 2015. (2014), “Draft Concept Note on Smart areas recognized as ‘Slum’ by State, UT City Scheme”, Govt. of India, December, Administration or Local Government, Kumar, Arjun & S Mehta (2014), “An Housing and Slum Boards, which Appraisal of Municipal Solid Waste 2014 (http://indiansmartcities.in/) may have not been formally notified Management in India: With Special Sridhar, Kala Seetharam (2007), Reference to Delhi”, Educator, the FIMT as slum under any act) and Identified “Reforming Delivery of Urban Services (A compact area of at least 300 Journal, 6 (1), 10-31. population or about 60-70 households Kundu, Amitabh (2006), “Trends and in Developing Countries”, Economic of poorly built congested tenements, in Patterns of Urbanisation and their and Political Weekly, 62(33), August 18, unhygienic environment usually with Economic Implication” (Chapter 2) in 2007. inadequate infrastructure and lacking India Infrastructure Report on Urban in proper sanitary and drinking water Infrastructure 2006 by Infrastructure UN-Habitat (2014), “The Evolution of facilities). Development Finance Company, Oxford National Urban Policies: A Global 5 University Press, New Delhi. The paradigm shift in the formulation Overview”, United Nations Human and implementation of the Eleventh Kundu, Amitabh (2011), “Politics and Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Plan is reflected in the greater role Economics of Urban Growth”, Economic being assigned to the state and local and Political Weekly, Vol - XLVI No. 20, Nairobi. governments, along with civil society May 14, 2011. organizations. Detailed guidelines have Kundu, Amitabh (2014), “Exclusionary ACKNOWLEDGMENTS been issued to the states for preparing Growth, Poverty and India’s Emerging district plans and sub-plans through Urban Structure”, Social Change, 44(4), the district/block level committees and 541-566. The author would like to acknowledge other Constitutional bodies created for Kundu, Amitabh, Soumen Bagchi & Prof. Amitabh Kundu, Prof. Sukhadeo this purpose. In fact, these plans are Debolina Kundu (1999), “Regional Thorat, Prof. P. M. Kulkarni, Prof. Amaresh a pre-requisite for accessing funds in Distribution of Infrastructure and Dubey, Prof. Sachidanand Sinha, Dr. many of the new central sector schemes. Basic Amenities in Urban India: Issues Debolina Kundu, Dr. Himanshu and the REFERENCES Concerning Empowerment of Local Bodies”, Economic and Political Weekly, Indian Institute of Dalit Studies’ research Dreze, Jean & Amartya Sen (2013), Vol. XXXIV No. 28, July 10, 1999. team for their insightful comments on the “An Uncertain Glory: India and Its Kundu, Amitabh &K. Varghese (2010), earlier versions of this paper.

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ICT Preparedness of Indian Cities Can We Become Smart?

DEBOLINA KUNDU Cities have been recognised as engines of such a scenario, in order to attract growth contributing to high share of GDP. global and domestic capital, ICT Although the level of urbanisation is only application becomes enhancers of 31 per cent in India, Indian cities contribute city competitiveness. The global big to over 60 per cent of the GDP. In fact, the cities contribute high percentage of JNNURM was launched in 2005 to make The key feature of a cities competitive and economically self- GDP. The top 5 cities in the US and Japan contribute 70-80 per cent of Smart City lies in the reliant by addressing the issues of massive the country’s GDP. The biggest city intersection between investments required for infrastructure development and reforms that are required in the United Kingdom and France competitiveness, capital to sustain investments. Taking forward contributes 20-30 per cent of entire and sustainability. The the urban development Mission, the new country’s GDP. Smart city is the smart cities should be Government is preparing to launch the vision of most of the future cities. able to provide good ambitious Mission of creating at least More than 1,000 cities around the 100 smart cities in the country. Given this infrastructure such as world are going for the smart city background, this article attempts to analyse water, sanitation, reliable the preparedness of the Indian cities to plan. Importantly, India has also utility services, health become smart, based on the secondary launched a smart agenda for its care; attract investments; data brought out by the Census 2011. The cities, with a mission to develop at transparent processes findings show that in the Indian cities, the least 100 such cities. access to internet connection and mobile that make it easy to run India has shown lower levels of commercial activities; ownership is still far from desirable and uneven across towns & cities within the urbanisation than expected. As per simple and on line same class. The small towns have much 2011 Census, India was 31.16 per processes for obtaining lower access to these facilities and also suffer cent urban although such areas approvals, and various from the higher deficiency of basic minimum contributed to over 60 per cent of citizen centric services to services. Even available evidence shows that the national GDP, the metropolitan make citizens feel safe the 65 Mission cities have to go a long way cities contributing to about 49 per and happy. to attain “Smartness”. Moreover, there has cent of the national GDP (HSMI & been an addition of 2532 new census towns HUDCO Chair-NIUA 2012-13). In in the country where urban governance is fact, it has been projected that urban totally lacking. Given this scenario, Indian cities need concerted effort on several fronts areas are expected to contribute over to realise the Smart agenda within a given 75 per cent of the national GDP in timeframe. another 15 years’ time. ‘Urban’ as an entity received focused KEYWORDS INTRODUCTION attention of the government for Smart Cities, ICT, JNNURM, Urbanization has been recognised as the first time when the Jawaharlal Urbanization, PPP, E-Governance, a global feature with the future being Nehru National Urban Renewal projected to be more urban. The neo- Mission (JNNURM) was launched Debolina Kundu ([email protected]) liberal world is expected to witness on 3 December 2005 earmarking an is Associate Professor at the National Institute of Urban Affairs, New Delhi. a scenario where the city replaces investment of Rs 500 billion during country as a unit of competition. In the mission period of seven years.

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The mission was the single largest and services delivery mechanism, times. The present government has initiative of the Government of India community participation, and announced its ambitious Mission of for planned urban development that accountability of ULBs towards creating at least 100 smart cities in the integrates the two pressing needs of citizens. The primary objective of the country. The Mission is expected to urban India: massive investments JNNURM was to create economically be launched shortly. The Ministry of required for infrastructure productive, efficient, equitable and Urban Development, Government development and reforms that are responsive cities. To achieve this of India has pointed out in the required to sustain such investments. objective, it focused on integrated concept note on smart cities that “the The Eleventh Plan document development of infrastructure key features of a Smart City is in the envisaged the government strategy services; securing linkages between intersect between competitiveness, to “establish the macroeconomic asset creation and maintenance capital and sustainability. The smart preconditions for rapid growth and for long-run project sustainability; cities should be able to provide support key drivers of this growth”. It accelerating the flow of investment good infrastructure such as water, further added that the strategy must into urban infrastructure services; sanitation, reliable utility services, also include sector-specific policies planned urban development; health care; attract investments; to ensure that the structure of growth renewal of inner-city areas and transparent processes that make it and the institutional environment universalisation of urban services to easy to run commercial activities; in which it occurs, achieves “the ensure balanced urban development. simple and on-line processes for objective of inclusiveness in all its These objectives were to be achieved obtaining approvals, and various many dimensions”. through compliance of reforms, 10 citizen centric services to make at the state level and 13 at the urban citizens feel safe and happy” (MOUD To counter the exclusionary trends local body (ULB) level, over a period 2014-15). While the wish list is quite in Indian cities, the Eleventh Plan of 7 years. long, the key is clearly adequate was launched with an ambitious Given this background, the present access to physical infrastructure and “inclusive agenda” in order to bring utilities like electricity, water supply, about major improvements in urban paper attempts to analyse the preparedness of the Indian cities sanitation, solid waste management governance which sought to make to become smart based on the and drainage by all sections of the government-funded programmes secondary data brought out by population. in critical areas more effective and the Census 2011. Following the efficient. The strategy for inclusive The concept note is clear enough introductory section, the second growth has been introduced not on the selection of 100 cities. One section briefly describes the Smart just in a cosmetic sense, where some satellite city from each of the cities Cities Mission of the Government elements aimed at inclusion have with a population of four million or of India. The third section analyses more (a total of nine); most cities been added to the conventional the access of urban households to strategy for growth. Rather, “it is a with a population ranging between mobiles and computers with internet one and four million (35 out of 44); strategy which aims at achieving a facilities at the size class levels based particular type of growth process all State/ Union Territory capitals on the 2011 Population Census to with a population that is less than which will meet the objectives of assess the ICT preparedness of the inclusiveness and sustainability” one million (17); cities of tourist, cities. The fourth section assesses the religious and other importance (Kundu and Samanta 2011). performance of the Mission cities (10); and cities with a population of Urban renewal, with a focus on with regard to reform compliance between 0.2 and one million (25). inclusive development of urban of only those reforms which have In fact, this is not a list of whether centres, was one of the thrust areas a bearing on ‘smartness’. The final a specific city qualifies for that in the National Common Minimum section concludes this thought category of 100 cities. The criteria Programme of the UPA government process. indicate what kind of coverage the and it aimed to encourage reforms ‘Smart’ counterparts of cities are and fast-track infrastructure THE SMART CITIES MISSION likely to have. The implicit intention development with a focus on In India, the concept of smart cities was to avoid duplication of cities efficiency in urban infrastructure has begun to gain currency in recent covered under the JNNURM. Like

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JNNURM, several conditions have framework. These are basically rural high in metropolitan cities to 62.1 to be satisfied before a city can be panchayats which have satisfied the per cent. The access to electricity included in the 100 smart cities. Also, census definition of a population for the source of lighting is better, cities should be competitive enough that is more than 5,000, at least 75 as 92.7 per cent of the households in to have access to smart city funding. per cent of male workers engaged urban India have access to electricity. Importantly, the Ministry is yet to in non-agricultural pursuits and the However, there are frequent power decide on the final concept note population density of at least 400 per cuts in most cities. and the list of cities which would square kilometre. get the attention of the government THE ACCESS OF URBAN The access to basic amenities in to become smart. Correspondingly, HOUSEHOLDS TO SMART Indian towns and cities is far from several versions of the concept note TECHNOLOGY satisfactory. 70.6 per cent of the have been put up on the Ministry’s households have a source of drinking In urban India, on an average website. water supply within their premises. 64.33 per cent of the households However, the basic question that The percentage of households having have mobiles phones. The highest arises here is how far are Indian access to safe drinking water from proportion of households owing towns and cities equipped to the tap situated within premises mobile phones are found in Andaman introduce smartness. As per the is 62.0 percent for urban India on & Nicobar Islands, where 81.22 per 2011 Census, we have 7933 towns an average; while for metropolitan cent of the households own mobile and cities across the country which cities, it is 68.1 percent as per census phones. The lowest proportion of contribute to 31.16 per cent as level 2011. Though 81.4 percent of the households owing mobile phones is of urbanisation. Of these, 4041 households in urban India have found in Lakshadweep where only are statutory towns and 3892 are toilet facilities within premises, only 43.78 per cent of the households census towns. Specifically, a town 32.7 percent of the households have have mobile phones. At the city level, is statutory if the state government access to flush latrine facility with in Gulmarg (MC) in Jammu and has notified it as a municipality, a piped sewer within the premises. Kashmir state, all the households corporation, a cantonment board or In terms of the household access have mobile phones; whereas none a notified town area committee. The to waste water outlet connected to of the households in Maghdall census towns, 2532 of which got this closed drainage, 44.5 per cent of the (INA) in Gujarat state own a mobile. status for the first time in 2011 do households in the urban India have Tangdhar (CT) in Jammu and not fall under any urban governance such access, whereas the coverage is Kashmir has the lowest proportion of households possessing mobile Table 1: Percentage of households owns computer/laptop with internet and phones (1.38 per cent). At the size mobile phone in 2011 by size class class level, the households mobile phones follows a hierarchical pattern Percentage of HHs with highest number of connections Percentage of HHs with computer/ Size Class having mobile in Class I cities. laptop with phones internet In urban India, only 8.27 per cent of Class IA (1 million plus) 14.5 66.2 the households own computers with Class IB (500000-999999) 10.2 64.3 internet connection. Chandigarh Class IC (100000-499999) 6.4 65.4 has the highest share of such Class I (100000 plus) 11.1 65.7 households (19.29 per cent), while Class II (50000-99999) 4.4 64.9 Tripura has the lowest share (2.61 Class III (20000-49999) 4.1 62.0 per cent). At the city level, Reliance Class IV (10000-19999) 3.2 61.3 Complex (INA) in Gujarat state Class V (5000-9999) 2.8 59.2 has the highest proportion of Class VI (Less than 5000) 3.8 58.9 households having computer/laptop Urban India 8.3 64.3 with internet connection. Alang- Sosiya (INA) also in Gujarat state Source: Census of India, Household Tables 2011 has the lowest proportion. In urban

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India there are 37 towns where none have been able to bring more than have achieved the reform. The ULBs of the households owns a computer 85 per cent of the properties under of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh with internet connection. At the size the coverage of property tax and 34 are yet to initiate this reform. Some class level, the households owing cities have been able to achieve more of the ULBs have undertaken this computer/laptop with internet are than 90 per cent of the total demand. reform under e-governance. maximum in the Class I cities and Only 33 mission cities (51 per cent) decline in the smaller towns (Refer have been able to achieve all the Revision of Building Table 1). milestones of property tax reform. Bye-Laws to Streamline the Approval Process PERFORMANCE OF THE User Charge The reform on revision of building MISSION CITIES WITH Recovery of user charges is critical bye-laws to streamline the approval REGARD TO REFORM for achieving self-sustainability process includes streamlining COMPLIANCE of services and for improving the procedures for obtaining various The JNNURM cities were supposed financial strength of ULBs. Cities permits, easing monitoring during to adhere to several reforms over the have started to levy user charges construction, and improving 7 year period both at the state and to recover part of the O&M cost compliance, with emphasis on ULB levels to become competitive of water supply and solid waste clarifying procedures, making them and self-sufficient. In fact, several management but not to the extent of time-bound and addressing all reforms had the inherent roots 100 per cent, as stipulated in reforms. eventualities. As many as 53 ULBs of smart governance embedded Only 7 cities (11 per cent) have been have made changes in the process of in them. This section looks at the able to achieve this reform. approval for site development and compliance of reforms for all the construction of buildings and have 65 Mission cities at the end of the Public Private Partnership reduced the time for sanction. Some extended Mission period. of the ULBs have already adopted This reform was required to be the automatic system of Auto handled at both State and city levels. E-Governance DCR. Auto DCR is a unique and While, the role of the State was to innovative e-governance solution The implementation of e-governance create an enabling environment for automation of building plan in ULBs aims to improve system with an aim to expand, broaden and scrutiny and approval. It reads the of governance through use of deepen private sector investments building entities from the drawings information technology. There were in infrastructure, the role of the and maps them to the development eight modules to be implemented city was to develop and implement control regulations for approval by by the ULBs. The status of PPP projects in a process oriented ULBs and approving authorities. It implementation of e-governance, approach. Most of the ULBs have helps the authorities to automate particularly the registration of engaged private sector in the solid the process of scrutinizing building birth and death and redressal of waste management sector followed plans, mapping them as per the grievances has been quite successful. by the transport sector. Out of 65 development control rules and So far only 26 mission cities (40 per Mission cities, 45 cities (69 per cent) regulations and finally approving cent of the UIG cities) have been able have achieved this reform. In 13 them. to implement all the eight modules. cities though the PPP cell and policy Smaller ULBs do not have enough framework are not in place but the CONCLUSIONS resources and capacity to implement projects have been initiated. Indian cities suffer from the lack of this reform. basic minimum services. There is a Computerization of the strong relationship between the size Property Tax Process of Registration of of the cities and availability of civic Property tax reforms were expected Land and Property services. The access to civic services to increase the coverage and The implementation of this reform is much lower in smaller cities as efficiency of property tax collection needs coordination of ULBs with compared to larger cities. Even, the in the Indian cities. So far 40 cities revenue department. So far, 48 cities 65 Mission cities have to go a long

18 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication POLICY REVIEW way to become ‘Smart’. The access NOTES Note on Smart City Scheme, 2013 of cities to smart technologies is a 1 Modules include property tax, accessed http://indiansmartcities. new concept altogether. The access accounting, water supply and other in/downloads/CONCEPT_NOTE_- 3.12.2014__REVISED_AND_ to internet connection and mobile utilities, birth and death certificate, LATEST_.pdf ownership is uneven across size citizen grievance monitoring, personnel management system, building plan Registrar General of India. Census of class of towns. The small towns approval and health programmes. India’s 2011, Provisional Population have much lower access to these Totals of Rural-Urban Distribution. facilities. Moreover, there has been REFERENCES Government of India an addition of 2532 new Census Kundu, Debolina and Dibyendu Samanta. Registrar General of India. Census of towns in the country where urban Redefining the Inclusive Urban Agenda India’s 2011 Provisional Population governance is totally lacking. The in India(2011), Economic & Political Totals of Houses, Household Amenities state of local finances in Indian cities Weekly, Vol xlvi no 5 and Assets. Government of India is also in a pitiable condition. Given HSMI-HUDCO-NIUA. Metropolitan ACKNOWLEDMENTS this scenario, Indian cities need Cities of India- Status of Demographic, hand holding on several fronts to Economic. Social Structure, Housing The author is grateful to Ms. Pragya Sharma launch the smart agenda,which can and Basic Infrastructure, (2013) for her assistance in the development of make them prosper in an inclusive Ministry of Urban Development, arguments and Ms. Sangeeta Vijh and Mr. manner. Government of India. Draft Concept T.C. Sharma for data analysis.

Amendments to “The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Bill, 2013

Currently, the real estate and housing sector is largely These measures are expected to boost domestic and foreign unregulated and opaque, with consumers often being unable investment in the sector and help achieve the objective of the to procure complete information, or to enforce accountability Government of India to provide ‘Housing for All by 2022’, against builders and developers in the absence of effective through enhanced private participation. regulation. The Bill is expected to ensure greater accountability towards The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister, Shri consumers, and to significantly reduce frauds and delays. The Narendra Modi, gave its approval to amendments to the Real Bill is also expected to promote regulated and orderly growth Estate (Regulation and Development) Bill, 2013 pending in through efficiency, professionalism and standardization. It the Rajya Sabha, and approved amendments proposed in the seeks to ensure consumer protection, without adding another Bill on 7th April 2015. The recommendations of the Standing Committee of Parliament on Urban Development and stage in the procedure for sanctions. suggestions of various stakeholders (consumer organizations, The Bill proposes to cover both residential and commercial real industry associations, academia, experts etc.) have also been estate and envisages: included after extensive consultations. • Establishment of Real Estate Regulatory Authority: The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Bill is a • Registration of Real Estate Projects and Registration of Real pioneering initiative to protect the interest of consumers, Estate Agents: to promote fair play in real estate transactions and to ensure • Mandatory Public Disclosure of all project details: timely execution of projects. • Compulsory deposit of 50 percent: The Bill provides for a uniform regulatory environment, • Adherence to declared plans: to protect consumer interests, help speedy adjudication of • Fast Track Dispute Settlement Mechanism: disputes and ensure orderly growth of the real estate sector. The Bill contains provisions of registration of real estate projects • Establishment of Central Advisory Council: and registration of real estate agents with the Real Estate • Establishment of Real Estate Appellate Tribunal: Regulatory Authority; functions and duties of promoters and • Punitive Provisions: allottees; establishment of Real Estate Regulatory Authority; • Bar of Jurisdiction Courts: establishment of fast track dispute resolution mechanism • Power to make Rules and Regulations: through adjudication; establishment of a Real Estate Appellate Tribunal; offences and penalties etc. Source: www.pib.nic.in

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 19 POLICY REVIEW Urban Design Principles for Resilient Cities

To address the changes in urban design and planning, the biodiversity, indigenous or endangered species, wetlands, the tree following principles for resilient urban planning and design are canopy, connectivity, are all a necessary aspect of securing healthy required. natural systems. 1. Density, Diversity and Mix 7. Integrated Technical and Industrial Systems Creating resiliency and reducing the carbon footprint of urban The economic health and vitality of Resilient Cities and development requires us to maximize the active use of space neighbourhoodsis inextricably bound up with the effectiveness, and land. A single use low density residential neighbourhood or efficiency and safety of their technical and industrial systems suburban business parks, are typically underutilized during long and processes, including their manufacturing, transportation, periods of time. A vibrant and sufficiently densely populated communications and construction infrastructure and systems to urban environment, by contrast, is well used round-the-clock, increase their energy efficiency, and reduce their environmental all days of the week, and during all seasons. Dense mixed use footprint. neighbourhoods also allow for the effective functioning of all 8. Local Sources types of business, social and cultural activities with very low inputs of energy for transportation and logistics, thus increasing Resilient regions, cities, and neighbourhoods will grow and the resilience of these neighbourhoods. produce the resources they need, in close proximity (200 2. Pedestrians First kilometer radius). Reducing car-dependency is a key objective and imperative. The same principle that applies to food, also applies to the Luckily, the alternative modes of transportation – namely manufacture of goods, the production of energy (e.g. district walking, cycling, and transit – result in more sustainable urban energy, district heating), recreation needs (i.e. 100-mile tourism), environments, and in an improved quality of life. waste disposal, water management, and any other resources which we consume. 3. Transit Supportive 9. Engaged Communities Resilient cities will need to re-orient their way of thinking, by shifting from car oriented urban patterns (e.g. cul-de-sacs and From the seemingly trivial activities of everyday life (e.g. using a expressways) to transit oriented urban patterns and developments plastic bag) to the overtly transformational (e.g. growing the city), (e.g. mobility hubs, intensified corridors, and TODs). Not only citizens have a role to play and a responsibility. It is only through will pedestrian, and mass transportation friendly planning the sum total of individual actions, that change will come about. increase the quality of life of a cities, but less dependence on the Hence, residents and stakeholders must be part of planning and car will also have the best chances of economic and social success. designing their cities and their communities. 4. Place-Making 10. Redundant and Durable Life Safety and Critical Infrastructure Systems Resilient cities and neighbourhoods will focus energy and resources on conserving, enhancing, and creating strong, vibrant The physical, social and economic health of the Resilient City and places, which are a significant component of the neighbourhood’s its citizens is directly connected to the city’s ability to maintain the structure and of the community’s identity. effective functioning of its key life safety and critical infrastructure systems – especially during episodes of intense environmental A resilient post-carbon community, which reorients city-life to stress (such as during severe storms, floods, or other weather the pedestrian scale (a 500 m radius), must focus its efforts to related events). Key infrastructure systems such as drinking water creating a number of local destinations, which attract a critical- supply, electrical power, and residential heating in winter, and key mass of users and activities. life safety systems, such as police, fire, and emergency response 5. Complete Communities services and their support systems, must be planned and designed Resilient communities, will reduce their carbon footprint by for a level of redundancy and durability that will allow them to ensuring people opt to walk or cycle, instead of using a car. To resist present and future environmental stresses, as well as remain achieve this, destinations must be accessible within a pleasant operational and able to provide the necessary outputs or services. walking distance. Longer distances should be achievable through 11. Resilient Operations transit. Urban sprawl is extremely expensive to service and maintain – Connectivity is central to making an area pedestrian oriented. the amount of land, roads, pipes, and infrastructure required Streets and pedestrian walkways must be enjoyable to walk, must per capita is disproportionately large. Resilient cities will not link key destinations, and must operate at a fine scale. subsidize inefficient forms of development (e.g. building roads 6. Integrated Natural Systems and assuming operating costs) and instead prioritize city patterns and built forms that have a reduced footprint on the environment Cities and neighbourhoods need to develop in a way that conserves and enhances the quality of the water flow and supply, and a reduced burden on municipal resources (e.g. directing likewise for the quality of air and land. The health and integrity growth to where services exist: infill). of wildlife and vegetation are also a priority. Protecting existing Source: www.resilientcity.org 20 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication THEME PAPERS

Planning For Resilient Cities Key Imperatives

A.K. JAIN The rapid urbanization, coupled with the fires also occur frequently. Among increased intensity and frequency of adverse the 37 States/Union Territories in weather events, is posing challenges to deal with the consequences of climate change. the country, 22 are multi-disaster The Indian subcontinent is vulnerable to prone. As much as 40 million In Indian cities, 30 to 60 droughts, floods, cyclones and earthquakes. hectares of land in the country has per cent of the population The United Nations global assessment report been identified as flood prone, and lives in informal on disaster risks (2015) estimates that on an average 18.6 million hectares settlements. The major India’s average annual economic loss due to disasters is of the order of $9.8 billion. It of land is flooded annually. About 57 challenges for resilience is widely accepted that “natural disasters” per cent of the country is vulnerable lie in developing are the product of human processes, raising to seismic activity. 18 per cent of the necessary basic the question of what society can itself do country’s total area and about 68 per infrastructure for water, to reduce and withstand hazard risk, i.e. cent of total sown area is drought sanitation and drainage, increase its resilience. Resilience may be defined as an idealized “state of being” or a prone, affecting approximately 50 improving roads and dynamic process through which this state of million people. India has a long supporting housing being is improved through local environment coastline of 8040 km, which is improvements. Some of planning and adaptation. Resilience is exposed to tropical cyclones and the cities are addressing comprised of 6 interlinked Rs-Robustness tsunamis. As such, almost the entire these issues though Redundancy, Resourcefulness, Reformability, Recoverability and Rapidity. country is prone to disasters for upgrading projects and The resilience strategy targets achieving which preparedness and prevention programmes. In addition compound benefits through preparedness are necessary. to improving health and and focus on capacity, supports, information residents’ quality of life, structures, institutions, agents, and multi- The United Nations global hazard measures. upgrading makes low- assessment report on disaster income settlements and risks (2015) estimates that India’s INDRODUCTION cities more resilient to a average annual economic loss due range of natural hazards, The pace of urbanization in the to disasters is of the order of $9.8 including flooding, fires world today is unprecedented. An billion. This includes more than $7 and diseases. important issue in this regard is billion loss on account of floods. that while urbanization in the early The report warns of a need to make 20th century was mostly confined to adequate investments in disaster risk developed countries, the fastest rates KEYWORDS reduction (DRR) or it will hinder of urbanization of the 21st century development.India has projected a $1 are taking place in the developing Resilient Cities, Gender Sensitive, trillion investment in infrastructure countries, which host nearly three in the next five years and unless Electricity Consumption, Sustain- quarters of the world’s urban ability adequate steps are taken to make population. them resilient to floods and other A. K. Jain ([email protected]) is The Indian subcontinent isnatural calamities, the investment former Commissioner Planning, Delhi runs the risk of going waste.While Development Authority and a UN-Habitat vulnerable to droughts, floods, Consultant. cyclones and earthquakes. large population densities in urban Landslides, avalanches and forest areas create increased vulnerability,

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 21 THEME PAPERS they also create the potential for is particularly affected by climate decline in yield in rain-fed areas changes that can mitigate human change. According to the initial for some crops and an increase impacts on climate. national communication to the in incidences of extreme events, United Nations Framework on the such as droughts, floods and CLIMATE CHANGE AND Convention on Climate Change, cyclones. Since these impacts will IMPACTS ON URBAN the predicted impacts of climate strongly vary in their extent and CENTERS change in India include a surface form throughout the country, they India with its diverse agro- air temperature rise up to 4° require customized interventions climatic and morphological zones Celsius by 2100, up to 30 per cent in different states and regions

Fig.1: Conceptual linkages of climate change adaptation (CCA) & Disaster Risk Management (DRM)

Climate Change Adaptation: Disaster Risk Management: Reduce vulnerability to: Reduce vulnerability to:

Extreme weather events Climate and Gradual changes in Geophysical Ecological with increased frequency weather related hazards hazards Climatic parameters and severity hazards

Changes in Direct connection Sea level Rising mean precipitation rise temperature patterns

Potential Connection

Exploit connections using co-benefit strategies

Top-down/National Bottom-up/ govt. policies Community-based

Source: www.planetaction.org/automne_modules_files

Fig.2: The cycle of Urban pollution and rising temperature

Negative feedback

Increased Nose and pollution Fuel Transportation Cars pollution

Air conditioning Absorbed by Solar buildings, Rejected heat tarmac and Heat concrete waste heat

Negative feedback

22 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication THEME PAPERS to cope with these risks and to link more closely with poverty and damage as a result of hazard enhance the resilience of India’s India’s variety of climatic zones, impact. It is widely accepted that most threatened population. and cultures. India faces its own “natural disasters” are the product Climate change can bring peculiar challenges such as pollution of human processes of vulnerability considerable changes in the hazard reduction, carbon emission, fuels, creation, raising the question of profile of the region by its type, etc. for which the global approaches what society can itself do to reduce intensity, magnitude and frequency. and priorities may be inadequate. and withstand hazard risk, i.e. The intrinsic relationship of disasters India’s vast geography is contrasting increase its resilience. Resilience and climate change are conceptually in terms of its morphology and may be defined as an idealized “state presented in figures 1 and 2 below: climate and it would be naive to of being” (for instance “a resilient devise a national level generalized city”) or a dynamic process through The National Action Plan on Climate action plan without differentiating which this state of being is improved Change (NAPCC) and National with the geography, climate and its through learning and adaptation (as Mission report on Sustainable impacts. (Refer Table 1) a governing strategy). Resilience is Habitat are important landmarks seen as necessary for Disaster Risk on climate change debate in India. MAKING CITIES RESILIENT Reduction(DRR) – and increasingly These reflect government responses also for climate change adaptation. to the challenge of climate change Resilience refers to the ability of a vis-a-vis habitat. These need to system to avoid suffering irreparable Resilience emphasizes adaptive

Table 1 Climatic Change and Potential Impacts on Cities

Climate change Impact Urban Planning Consequences Increased Ground water depletion, Water Shortage Temperatures Water Shortage Distress migration to cities/towns due to droughts in rural areas Drought, Interruption of food supply networks and higher food prices Degraded air Quality Potential energy price increases (e.g., from reduced (smog) hydro-electricity generation) Exaggerated urban heat island effect, increased energy demands for cooling Need for higher and/or additional wastewater Treatment Population health impacts, increased mortality due to heat waves, decreased access to food/nutrition Increased Increased risk of Interruption of food supply networks Precipitation landslides or mudslides Property damage on hazard slopes Disruption of livelihoods and city economies Damage to infrastructure, not designed to standards of occurrences being experienced by rural areas Displacement and population movement from informal settlements, built on steep slope hazard lands, etc. More favorable breeding grounds for pathogens and disease vectors like mosquitoes, flies etc. Population health impacts (increased incidences of water-borne diseases like cholera) Sea-level rise Coastal flooding, Displacement and population movement Salt water intrusion Property damage into groundwater Damage to infrastructure supplies in coastal Increased disruption of livelihoods and city economies area, increased storm Health impacts (injuries, increased mortality and illness) surge hazard Interruption of food supply networks Increased risk of landslides or mudslides, hazard slopes

Source: Adapted from Developing Local Climate Change Plans, UN-HABITAT/international Institute for Environment & Development (2010) and Willbanks et al (2007)

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 23 THEME PAPERS capacity, which is a vital determinant through feedback cycles of planning, governments through high-profile of a resilient city and an essential implementation and learning, and events, providing tools, technical response to climate change. is informed by up-to-date risk assistance and training to local Adaptive capacity is defined as knowledge. authorities and facilitating city-to- “… the ability to plan, prepare for, The United Nations International city support networks and learning facilitate and implement adaptation Strategy for Disaster Reduction opportunities options”, and determinants include (UNISDR) has adopted Making wealth, technology, infrastructure, According to UNISDR, the DRR- Cities Resilient Campaign, which related activities comprise 10 information, knowledge and skills, began in 2010. This runs concurrently essentials (Refer Table 2). These commitment to equity and social with the Hyogo Framework of are considering DRR in new urban capital. This definition reflects Action, which seeks attention to the fact that not all communities, DRR. Among global initiatives, the planning regulations, plans and sectors and households have campaign is unusual in its focus both development activities; setting equal access to risk-reducing on urban and on local governments, up councils/committees/disaster interventions. Adaptive capacity which are seen as the “front line” management structures dedicated is often included in definitions in DRR. The campaign promotes to DRR; constructing or enhancing of resilience to encapsulate the resilience-building in cities through hazard-mitigating infrastructures; importance of iterative approaches many mechanisms, including raising and setting up education/awareness/ to resilience-building, which occurs awareness of DRR among local training programmes.

Table 2 UNISDR’s “10 essential” for making cities resilient

Institutional and Put in place organization and coordination to understand and reduce disaster risk based on participation administrative framework of citizen groups and civil society; build local alliances; ensure that all departments understand their role in disaster risk reduction and preparedness Financing and resources Assign a budget for disaster risk reduction and provide incentives for homeowners, low-income families, communities, businesses and the public sector to invest in reducing the risks they face Multi-hazard risk Maintain up-to-date data on hazards and vulnerabilities; prepare risk assessments and use these as the assessment-know your risk basis for urban development plans and decisions; ensure that this information and the plans for your city’s resilience are readily available to the public and fully discussed with them Infrastructure protection, Invest in and maintain critical infrastructure that reduces risk, such as storm water drainage is adjusted upgrading and resilience where needed to cope with climate change Protect vital facilities: Assess the safety of all schools and health facilities and upgrade these as necessary education and health Building regulations and Apply and enforce realistic, risk-compliant building regulations and land use planning principles; land use planning identify safe land for low-income citizens and upgrade the informal settlements, wherever feasible Training, education and Ensure that education programmes and training on disaster risk reduction are in place in schools and public awareness local communities Environmental protection Protect ecosystems and natural buffers to mitigate floods, storm surges and other hazards to which your and strengthening of city may be vulnerable; adapt to climate change by building on good risk reduction practices ecosystems Effective preparedness,Install early warning systems and emergency management capacities in your city and hold regular public early warning and response preparedness drills Recovery and rebuilding After any disaster, ensure that the needs of the survivors are placed at the centre of reconstruction, with communities support for them and their community organizations to design and help implement responses, including rebuilding homes and livelihoods

Source: UNISDR (2013), “Toolkit for local governments – 10 essentials”, accessed 9 December 2013 at http://www.unisdr.org/campaign/resilientcities/toolkit/ essentials

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Table 3 Examples of specific adaptation interventions by sector

Key constraints and opportunities Sector Adaptation option / strategy Underlying policy framework to implementation Water Expanded rainwater harvesting; National water policies and Financial, human resources and water storage and conservation integrated water resources physical barriers; integrated water techniques; water re-use; management; water-related hazards resources management; synergies desalination; water-use and management with other sectors irrigation efficiency Infrastructure Relocation; seawalls and storm Standards and regulations Financial and technological and settlements surge barriers; dune reinforcement; that integrate climate change barriers; availability of relocation land acquisition and creation of considerations into design; land-use space; integrated policies and marshlands / wetlands as buffer policies; building codes; insurance management; synergies with against sea level rise and flooding; sustainable development goals protection of existing natural barriers Human health Heat-health action plans; emergency Public health policies that recognize Limits to human tolerance medical services; improved climate- climate risk; strengthened health (vulnerable groups); knowledge sensitive disease surveillance and services; regional and international limitations; financial capacity; control; safe water and improved cooperation upgraded health services; improved sanitation quality of life Tourism Diversification of tourismIntegrated planning (e.g. carrying Appeal/marketing of new attractions and revenues; shifting capacity; linkages with other attractions; financial and logistical ski slopes to higher altitudes and sectors); financial incentives, e.g. challenges; potential adverse impact glaciers; artificial snow-making subsidies and tax credits on other sectors, involvement of wider group of stakeholders Transport Realignment / relocation; design Integrating climate change Financial and technological barriers; standards and planning for roads, considerations into transport availability of less vulnerable rail and other infrastructure to cope policy; investment in research and routes; improved technologies and with warming, emissions etc. development for special situations integration with key sectors (e.g. energy) Energy Strengthening of overhead transmis Energy policies, regulations, and Access to viable alternatives; sion and distribution infrastructure; fiscal and financial incentives to financial and technological barriers; underground cabling for utilities; encourage use of alternative sources; acceptance of new technologies; energy efficiency; use of renewable incorporating climate change in stimulation of new technologies; use sources; reduced dependence on design standards of local resources single sources of energy, increased efficiency Source: IPCC/Parry et al, 2007

These examples show that the energy saving”. In order to safeguard drainage need to be adopted. Ponds/ performance of present urban public health the urban society reservoirs and sediment traps can be services and systems needs to has to adopt re-cycling (e.g. water, planned in the catchment zones on be reassessed with reference to solid waste, land), regeneration low-lying grounds. The concepts of environment, hygiene, mobility (dilapidated, old areas), recovery watershed development, rainwater and public health. The sustainable (wastelands, encroached areas), harvesting and conservation and mobility needs and efficientrestructuring (networks, land use, recharging of groundwater need to public transport system should be transport), recharging (traditional be institutionalized and legalised. promoted which would reduce the areas) and rejuvenation (river, Various options can be explored need for personalized travel.The water bodies, parks etc.). Instead of for augmentation of physical spatial model should be based upon conventional drainage, the concepts infrastructure, such as technology the principle of “less travel, more of micro-runoff, bio-swales and bio- upgradation, dual piping system,

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 25 THEME PAPERS rain water harvesting, energy audit plumbing, pneumatic system, technologies which can be employed and exploring alternative sources Anaerobic Reactors, etc., are already for treatment of urban solid of energy. Several technologies, available, which can be explored waste. All public buildings, slums, such as decentralized and compact for sanitation and water supply. roadsides and parks, etc. need to be water treatment units, solar/ Decentralized systems based on provided with public toilets, garbage aerobic/oxidation and root zone recycling, energy generation and bins, water points/public taps, etc. systems can be employed to purify organic decomposing can be potable water from natural sources. explored for solid waste treatment. URBAN CLIMATE RESILIENT Various alternative technologies, Bio-reactor composting, vermi- PLANNING FRAMEWORK like Extended Aeration Technique, culture, recycling-cum-waste to (UCRPF) PROGRAMME IN Biogas production, Bubble Diffusion energy and vassal system (Tunnel INDIA process, Floatation, double or triple Reactor) is new generation With immense geographic

Table 4 6 Rs of Resilience

Disaster Resilience Parameters & other infrastructural services • Acceptance of new & emerging modes and Attributes • Segmentation in communication of recovery Robustness technology Recoverability • Role of institutions in recognizing new • Continuity in designated functions • Distribution of roles & resources for agents besides a level of perturbation & efficient recovery disruption Resourcefulness • Capacity to include diverse actors for • Clustering of services to avoid cascading • Reprioritization & generation of recovery failure resource distribution • Capacity building program for self and • Contingency teams & inclusion of • Availability & accessibility, distributive organizations community mechanism of reserve resources • Efficiency of Risk transfer mechanism/ • Safety parameters-accessibility, • Efficiency of safety nets for support evacuation planning during no income period insurance/catastrophic bonds • Compliance of development control’s • Investments for structural reforms • Accessibility and disbursement of funds regulations & building bye-laws to the affected communities • Sharing of technical information with • Resources & team deployment for the community • Emergency Operation centers & operation of disaster management available logistics centers • Role of social capital & community • Training program for livelihood partnership • Adaptability & learning capacity of recovery, inclusion of marginalized • Efficiency of collective action from the communities groups community Rapidity • Community leadership & incentive to Reformability • Efficiency of immediate response on adopt risk reduction measures. • Horizontal and vertical integration for self help basis Redundancy avoidance of time delays • Efficiency of Emergency responses to • Heterogeneity/diversity in resources for • Single window clearance for continuity organize people for collective action uncertain & unpredictable conditions in operation of services • Readiness of Institutional framework • Ability of horizontal restructuring to • Flexibility and adaptability to change avoid delays usage, activity and location • Emergency & evacuation warming • Synchronization in distributed actions • Role rotation in planning & operation system • Back up in service provisions, transport for efficiency • Efficiency of contingency funds

Sources: James Smart, (2012), the Role of Post Disaster Institutions in Recovery andresilience–a comparative Study of Three Disasters-Victorian Bushfire (2009), QueenslandFloods (2010-11) and Cantebury Earthquake (2010-12), Institute of Governance andPolicy Studies, Victoria University, Wellington and Mehrotra, Nirmita, (2013), Disaster Resilience, Architecture-Time Space and People,Council of Architecture, New Delhi

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Fig.3: The ICLEI-ACCCRN (Asian Cities Climate Change Fig.4 ICLEI-ACCCRN Framework for Resilient Governance Resilience Network)Framework for Resilient Planning

Surveillance & Monitoring

Urban Scenarios Pilots Eco System School Programmes Health Basic Services

Physical/infra Electricity Energy structural Vulnerability and Housing Assessment Governance

Research & Industries Technology and Capacity Support Economy Building Transp- Education & ortation Sensitization Climate Scenarios

Citizen’s Groups

Source:Tewari, S., (2013), ICLEI ACCCRN Process, Presented at the Source: GEAG, 2009, Vulnerable Analysis, Gorakhpur City, GEAG, Gorakhpur International Conference on Resilient Cities, Experiences from ACCCRN in Asia and Beyond, New Delhi diversity and different climate effective processes and practices resilience as an ability of a system zones, vulnerability to climate for addressing urban climate to not only withstand and resist change and risks are varied and vulnerabilities using participatory climate circumstances, but also to multi-dimensional, in India. planning as well as implementing recover and re-organise functions Considerations for climate proofing targeted intervention projects. to prevent failures and irrevocable are therefore not only desirable for These are Surat,Indore, Gorakhpur, damage. Rather than relying on the climate sensitive sectors such as Shimla, Bhubaneswar, Mysore and strength of individual components, agriculture and water,but also for Guwahati. The framework (Refer resilient systems retain functionality the overall development paradigm, figure 3 & 4) provides information through flexibility and diversifying so as to develop resilience to on agents and institutions as enablers functional dependence. More such climate change impacts in the long to resilient system in a city, thus UCRPF programs in other Indian term. Resilience is comprised of defining three pillars of resilience cities need to be implemented to 6 Rs-Robustness, Redundancy, building within a city system: make them resilient to various Resourcefulness, Reformability, vulnerabilities. Recoverability and Rapidity (Refer • Strengthening fragile system Table 4). These are all interlinked • Strengthening social agents Therefore, the approach to make through an area specific disaster safe, secure and resilient cities has • Strengthening institutional Resilience Strategy. The Asian to be more holistic, local, preventive system. Cities Climate Change Resilience and gender sensitive, which covers Network (ACCCRN), which aims The programme considersa gender sensitive approach to at catalyzing attention, funding targeting urban systems, including urban safety; city planning – and action to strengthen cities’ infrastructure and ecosystems; agents Structure, Form and Zoning; travel resilience to climate change impacts, including community, government, and transport safety; safety from has been working in seven Indian NGOs; institutions, regulations disasters, fire and emergencies; safety cities to develop and demonstrate and laws. The programme views of structures; environmental health

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 27 THEME PAPERS and safety (including pollution on capacity, support, information CONCLUSIONS control, safe drinking water, structures, institutions, agents, and Recurring disasters, floods, waste disposal and management, multi-hazard measures. Adaptation hurricanes, tsunami, droughts, sanitation, noise control, reducing is considered as a part of the larger accidents, fires etc. should make us carbon emission and toxins, climate resilience building objective and rethink how we can make the people change, occupational and energy has the potential of addressing the and the settlements more resilient, safety); and a unified, networked vulnerability of urban systems to gender sensitive and safer. In this safety and security action platform. specific climate conditions. It also pursuit, an integrated approach with focus of safety of individual lives is At every step it is necessary to displays an equal focus on increasing the need of the hour with ‘safety first’ prepare action plans with respect to the capacity of urban systems to as the prime motto. hazard specific coping and adaptive withstand extreme climate events and shocks, while also increasing the practices and responses. (Refer REFERENCES Table 5). The resilience strategy institutional capability of the urban BEE, (2009), Energy Conservation targets achieving compound benefits system to support and develop the Building Code User Guide, Bureau of through preparedness and focus resilient systems. Energy Efficiency,

Table 5: Adaptive Preparedness for Disaster response

Strategy Illustrative Action Areas Creating family and community • Create community emergency groups support networks for disaster • Share resources, promote community solidarity and coordination. This facilitates to: response  Oversee empty houses and watch over people who may be asleep  Transport belongings to higher-level streets  Move to safe houses (of other community members) and other refugees  Share food and services (e.g. toilets) during emergencies. Store water for community use Creating information structures • Mutual learning and creation of local mechanisms to access and disseminate early warning for early warning information:  Contact government organizations  Check weather forecasts on radio, television, internet; ask neighbours; go to church (priests are a source of information)  Observe indicators of disaster (cloud colour, river levels, animal behaviour)  Establish informal communication structures for early warning between community members  Door-to-door warnings to alert at-risk residents Preparing for potential • Keep emergency stores of food, water, torches, etc. evacuation • Prepare emergency shelters, food distribution points, etc. • Store a portable cooker • Stay awake to hear warnings Physical multi hazard measures • Exchange rooms/apartments so that less mobile residents have more accessible accommodation • Construct or maintain emergency facilities for refuge or food distribution

SOURCE: Adapted from Wamsler, C (2014), Cities, Disaster Risk and Adaptation, Routledge Series on Critical Introduction to Urbanism and the City, Routledge, London.

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New Delhi. http://www.emt-india.net/ Jain, A.K., (2014), The Idea of Green Tewari, S., (2013), ICLEI ACCCRN ECBC/ECBC-UserGuide/ECBC- Building, Khanna Publishers, New Process, Presented at the International UserGuide.pdf. Delhi. Conference on Resilient Cities, GEAG, (2009), Vulnerable Analysis, Jain, A.K. (2007), Water – A Manual for Experiences from ACCCRN in Asia and Gorakhpur City, GEAG, Gorakhpur Architects, Engineers, and Managers, Beyond, New Delhi Daya, New Delhi. Government of India (2009), National The State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011: Mission on Sustainable Habitat, MOUD, James Smart, (2012), the Role of Post Bridging the Urban Divide, London, New Delhi Disaster Institutions in Recovery and Washington resilience–a comparative Study of GOI, (2006), Integrated Energy Policy, D.C., Earthscan, UN-Habitat, 2010. Three Disasters-Victorian Bushfire Expert Committee Report, Planning (2009), Queensland Floods (2010-11) Thurow, C., 1983: Improving Street Commission, Government of India. and Cantebury Earthquake (2010-12), Climate through Urban Design http://planningcommission.nic.in/ Institute of Governance and Policy reports/genrep/rep_intengy.pdf. Planning. Advisory Studies, Victoria University, Wellington ICLEI, (1997), Local Agenda 21 Survey, Service Report No. 376, American Mehrotra, Nirmita, (2013), Disaster UN Department for Policy Coordination Planning Association, Chicago. Resilience, Architecture-Time Space and Sustainable Development and People, Council of Architecture, UN Habitat, Planning Sustainable Cities, ICLEI (2007), Preparing for Climate New Delhi Global Report on Human Settlements, Change: A Guidebook for Local, Earthscan, MNRE (2010), Green Rating for Integrated Regional and State Government, Habitat Assessment, Ministry of New UN-Habitat/international Institute for Washington and Renewable Energy, Government Environment & Development (2010), IGBC, (2007), LEED - India, Green of India, New Delhi, http://www. Developing Local Climate Change Building Rating System, abridged grihaindia.org/index.php. Plans, Developing Local Climate Change reference guide for new construction & MoEF (2006). Environmental Clearances, Plans, and Willbanks et al (2007) major renovations (LEED-India NC), Ministry of Environment and Forest, version 1.0, Indian Green Building UK/USA/Nairobi, 2009 Governmen of India, New Delhi, Council, Hyderabad. http://www.igbc. http://moef.nic.in/modules/project- UN-Habitat (2011),Cities and Climate in/site/mmbase/attachments/48344/ clearances/ehvironment-clearances Change,Global Report on Human LEED.Abrid_Ver.pdf Settlements, Earthscan, UK/USA/ Revi, A., Satterthwaite, D., Aragón- International Institute for Environment Nairobi. Durand, F., Corfee-Morlot, J., Kiunsi, and Development, 1992, Environment R. B., Pelling, M., . . .Sverdlik, A. (2014). UN-Habitat (2013), Planning and Design and Urbanisation, volume 4, Number 2, Towards transformative adaptation in London for Sustainable Urban Mobility,Global cities: the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment. Report on Human Settlements, IPCC Working Group II (2014) ‘Climate Environment and Urbanization, 26(1), Earthscan, UK/USA/Nairobi. Change 2014-Impacts, Adaptations and 11-28. Vulnerability’, Cambridge and New York UN Habitat, (2003), The Challenge of Satterthwaite, D. (2007)the Transition to Slums - Global Report on Human IPCC &Parry et al, (2007), Climate Change, a Predominantly Urban World and its Settlements, London, Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability, Underpinnings, Human Settlements IPCC, Cambridge and New York Discussion Paper, IIED, London UN Habitat, (2007), Enhancing Urban Safety and Security, Nairobi Jain, A. K., (2011), Making Infrastructure Satterthwaite, D., S. Huq, H. Reid, M. Work, Discovery Publishing House, Pelling and P. Romero Lankao (2007) UNISDR (2013), “Toolkit for local New Delhi, Adapting to climate change in urban governments – 10 essentials”, accessed areas: the possibilities and constraints in Jain, A. K., (2015), Smart Cities- Vision on internet low- and middle-income nations, IIED and Action, Discovery Publishing Human Settlements Discussion Paper UNISDR (2015), Global Assessment House, New Delhi, Series, Climate Change and Cities 1, Report on Disaster Risk, accessed Jain, A.K., (2007), Handbook on Disaster London on interne www.planetaction.org/ Management, Pragun Publication, automne_modules_files Satterthwaite, D. (2008). Cities’ Delhi. contribution to global warming: Wamsler, C (2014), Cities, Disaster Risk Jain, A.K., (2009), Low Carbon Cities- Notes on the allocation of greenhouse and Adaptation, Routledge Series on Policies, Planning and Practice, gas emissions. Environment and Critical Introduction to Urbanism and Discovery Publishers, New Delhi Urbanization, 20 (2). the City, Routledge, London.

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Making a Disaster Resilient City

DEEPAK KUMAR PANDEY Disaster management in urban areas has building harbor town of Coringa, been a challenge for town planners. The in Andhra Pradesh was completely huge loss of lives, property, economy and destroyed by a killer cyclone. At society can be minimized by making our cities resilient to disaster. Resilient cities least 0.32 million inhabitants The planning of a died and thousands of ships resilient city must are able to cope with disaster situations. A resilient city bounces back to normalcy once were destroyed. Only a 2 minute take into account the disaster passes away. Before planning to earthquake, on 26th January, 2001, peculiarities of a city and establish a resilient city, we must understand disasters. Some effects killed 20,000 inhabitants, injured the basic paradigm of disasters such as 1,67,000 and destroyed 4,00,000 of disasters specially earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, chemical, nuclear and avalanches, landslides etc. These natural houses in Ahmedabad, Bhuj and environmental may phenomenon made earth’s atmosphere many other towns in Gujarat. manifest itself after a conducive for evolution of life and shaped The huge loss of lives, property, the history of evolution of mankind and very long time.The effect economy and society can be of the atomic bomb its civilizations. We face disasters because minimised by making our cities attack on Hiroshima we are setting cities dangerously close to a natural phenomenon, and we cannot resilient to disaster. Resilient cities and Nagasaki and of gas handle its impact with available resources are capable to cope with disaster leakage in Bhopal (India) and arrangements. This article talks about manifested itself in the situations. A resilient city bounces RPR (Remedial, Potential & Residual) back to normalcy after a natural form of birth of malformed phase system of disaster risk management. babies to the parents who It takes into account city’s peculiar disaster or calamity. witnessed these disasters physical characteristics which define Before planning to establish a in their childhood. urban ecosystem, society, culture, religious resilient city, we must understand Therefore investment in practices, economy, and governance what is meant by a disaster? time, effort, aptitude and and its unique relation with other cities. Earthquake, flood, volcanic training is a must. In this article, the services of housing, water, sanitation, food supply, energy, eruptions, avalanche, landslide etc transportation, waste management, social are called natural disasters. In fact, services, recreation, education, policing, these are all natural phenomenon KEYWORDS safety and communication etc. along with which shaped the environment of the urban characteristics of a particular the earth. These natural phenomena Disaster Resilient City, Rescue, city have been considered for planning for made earth’s atmosphere conducive Protective infrastructure, Safe a resilient city. It propounds 28 planning considerations for a disaster resilient city. for evolution of life. These events zone, Modular system shaped the history of evolution of On 16th June, 2013, the small Deepak Kumar Pandey (proitbp@gmail. human beings. com) is Commandant (Staff) with Indo town of Rambada in Kedar Nath Tibetan Border Police Force, presently Valley, Uttrakhand was completely These events were branded as doing a doctoral research on national washed away by a flash flood. This disasters when human beings disaster management policy of India, devastating flash flood destroyed started to encroach upon the Japan, South America and USA. Photo credit- author, unless specified. many cities downstream also. On sphere of influence of these November 25, 1838, the famous ship natural phenomenon. We settled

30 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication THEME PAPERS in flood plains and faced flood. and analysed. On the basis of normally have a declining trend. We established cities on mountain analysis of all the identified The peculiar physical characteristics slopes and faced avalanches and risks and their inter-relations, define urban ecosystem, society, landslides. We cut trees, disturb remedial plan to minimize the culture, religious practices, the water cycle and face drought. risks is launched. economy, governance and inter We settle near sites of volcanic b) Potential Risk Management relation with other cities. The eruptions and face the brunt of Phase-Many peculiarities of urban characteristics and services volcanic fury. a city increase the probability of housing, water, sanitation, food Before starting any planning we of disasters. Some of these supply, energy, transportation, must understand that these are disasters can be man-made. waste management, social services, inevitable natural phenomenon and For example, the construction recreation, education, policing, are integral and essential parts of of Tehri dam in upstream safety, communication etc. dictate making the earth. We face disaster Ganga has created a probability the course and impact of disasters situations because we are not of a massive flood by breach in a city. prepared to face it. We face disasters in dam boundaries, thereby The planning of a resilient city must because we are settling dangerously posing a threat to settlements take into account the peculiarities close to a natural phenomenon, downstream. Construction of of a city and disasters. Some effects and we cannot handle its impact a Nuclear power plant in a city of disasters specially chemical, with available resources and creates probability of a nuclear nuclear and environmental may arrangements. disaster. If these dams or nuclear plants were not constructed, the manifest itself after a very long Risk of disasters cannot be totally probability of flood or nuclear time. The effect of atomic bomb eliminated. However, the risk can disaster in the concerned cities attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki be so managed that its impact is would not exist. In potential and of gas leakage in Bhopal (India) minimised. The risks from disasters risk management phase, the manifested in the form of birth of in an urban setting can be classified identification, evaluation and malformed babies to the parents into three categories. These are(I) analysis of all potential risks who witnessed these disasters Future risks (II) Present risks (III) rising from various factors of in their childhood. There fore Residual risks. a city is done. Accordingly, the investment in time, effort, aptitude, and training is a must. To manage risks in an urban setting necessary steps are taken to the RPR phase system of disaster minimise the impact of these Growing inequality has become risk management can be applied. potential risks. a typical problem in urban The three phases of RPR system of c) Residual Risk Management- settlements. Sectors / territories risk management system are: All the risk which has been left having low income settlements face higher risk because of low level a) Remedial Risk Management over because of various reasons of risk mitigating infrastructure. Phase- Remedial risk or limitation of knowledge or Poverty leads to development of management phase identifies expertise is tackled in this phase. socially neglected and segregated all risks emanating from To understand the cause and effect neighborhoods. This gives rise to a present setting of a city. In this of disasters in a city, we must new pattern of disasters-low income phase, all the risks directly understand its peculiar physical and colonies in hazard risk areas. or indirectly being caused by special features. In a city, population social,economic,geographical, density and land coverage or built The global support during disaster environmental, architectural, up surface area increases with rehabilitation and reconstruction infrastructural, and its inter time, while the size, position and also poses disturbing trends from relation with neighbouring distribution of areas covered with the disaster management angle. villages and cities, are identified vegetation and recreational facilities Large volumes of capital inflow

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 31 THEME PAPERS in hazard prone areas results in the event of a disaster. capable of tackling medical the creation of large amount of 7. The concentration of economic emergencies for disasters economic assets. These newly activities like markets, stock occurring in the areas of Leh created assets often produce a exchanges, storage facilities and region. cascading effect, as new risks are industries is on the rise. This 2. Area of Influence (AI) -Area being generated without catering to also increases the chances of of influence is the area which reducing the older risks. larger economic loss in case of a is beyond the direct impact of The following characteristics of disaster. a disaster and it immediately cities are important from the point Any phenomenon either natural or surrounds the area of impact. of view of disaster management: man made, adverse impact of which This area also faces some adverse impacts of the disaster. However, 1. Increasing population density. is beyond coping and managing capacity of the affected community it is used as a launching pad 2. Increasing built up surface area with its available resources, can be for disaster management and reducing open space or called a disaster. Daily, hundreds operations for the area of uncovered land. of landslides, avalanches and rock- direct impact. It also provides 3. Size, location and distribution falls occur in Himalayas but we a safe zone for evacuation of of green areas. The size of green don’t call them disasters. Millions affected population from area area is reducing and its location of gallons of water flow in the river of direct impact. This area is keeps changing to accommodate Ganga and we consider it a boon a dynamic zone, which may new buildings or infrastructure for our survival. When this water expand or shrink with passage construction. Distribution of changes its course and starts flowing of time. For example, in case of green area is also becoming through a city, it becomes a disaster. nuclear disaster the radiation sparser. When the landslides, avalanches and radioactive material from and rock falls occur in a Himalayan area of impact may penetrate 4. Reduction in tree coverage, town, we call it a disaster. Disasters the area of influence and this particularly big trees, which happen only when humans are penetration may cover new cover very large land area. The present in the sphere of impact of areas of influence. small trees covering less surface a naturally occurring phenomenon area or selective decorative 3. Area of Sympathetic Impact having adverse effect. Each disaster plants are preferred for (ASI)-Area of sympathetic has three spheres of impact:- plantation in urban areas. influence is the area where 1. Direct Impact Area (DIA) -The no direct impact or influence 5. Bio-diversity is decreasing; area where direct adverse is visible. This area may have plants of a few selected varieties impact of a disaster is felt in a sympathetic or consequential are planted which kill or city. It has the highest number of effect of a disaster centred in eliminate growth of other native casualty and damage. Normally, Area of Direct Impact. For varieties suitable for the climate it is not able to cope with example, when Uttrakhand and soil type of the concerned the disaster without external flash flood occurred in 2013, its city. assistance. The resources and sympathetic or consequential 6. The open recreational area is also disaster management experts impact in the state of Gujarat and reducing. Covered recreational located in direct impact area Andhra Pradesh was very much areas like cinema halls and may be rendered unusable by seen. Many politicians, social sports stadia are preferred. the disaster. For example, in workers and philanthropists They can accommodate large the Leh cloud burst disaster in were seen competing in number of viewers in a stratified 2010, the government hospital taking the credit of providing space, thereby decreasing the was badly damaged. In normal maximum assistance in search probability of mass casualty in circumstances,this hospital was and rescue operations for the

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victims of their respective states. persons lost their lives whereas, Many non-governmental The positive impact of this in the 2013 Phalin cyclone, only organisations, trading bodies, competition was that it led to about 40 persons lost their lives. industries, research and mobilization of large resources This improvement was possible education organizations etc. may for the help of victims. because of advanced preparations. also be involved in this effort. A A rescue team should work with the The precise information about its Memorandum of Understanding following objectives: speed, path, damage capacity and may be signed between all the intensity was available in advance stakeholders so that there is no 1. Minimize the loss of lives. and therefore, National Disaster confusion in the functioning 2. Reduce the degree of damage to Response Force and other Central of these organizations at the property. Armed Police Forces, trained and time of a disaster. A person or equipped for disaster management, an organization should be a 3. Minimize the disruption of were deputed to the area. They were designated overall coordinator social fabric. able to move more than 550,000 for this activity. To test the 4. Reduce the economic loss. people and large numbers of cattle effectiveness of this coordination 5. Fix the chances of cultural or to safer places and shelter them in mechanism, regular meetings religious disturbance. 5000 specially built cyclone camps. and rehearsals for different disaster situations must be 6. Douse the political anger. The town of Gopalpur, although carried out. 7. Reduce the disruption of not a resilient city in its original 2. Listing of skills, knowledge governance. form, displayed the quality of a resilient city by adopting means and and experience of disaster 8. Minimize the psychological management practices to minimise management and relevant trauma. the loss of life in a short reaction activities- The list of skilled Disasters cannot be viewed in time. manpower in risk identification, isolation. Most of the disasters have preparation, mitigation Making a city resilient to disasters a cascading effect. One disaster may activities, planning, disaster needs a multi pronged strategy. This trigger several other disasters. Like management response, section discusses the steps which earthquake can trigger rains, breach rehabilitation, reconstruction, can make a city resilient. in dam, fire, building collapse, training etc, should be flooding etc. Each disaster should 1. Coordination and organization prepared. Skills of medical be seen in totality –along with its of roles-It involves coordination emergency management, associated problems. of all relevant pre-planning hospital management, activities and assigning communication, land planning, In October 2013, a very severe specific roles to the concerned energy, environment, law and cyclonic storm, category 5 (Saffir- organizations. An organizational order, water and structural Simpson scale) named Phailin hit workflow chart may be prepared. engineering, logistics, debris Odisha coast near Gopalpur town. Roles of each component of disposal, project planning The wind speed reached up to 215 this organization tree must be and management should be km/hr. It caused damage worth defined. The city administration accounted for. Emphasis should more than $696 million. It was the has organisations dealing be given on accumulation of second strongest tropical cyclone with roads, armed forces/civil knowledge for operation of ever to hit India. The first was the defence, police, water, energy the city government and city 1999 super cyclone, which had also etc. Private sector organizations infrastructures like electricity hit Odisha. can also facilitate in running generation and supply, water, There was a pleasant difference in the healthcare, logistics companies, sanitation, traffic and other impact of the two cyclones. In 1999 fuel depots, property,utilities, critical city systems,which may Odisha cyclone, more than 10000 phone companies, etc. come under risk in disasters.

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Pre and Post Satelite Image of Dedarnath Valley (Kedarnath)

Photo Credit-Uttarakhand Space Application Centre, Dehradun.

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3. Integrate the initiatives-Other or national level. There should (CCI) should be identified- initiatives should also be be provision for insurance for Chain of Cascading Impacts integrated with disaster resilience individuals and organisations. (CCI) are those events, failure of a city. While taking initiative of 5. Identification, assessment of or collapse of which may trigger development,the infrastructure probability, and impact of failure of other activities in the needs of disaster management disasters-All disasters which chain. For example, failure of should be incorporated. While may hit a city must be identified electricity supply will lead to taking decisions for land use by past experience and analysis failure of computer network, pattern, one must see that it does of present threats. A probability CCTV operation, mobile not kill wetland, destroy waste distribution map of the city communication, metro rail operation, operation of all management area, eliminate should be prepared to categorize automatic instruments, water safe evacuation zone or wipe the impact of the most probable supply, hospital operation etc. out the food supply chain. For and most severe disaster. example, lack of such integration This data should be regularly in town planning of Srinagar led While identifying probability updated and tested. and severity of disasters, care to destruction of the wetlands In the Uttrakhand disaster of must be taken to account for of Bemina and encroachment year 2013,the national highway cascading effect of each disaster, of Wular Lake, which in turn connecting Mana, Badrinath, which may generate additional contributed to the Kashmir Rudrapryag, Srinagar, Rishikesh threats and vulnerability to the flooding in 2014. and Haridwar was badly city. For example an earthquake damaged and washed away at 4. Funding for a disaster resilient may trigger tsunami and nuclear several locations. It affected the city-A plan should be drawn disaster,if nuclear establishment food supply to affected areas, and implemented to ensure that is located in the coastal area. adequate funds are allocated hampered movement of rescuers for disaster resilience. To cover A Complete Panoramic Picture to incident sites and evacuation the complete cycle of disaster of Disaster (CPPD) should be of victims to nearest railway management, the following prepared. It will include Direct station of Haridwar, and also funds are required. Impact Area (DIA), Area of prolonged the search, rescue, Influence (AI) and Area of evacuation, and rehabilitation a) Capital fund, Sympathetic Impact (ASI). This and reconstruction process. b) Operating fund, CPPD must include exposure, 8. Make critical infrastructure vulnerability, recovery time, c) Contingency fund. disaster resilient-An exercise of inherent strength and ecosystem assessment of damage, impact, Different incentives and benefit of the city, available cost of reconstruction,cost loans should be provided resources, outside help, safety to individuals, government to keep it operational, its zone etc. This CPPD should be protection arrangement and its agencies, municipal bodies, evaluated by an outside expert/ private business organisations, inter- relation and coordination agency and it should be reviewed with other critical and non- Residents’ Welfare Associations, after every 12 months. research organizations, and critical infrastructure should be education organizations to 6. Identify critical assets-All critical done. strengthen and prepare them assets should be identified and Protection of critical data for the type of risks, a probable proper steps should be taken and computer system is very disaster may pose, in a particular to protect them, so that these important. Other critical city. There should be consistency remain operational and useful infrastructure is electricity, in this funding, irrespective of during disasters. communication, fuel, water, change in governance at local 7. All Chains of Cascading Impacts sanitation, public safety,

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 35 THEME PAPERS

Rescue of victims after the bridge and road was washed away in Uttrakhand disaster,2013.

transportation and hospitals. In case of major disasters, even city and surrounding areas must 9. Make protective infrastructure- a robust water supply system be identified along with their Protective infrastructure is that will be damaged. Moreover, vulnerability, strength, type, damaged roads will make water probable damage from different which protect the city and its tankers useless. Normally,water disasters, number of days for dwellers from direct impact of a channels like nalas and rivers their repair, and their service disaster. These are flood bunds, get polluted and start carrying area. Special arrangements for barriers, water reservoirs, contamination from one part safety of infrastructure like cyclone shelters, storm drains of city to others areas. In such bridges, tunnels, culverts etc. etc. All buildings should have a scenario, only local water should be made, otherwise their shock absorption capability. bodies will be able to provide damage will also make roads Proper arrangements should be water needed for the survival of unusable. made to maintain them. victims. 12. Cater for effectiveness of 10. Cater for water supply-There 11. Make roads disaster resistant- transportation in the city- should be arrangement for Roads are critical for movement Proper arrangement in view protection of water supply of heavy equipments, of threats of disaster should be system in a disaster. Adequate ambulances, victims, rescuers, made to insulate mass transport measures should be adopted for building materials for systems like buses, trucks, rail, the safety of local water bodies reconstruction etc. during a metro, ferry, boats etc. isolated like reservoirs, wells, and pond. disaster. All major roads in the from the disasters. Normally,

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Rescue work being carried out by ITBP in Leh, 2011.

rail transport and long distance disasters. related with water supply, vehicular movements are 14. The administration should electricity, health, housing, hampered in disasters. Boats be insulated from the impact finance, computers system, and ferries become effective of disasters-A proper study waste management and food transport means at the time of should be taken up to identify supply. floods and in the presence of the effects of different disasters 15. Modification of Computer water bodies. on administrative systems systems and data collection-An 13. Strengthen the law and order of the city. The most critical elaborate arrangement should enforcement system-Disasters system of governance and most be made to create a computer also create problems of law and severely affected wing should system which can function in order. These problems hamper be identified and strengthened isolation as a stand alone devise search and rescue operations. accordingly. The construction of also. Both wire and wireless Police machinery should not be offices, location, approach route, systems of networking should employed for search and rescue their electronic and physical be adopted. Data collection for operations. Diversion of police connectivity with rest of the city, each and every aspect of the for search and rescue operation safety mechanism of individual city should be done. Proper leads to decrease in available government functionaries and arrangement should be made manpower for law and order their families should be catered to ensure safety, availability management, which in turn for. Special emphasis should be and usability of this data during needs more strength during given to the government system disasters. Arrangement should

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 37 THEME PAPERS

be made for un interrupted proper administrative, financial, according to its topography working of computer systems. infrastructural arrangement and size & distribution of Dedicated power backup or should be made for safety and population. This area should alternate source of power security of healthcare staff. be so prepared that it can supply may be identified for Concentration of health care sustain the target population, uninterrupted functioning of services and infrastructure until the time of safe return computers. should be avoided. Even to the city. This area should 16. Prepare Education system distribution of health care have appropriate arrangement for resilience-Buildings of infrastructure, specialist of water, sanitation, sewerage education system should be doctors, paramedical staff and electricity. During normal structurally safe. It can be so and fund allocation should be days this area can be utilised designed that these may act ensured. This will enable the city for agriculture or recreation as shelters during disasters. to maintain an optimum level purposes. Temporary shelter will An assessment of impact of of medical care, even if, one or be erected only during disaster disasters on teachers, students more areas of the city is severely situations. The size, number,and and associated staff should be affected by a disaster. location of these safe zones must made. To continue the education be calculated correctly so that While planning for establishment during rehabilitation and it accommodates the displaced of a hospital, structural safety reconstruction phase of disaster, population of humans and of its building during a disaster an alternative site should also animals and also has a sufficient must be ensured. The approach be identified. Education data margin to accommodate the route, both in and out route, like details of students, teachers, additional population present should be so designed that it other staff, syllabus, education in the city as a result of natural can handle enhanced vehicular material, results of exams, etc increase and migration. load, movement of vehicles and should be digitised and stored victims. Provision of a helipad, 20. Develop Disaster Resilient at remote servers located at power back up and alternate Buildings (DRB) - A Disaster remote locations which may means of power generation must Resilient Building (DRB) is the not get affected by the disaster most important component to be made in all hospitals. simultaneously. Loss of this data make a city disaster resilient. may create havoc for education 18. Cater for mass casualty and During a disaster, buildings kill system and ruin careers of disposal of debris-Most disasters or save the citizens. Most of students. cause mass casualty and produce the casualties in a city can be huge amounts of debris. Proper 17. Prepare the health care system- minimized by making buildings disaster resilient. Presently, The health care system and and safe disposal of dead bodies, we develop a single building its components play a very as per the existing social and code for whole city. A big city important role at the time of religious practices, is a challenge. may have various zones having disaster. Their effectiveness has Failure on this will lead to grave psychological trauma different social, economic and both psychological and physical physical features like terrain, impact on victims and residents for victim’s family, friends and other inhabitants. Sometimes it soil type, water bodies, wind of acity. The manpower of flow pattern, forest cover, rock healthcare system should be also causes social and political unrest. A plan for disposal of formations, slope pattern etc. trained to handle challenges Micro zoning of every city is a of medical care in different dead bodies in large numbers should be made and suitable must. To develop a true DRB, types of disasters. The training different building codes for area for it should be earmarked. and rehearsals play a very different city zones should be important role in preparation of 19. Develop Safe Zone-The Safe developed, according to their heath care system for a disaster Zone is an area where the citizens peculiarities. For example, many resilient city. To ensure the can be evacuated. A city can buildings in Bhuj earthquake effectiveness during disaster, have more than one safe zone, displayed different collapse

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patterns in spite of being affected traditional buildings had flat management is a dynamic by the same disaster. roots. During rain and flash system involving constant 21. Public awareness and capacity flood these buildings were up-gradation and changes. building- Public awareness and washed away and generated Recently, a Modular System capacity building prepares a city huge mud flow. This mud flow of Settlement (MSS) has along with debris created larger to face a disaster. Education, been designed with such an damage in Leh. training, volunteer programme, arrangement that inhabitants of media campaign, and rehearsals 24. Stop environmental pollution- a module, affected by a disaster, are a must to prepare acity for Pollution is a slow killer. It can be easily accommodated in resilience during a disaster. A is a disaster in itself and a well prepared citizen, along with cause to many other disasters other modules not affected by a a well prepared city, bravely and diseases such as cancers, disaster. This shifting of location faces a disaster, suffers less environmental degradation, of a citizen group will not affect damage and bounces back from social unrest, reduction in the normal functioning of the the crisis situation. food production, decrease group. To achieve MSS, we must 22. Protect the ecosystems and in productivity of humans, create a seamless system of natural defence mechanism- As animals, and plants and failure information management where per World Disaster Report 2014, of traditional living style. There all information is collected, the ecological footprint from the should be strict enforcement stored, and used in digital form. unsustainable overconsumption of the pollution control laws to Facilities and essential services make a city disaster resilient. of energy and natural capital should be equally distributed now exceeds the planet’s bio 25. Create warning system- A good and available for use without warning system will prepare the capacity. Ecosystem of a city any discrimination or special city and its dwellers in advance, plays major role in deciding affiliations. Individual transport the degree of damage from for any impending disaster. and individual territorial a disaster. Many cities have Technology exists for long term natural defences like natural and short term warning for boundaries will have to be storm drains, hillocks, tree line many disasters like cyclones, minimised or totally eliminated. or forest cover etc., which acts as hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, Modular System of Settlement buffers and protect the human drought,avalanches, snow (MSS) may sound futuristic but habitation from the impact of storms, floods etc. Emergency this has to be adopted in the disasters. Suitable measures management simulation should long run to make a city resilient should be taken to protect the be an integral part of this to disasters. eco system and natural defence warning system. Each citizen mechanism. should be involved in rehearsals CONCLUSIONS 23. Adapt to climate change– and training for this warning system and should be well aware Huge capital inflow is expected for Climate change generates new urban development in Asia and demands in consumption to understand and use them. Africa. As per UN report, about patterns of the citizens. This 26. Learn from victims- The victims needs to be taken into account are the best educators of a 60 per cent of the area, expected during modification of building disaster. Their experience and to be urbanized by 2030, remains codes. New risk reduction suggestions should be properly to be built. India is planning to practices need to be developed documented, analysed and develop 100 smart cities. All these in the light of modern practices implemented. While rebuilding investments in urban growth face homes, organisational and consumption pattern. the danger of being washed away For example, Leh flash flood mechanism, response system, by a deluge of urban disasters, if not disaster of 2011 exposed various means of livelihood and health deficiencies of local building care mechanism, this learning properly planned. A city is never practices. Unbaked soil bricks must be utilised. smart unless it can survive smartly were used to make buildings 27. Develop Modular System of and to service smartly, it needs to and other structures. Local Settlement (MSS)- Disaster make itself a disaster resilient city.

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 39 MY OPINION

Expert Views of Director, SPA, New Delhi on RESILIENT CITIES

The importance of cities and urban systems What are the challenges and for prosperous economies is now more widely opportunities for urban India? recognized. Climate change should not undermine the economic growth of our cities hence building India’s urban population was 377.1 million in resilience to likely and possible climate change 2011and urban population to total population impacts is very important in the context of rapidly was 31 per cent. There were about 8,000 urbanizing India. urban centers and out of these as many as 53 were metropolitan cities with more than PROF. CHETAN VAIDYA a million population and over 2700 were Prof. ChetanVaidya is Director of the School of Planning and small non-municipal or census towns. The Architecture, New Delhi. He is Chairman of Planning Education urban sector contributes about two-third of Board and Melbourne-Asia Visiting Fellow for 2014-15 and was the gross domestic product of India. There former Director of the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), is robust economic growth at the national New Delhi. level, however the percentage of urban poor continues to be high. The all-India head count ratio for urban poverty was 20.9 per cent in 2009 - 10 and total number of urban poor was 76.47 million in 2009-10. In India, there is a strong realization that its urban areas need to improve, to achieve fast and sustained economic development. Thus, urban India has many challenges but it also offers many opportunities. The primary challenge in the context of climate change would be poor slum and squatter settlement dwellers that are most vulnerable to climate change.

What is a Resilient City approach? “Resilient cities in the light of climate change should be able to develop a blue print for development and growth, bearing in mind the climate impacts that the urban systems are likely to face”. UNISDR has given a ten-point check list for making cities resilient. These include: (i) put in place a city disaster management plan (DMP) and zonal DMPs

40 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication MY OPINION that integrate climate change and the desired developmental goals. GIS based smart response, to reduce other hazard mitigation concerns A policy towards this end is an vulnerability and damage during into the primary land use and zoning important stepping stone to achieve climate change induced disasters. instruments, city structure plans and the larger goal of sustainable and development plans; (ii) organize climate-resilient cities”. For future What are the different and coordinate to understand and urban programs, it is recommended types of disasters that reduce risks; (iii) assign a specific to undertake: assessment of impact Indian cities? budget for disaster risk reduction; vulnerability of urban systems, Our cities are under high risk (iv) maintain up to date data; completion of reforms, preparation from natural, man-made and (v) invest in infrastructure; (vi) of City Development and Financial climate change impacts. Overall assess safety of school and health Plan, shifting of focus from projects risk in Indian cities is more facilities; (vii) apply risk compliant to programs, 10- year mission associated with vulnerability than building regulations; (viii) conduct period, leveraging of funds through hazard exposure. It is, therefore, education and training programs Private Public Participation, separate important to understand a number in schools and local communities; capacity building mission, incentives of processes that are rapidly (ix) protect eco systems; and (x) for taking more complex reforms, changing India’s urban landscape, install early warning systems and extensive use of Information and altering livelihood opportunities (xi) after disaster ensure that needs Communication Technology (ICT) and wealth distribution, which of survivors are recognized in tools, etc. The Government of in turn affect the vulnerability habitation programs. India is keen to develop or promote of many communities and 100 smart cities. The resilient city stakeholders and their capacity to Resilient cities should be able approach should be an integral part adapt to long-term risks. Several to maintain their functions and of India’s urban strategy. Indian cities have been impacted linkages in the face of stresses by floods. The Srinagar deluge and change and respond to the What is the difference in 2014 affected more than six vulnerabilities identified in each between Smart City and hundred thousand people. Patna specific city context. Resilient City approaches? and Guwahati cities are in flood There is no universally accepted prone areas and are adversely How can the Resilient city definition of smart city. As per affected by floods. Cities in approach be a part of the Wikipedia, a smart city (also smarter Gujarat were severely damaged by proposed urban strategy city) uses digital technologies to earthquake in 2002. Studies predict in India? enhance performance and well- that impact of climate change will Overall goals for urban development being, to reduce costs and resource be in the form of heat waves. In in India are, and should be,creation consumption, and to engage more 2010, a heat wave in Ahmedabad of sustainable, inclusive and effectively and actively with its killed 300 people in a single day. smart urban centers. India has to citizens. Key ‘smart’ sectors include Another impact is due to cloud improve urban infrastructure and transport, energy, healthcare, water bursts. In June 2013, a cloudburst governance to achieve economic and waste. As mentioned earlier, in Uttarakhand caused devastating development goals and provide resilient cities should be able to floods and landslides. Our coastal jobs for the youth. “There is a need develop plans for future development cities are under risk due to extreme for a paradigm shift in the way in the context of various climate weather events being attributed to in which the cities of today are related and environmental risks. the climate change. Cold waves planned and managed. Integration India should focus on developing during the winter months are of a climate resilience agenda has smart cities that are climate proof becoming frequent in some parts the potential to systematically build and resilient to withstand the shocks of India. Urban planning with resilience of cities and its systems, of extreme weather events. Smart environmental concerns could reduce vulnerability and achieve city initiative should also include address many of these issues.

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 41 Planning for Resilient Urban Settlements MY OPINION

I strongly recommend that India should mainstream Photo Credit NRDA. the resilient city approach into urban planning and the development process with focus on improving public become major reservoirs of vector- health. This will require amending state Town Planning borne diseases such as malaria and Acts, Municipal Acts as well as environmental laws. The dengue fever, it can be expected that proposed chapter on approach to sustainability in India’s morbidity risks would increase. National Building Code is a first step in this direction. What is a good example of a Resilient City? Do you think public health integration and better mental health; should be linked to urban (ii) prevention of infectious diseases There is lot of literature available planning in India? through community infrastructure, on initiatives taken by London, According to the World Health such as drinking water and sewage New York and Seoul. However, I Organization, New Delhi is the most systems; and (iii) protection of would like to discuss the initiatives polluted city in the world. Many persons from hazardous industrial taken by Melbourne in Australia. Indian cities have very poor air exposures and injury risks through This metropolitan city has a 4.5 pollution readings. This is causing land-use and zoning ordinances. million population and has been many health hazards to the urban Climate change is expected to judged as the most livable city population. Public health should accentuate environment-related for four consecutive years. It be an important criterion for urban health risks, including those from has recently won a City Climate planning in India. “Geographic water-borne diseases (e.g., diarrhea, Leadership award. Melbourne city analysis is a key planning tool cholera and typhoid), due to water implemented two major projects: shared by urban planning and scarcity and contamination. Malaria planting 3,000 trees annually and public health. During the 19th and is expected to expand from its large-scale water harvesting projects early 20th centuries, the synergies currently endemic range in eastern in main parks and the river. These between urban planning and public and northeastern India to western projects have enhanced the city’s health were evident in at least three and southern India, thereby placing resilience and helped to reduce areas: (i) creation of green space to a large incremental population at temperature by around 4 degrees in promote physical activity, social risk. Given that Indian cities have summers and consequent reduction

42 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication MY OPINION in energy costs. Other initiatives GIS-enabled vulnerability analysis to mixed land use. Public transport include changing concrete and was utilized to provide information system like metro, rapid transport, asphalted areas in green parks, on the spatial distribution of risks bus, etc. should be linked to land use affordable housing, development of and vulnerability to explore targeted planning. Moreover, there should be community centers, preservation options for adaptation. Gorakhpur higher floor space index and density. of historic market, extensive bike is a successful example where a What I am promoting is generally paths, improved footpaths, etc. The micro resilience plan, as a model known as `transit-oriented compact city has the world’s most extensive for city level planning, was prepared city concept.’ The concept should be tram network- of about 250 km, in tune with the spirit of the 74th relevant for new centers as well as the reaching the whole city including Constitutional Amendment Act. existing cities through retrofitting. suburbs. I am a Visiting Fellow of Extension of the existing city will Melbourne University and have The National Building Code, be cost effective. A city is mainly spent a few weeks in the city during 2011 has recently included an an agglomeration of people from August 2014. It has really provided additional chapter on Approach different locations. Existing cities a livable environment to all citizens. to Sustainability. This provides a can be connected with the ICT tools Many of these lessons are relevant comprehensive set of requirements such as GIS, GPS, cloud computing, and feasible for urban India. intended to reduce negative impact mobile phone, computerized data of buildings and infrastructure center, etc. Is there a good example of on natural environment. It would resilient city initiative in protect public health but does not What should be the role India? necessarily increase construction of the private sector The Asian Cities Climate Change costs. This is an important and in climate proof urban Resilient Network (ACCCRN) welcome step. development? initiative strives for outcomes that As public finances become How should we plan are focused on building capacity of increasingly constrained, the private resilient cities in India? cities and building skill sets that are sector is going to play a more critical needed to cope with the challenge The concept of resilient city should role. The private sector should be of climate change. In India under help cities to reduce non-sustainable guided to partner in development the ACCCRN program three consumption. Indian cities are still especially in the infrastructure cities namely Surat, Indore and being planned in the traditional augmentation. We should encourage Gorakhpur have been identified style, where there is segregated the private sector and not discourage for the city-level vulnerability land use, not integrated with the it through over regulation. The UN assessments. In Surat and Indore, transport system. It has to go back Framework Convention on Climate

April 2015Communi Volumety as16 a No. Key 1 Stakeholder - SHELTER | 43

Photo Credit: Rajiv Sharma MY OPINION

Change, places a special emphasis market-based approach to financing actions and policies among the on involving the private sector in urban infrastructure linked with stakeholders, are necessary. resilience. Government funded programs Producing a climate resilience will further strengthen ULBs and As far as Public Private Participation strategy requires technically help achieve the decentralization (PPP) options for urban credible information—not only objective of the 74th Constitutional infrastructure are concerned, with regard to climate, but about Amendment. Thus, market-based the entire notion of developing urban systems, interactions among financing is an important innovation and implementing projects in a various stakeholders and existing for urban infrastructure in the commercial format is a relatively development plans. It requires the country. new trend in India. These projects engagement of vulnerable groups require considerable efforts in and communities in diagnosing What should be the evolving project documentation, problems and designing actions to strategy for Capacity developing institutional respond to these (NMSKCC 2010). Building for resilient city arrangements for project structures, There should be a separate Capacity development? securing approvals and clearances Building Mission for resilient city from stakeholders, financialThere is a need to engage urban development. engineering, selecting a contractor, local bodies and external experts operator or concessionaire and into producing knowledge about What other actions ensuring overall financial closure. vulnerabilities and build local are needed from the A wide range of actors have to be understanding and ownership Government sector? involved in all these processes, and of proposed actions for capacity Addressing a complex task of six consistent coordination is necessary. building. It is well acknowledged that major risk groups – (i) temperature In addition there is a constant need lack of capacity both in quantitative and precipitation variability; (ii) for the sponsor to pursue project and qualitative terms is one of the drought; (iii) flooding and extreme related activities to mitigate and biggest challenges facing urban local rainfall; (iv) cyclone and storm surge; minimize risk and here the private bodies today. Requirements would (v) rise in sea-level; and (vi) linked sector can play a key role. be different for different class of environmental health risk – is a cities. There is need for creation of a serious public policy and adaptation What is feasibility municipal cadre in synchronization management challenge for India. for private funding of with their functional domains. There Specific actions by the Government climate proof urban is need to identify formal educational may include: (a) Incorporating infrastructure? qualifications which would include sustainable habitat standards in course curriculum etc., link them to statutory plans like master plans Government grants should be recruitment and career progression, and building bye-laws; (b) Process leveraged for private investment. and identify institutions that are of city vulnerability assessment, Great progress has been made in capable of providing such courses. preparation of city resilient strategies developing the policy and legal and urban planning; (c) Providing framework for local governments to An important issue would be to incentives to cities for taking up access the capital market to finance ensure geographical spread of such innovative waste recycling projects urban infrastructure. However, to institutions and balancing of supply and waste to energy projects; routinely access capital markets with demand. Under the National (d) Supporting energy efficient or invite the private sector, ULBs Action Plan on Climate Change habitat construction; (e) Recycling will need to have the capacity there exists a National Mission on of construction waste; (f) Using to develop commercially viable Strategic Knowledge for Climate renewable energy in residential and projects. The most critical factor for Change. The Mission acknowledges commercial sectors; and (g) city and obtaining market finance will be a that knowledge networks, which state wide scaling up of successful healthy municipal revenue base. A would inform and support strategic experiments.

44 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication ENERGY CONSERVATION

Energy Management for a Planned City A Case Study of Chandigarh

SARANG GOEL The pressure on commercial energy of urban settlements. For a typical resources is increasing and will be so in city, energy consumption can future. But the rates at which these are be broadly classified in terms being extracted are not in proportion with their period of replacement. Hence, it is of infrastructure provision (i.e. important to make sure that the urban construction, water, sewerage, street Planning for energy centres, that are consuming a maximum lighting, transportation etc.), and at the urban level has share of energy supply, utilize this energy demand for commercial, domestic in an efficient manner by minimizing the always focused on and industrial activities. Access to wastage. The aim of this paper is to address supply-side management sufficient energy and the sources of energy management for a planned city, so as energy production have far reaching (i.e. the provision of to reduce its consumption of conventional infrastructure and energy. Chandigarh, independent India’s implications on a city’s economic development and environmental increase in production to first well planned city, has been taken for the case study. The paper attempts to health. Most of India’s energy meet increased demand, analyze the role of the city’s urban and demand is currently being met from etc). Demand-side built form in establishing the electricity non-renewable sources. Since last 40 management still hasn’t consumption patterns (in residential & years, there has been a global energy commercial consumption only; industrial gotten its due in urban crisis and the apparent abundant studies. City Master Plans consumption not considered) which may lead to identifying strategies for efficiently supply of energy resources now also do not include energy managing the same. seems limited. management. There is Hence, it is important that urban a missing link between INTRODUCTION centres (globally), which consume energy management and Cities are engines of economic around 80 per cent share of energy urban planning in India. growth. Over the last 20 years, supply (World Bank 2010), utilize these engines have experienced this energy efficiently. According tremendous surge. Today half of to a study conducted by the World the world’s population (around Business Council for Sustainable three billion people) lives in urban Development, manufacturing, settlements, a share that is likely to construction, transport of material, reach 70 per cent in year 2050. In the maintenance & renovation consume context of economic development, it 16 per cent of total energy, during is recognized that urbanization is not the full life of a building. The balance KEYWORDS only inevitable, but also desirable and 84 per cent energy is consumed by energy is an important pre-requisite a variety of other requirements on Cities, energy management, electricity for this. It is estimated that one per a day-to-day basis, like heating, consumption, sustainability cent increase in urban population ventilation, cooling, computers, Sarang Goel ([email protected]) is a increases energy consumption by 2.2 cooking etc. (Sanyal et al). practicing Architect-Urban Planner based per cent (Sanyal et al). at Chandigarh. Complimenting this issue is the Energy is crucial for the functioning threat of climate change, as cities

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 45 ENERGY CONSERVATION

Figure 1: Global CO₂ equivalent emissions by sector this share is increasing as years pass by. It is seen that every year there is an increase of 20-30 per cent in energy demand in the residential sector and 10-15 per cent in the commercial sector(TERI, 2009). Inefficient consumption was reported for 20 per cent energy wastage in the year 2006 (Shahi, 2006). Research shows that the cost of reducing energy use by one kWh (with more efficient technologies) is much lower than cost of increasing energy supply by one kWh (through (Source: World Bank report) investments in new energy supply equipment) (Garg, 2012). Thus, use account for roughly 80 per cent demand and domestic production is of conventional energy needs to be share (World Bank 2010), of rising, leading to rising fuel import minimized. global greenhouse gas emissions, bill and threatening energy security. Analysis of sector-wise consumption majority of which comes from Of all the conventional energy (in trends of electricity usage is given in energy production, generation and Peta joules, refer Figure 2) consumed Figure 4. According to this figure, consumption (Figure 1). Developed in India, share of electricity is highest industrial sector is the biggest cities, cities in cold climatic zones, (Energy Statistics, 2011). But, only consumer of electricity, followed by richer cities, less dense cities and 11 per cent of electricity is generated residential, agricultural,commercial cities that depend predominantly on from renewable sources (refer Figure and miscellaneous (comprising of fossil fuels to produce energy, emit 3) (World Energy Council 2012). transport sector, public lighting, more greenhouse gases. So, how Additionally, existing studies across public water works, sewage pumping cities meet energy demand is critical Indian cities reveal that household and others). to climate change (Bhaduri, 2002). energy has a major share in India’s In a typical residential building, In India, the gap between energy total electricity consumption and lighting and ventilation (including

Figure 2: Consumption of conventional energy in Petajoules, Figure 3: India’s installed electricity generation capacity India, 2009-10 (year 2011)

(Source: Energy Statistics 2011, Central Statistics Office, Government of (Source: World Energy Council report) India)

46 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication ENERGY CONSERVATION air-conditioning) take the major This study started with a hypothesis This fact reveals that planned cities share of the energy consumption that Chandigarh (independent India’s have more per capita electricity pie (refer Figure 5). In commercial first well planned city) has very high consumption, as compared to buildings too, air-conditioning and per capita electricity consumption. unplanned/traditional cities. lighting serve as the two most energy When this hypothesis was cross- So, does it mean that we should not consuming end-use applications, checked with consumption trends of plan our cities? Or does it indicate accounting for around 90 per cent of some other planned and unplanned certain shortcomings in our planning the total consumption of a building cities (having similar population process? Taking Chandigarh as an (remaining being taken by other size) and the national figure, it was example, this paper attempts to electronic items). found to be true (refer Table 1). identify, how as city planners, we can maintain an energy balance Figure 4: Sector-wise electricity consumption scenario (2009-10). for a planned city, so as to reduce consumption of conventional energy (with focus on electricity in residential & commercial sectors only). But before that, let us see what we mean by energy management.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT Energy management is defined as a proactive, organized and systematic approach of procurement, conversion, distribution and use of energy to meet the requirements, taking into account environmental and economic objectives. In simple

(Source: Energy Statistics 2011, Central Statistics Office, Government of India; India Energy Handbook terms, it ensures a coordinated, 2011; Kumar, S (2011) Benchmarking Energy Use in Buildings and Clean rooms, ISA Vision Summit, long-term approach to ensure that Bangalore) the city’s energy needs are met at minimum cost to all sections of the Figure 5: Electricity usage pattern in a residence (Delhi). society, without any discrimination. Urban Energy Management entails development of a programme that holistically integrates both the supply-side and demand- side management goals (India Infrastructure Report 2011). Traditionally, planning for energy at the urban level has always focused on supply-side management (i.e. the provision of infrastructure and increase in production to meet increased demand, etc). Demand- side management has still not got its due in urban studies and City (Source: Goel V (2006), Steps towards an energy efficient building) Master Plans do not include energy

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Table 1: Per capita electricity consumption of selected cities, year 2009-10 In short, a large number of factors influence energy consumption, so it is difficult to isolate effects of form. Chandigarh is a well planned city, which means that components of urban & built form have been taken care of in planning & designing of this city. For the composite climate this city enjoys, controlling solar radiation & movement of hot winds, reducing thermal gain & provisioning of green spaces/water bodies to lower ambient temperature form important planning elements. The creators of the city took care of this, by incorporating aspects like orientation (of sectoral grid, public & private buildings), dwelling unit density, building height, soft *-on account of high industrial & commercial activities. 0= Census 2011. paved to hard paved area, spacing Source: Electricity Department, UT, Chandigarh; Website of Press Information Bureau, GoI; Report on Energy and Carbon Emissions Profiles of 54 South Asian Cities, ICLEI; Census of India 2011. between buildings, fenestration sizes & positioning, sun shade devices, vegetation cover, etc. Despite this, management. There is a missing link CHANDIGARH – A CASE the city has high consumption between energy management and STUDY figures. urban planning in India. Electricity consumption of a city For this paper, data was collected at is a function of many variables, To make an efficient use of the city level and from four residential like climate (i.e. cities in different energy and, as a consequence, sectors. The following observations to save it, the actions in energy climatic zones have varying were made on the basis of data management are focused on three consumption pattern); settlement collected and analysed: size (i.e. more people implies more aspects: conservation, substitution & energy consumption); urban form 1) Of all energy sources used recovery. While energy conservation (i.e. shape of settlement, density, (petroleum products used in is described as efforts made to reduce network pattern & its relation to aviation and industrial sector energy consumption for an existing land-use, physical extent, types of has not been considered) (in scenario; energy substitution deals land use & zoning, skyline, etc); built tonnes of oil equivalent), share of with substituting non-renewable form (i.e. clustering of buildings, electricity is highest. energy sources with renewable ones siting, spacing between buildings, 2) Of all the power consumed by i.e. looking for cleaner sources of height, building envelope & mass, the city, share of thermal is 31.5 energy. Energy recovery deals with orientation, open space to built-up per cent, nuclear is 10.5 per cent efforts made to close the energy area ratio, micro-climate, floor area while that of hydro is 58 per cycle to prevent dispersal of waste ratio, etc); economic base (i.e. nature cent, i.e. all the power is being energy back to nature i.e. using waste & level of economic activities taking sourced from non-renewable energy of one process as a resource place); and income & affordability sources (because as per Ministry for the other. Figure 6 illustrates (i.e. rising incomes & living of New & Renewable Energy, these aspects in more detail. standards, changing lifestyles, etc). Government of India, hydro

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Figure 6: Components of energy management 7) There is inequitable consumption pattern in society, with high income group consuming much more energy than the other sections of society. Bigger residential plots, despite lesser occupants, have higher consumption than smaller residential plots, which house more people. 8) Energy consumption (per capita) goes down for flatted developments against plotted developments. 9) Commercial areas have much more consumption than residential areas, despite occupying less area as per land use. Reasons could be inappropriate plot width to depth ratio (increasing the lighting load) and less window area (increasing the ventilation load), besides other factors like activity patterns. 10) Government houses consume less electricity as compared to private houses of same size. This power from projects above in summer months, so reducing indicates possible difference 25 Megawatt [MW] is not building’s internal temperature & in incomes and consequent considered green power). All the heat gain is important. electrical appliance ownership. Besides, government houses obligations for clean energy are 5) Maximum consumption is in have climate responsive exterior being met through Renewable domestic & commercial sectors, finishes (usually white wash, Energy Certificates, which the also the scope of reducing which has high reflectivity & electricity department buys from electricity consumption is emissivity), thus reducing the the open market to offset its share highest in these sectors. of carbon emissions, produced as energy load. 6) Per capita consumption goes a result of power generation. 11) In row housing plotted down with rise in density, which developments, detached houses 3) Total electricity consumption is can be achieved by planning (receiving light from all 4 sides), increasing at a rate of 10 per cent more dwelling units per hectare each year, while annual per capita (either through flatted or small consume lesser electricity than consumption is increasing at the plotted residential development). houses receiving light from front rate of 3 per cent (approximately) The traditional concept of & back only. each year. joint family stands good in this 12) Orientation is one of the major 4) Maximum consumption occurs scenario. means to control and regulate

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solar radiation, falling on a Managing energy involves times the window height (in case building. regulations, incentives and efforts of no shading device). In case a 13) Row development offers greater by both government & individuals. shading device exists, this depth protection from sun because of Some of these efforts are listed is further reduced to two times less exposed area. However, heat below: the window height. gain from roofs is responsible 1) Periodic energy auditing, 4) Building materials (like hollow for increased air-conditioning, followed by use of energy saving bricks and others) need to be leading to higher energy appliances needs to be mandated promoted and mandated, as consumption in summers. for all public and commercial these help in controlling heat influx, thereby providing thermal 14) Building materials (like concrete) buildings as well as big residential comfort. being commonly used today have plots. Independent studies (by high heat gain. The Energy and Resources 5) Schemes, which offer Institute [TERI]) reveal that concessional loans for building 15) There are big un-shaded energy savings to the tune of 20 green homes, should be parking areas. This results in per cent is possible by promoting promoted and publicized (like enhancing the heat island effect, use of energy efficient appliances. SBI Green Home Loans). thereby increasing the ambient temperature and the consequent 2) New upcoming developments 6) Replacing High Pressure Sodium need for cooling. Shade trees & plots under redevelopment Vapour (HPSV) lamps in public planted in rows mitigate this shall be mandated to incorporate lighting with Light Emitting effect substantially and also green building principles (like, Diode (LED) lamps can conserve provides much appreciated shade Green Rating for Integrated electricity to the tune of 50 per for parking vehicles. Habitat Assessment [GRIHA] & cent, without any compromise Energy Conservation Building with the quality of lighting. 16) High initial cost of energy Code [ECBC]), through revision efficient appliances and green 7) On an average, 50-70 per in building byelaws. Roof gardens buildings is a barrier in their use cent of electricity demand in should be made mandatory and construction. Chandigarh can be met by for all (existing & proposed) tapping solar energy (through 17) There is negligible scope of public buildings and promoted solar photovoltaic panels). harnessing wind power as a for non-public buildings too, Byelaws need to be amended to source of energy(TERI, 2009). as they help in reducing heat mandate use of roof-top solar 18) Though the city has started influx in a building (upto 5OC). plants on public buildings, flatted marching towards harnessing Independent studies reveal that housing and private plots. Energy solar energy, technical (like its energy savings to the tune of Service Company (ESCO) in integration with the existing 15-40 per cent is possible by collaboration with individual/ grid; obstacles on account of promoting use of green building society can work out a model freehold ownership of private concepts (WWF; Srinivas). (like rent-a-roof scheme) to tap residential plots and others) and 3) For any future residential/ solar energy under National financial constraints are some commercial development (in Solar Mission. stumbling blocks in its large scale row formation), appropriate One common belief about tapping application. building width to depth ratios solar energy is that more the heat 19) Energy recovery from biomass need to be followed. As per (ambient temperature), more is &sewage has not been tried, concepts of day-lighting criteria, the electricity produced. But that except for a solid waste treatment daylight penetration in a space is not the case. In fact, efficiency plant, which converts municipal varies linearly with window of solar panels goes down with solid waste into fuel pellets for head height. So, limiting depth rise in ambient temperature (their industrial use. should not be more than 2.5 ideal operating temperature range

50 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication ENERGY CONSERVATION being 24-32OC). Putting them in plan should be prepared, which andVerma A.,2009,Energy and Carbon combination with roof gardens lists all the possible sources of Emissions Profiles of 54 South Asian increases their efficiency. energy, their scope and evaluation Cities, ICLEI. (technical & financial), weighed 8) It is recommended to mandate Energy Statistics 2011, Central Statistics against the demand and supply Office, Government of India. distribution companies to scenario. buy power generated through Garg P., Energy Scenario and Vision 2020 renewable sources by ESCO and CONCLUSIONS in India, Journal of Sustainable Energy distribute it to consumers, to & Environment 3 (2012) 7-17. reduce consumption of power Sustainability of cities depends on how energy is utilized and managed. Goel V, Steps towards an energy efficient generated using conventional building, 2006. energy sources. Although architecture controls and planning principles of Chandigarh India Energy Book 2012, World Energy 9) Around 5-10 per cent of the have been climate responsive to Council. electricity demand of a residential a great extent, the high per capita Kumar, S, Benchmarking Energy Use in sector in Chandigarh can be met electricity consumption can be from power generated through Buildings and Clean-rooms, ISA Vision explained by the habits and lifestyles Summit, Bangalore, 2011. municipal solid waste & biomass of its citizens. So, without public (through anaerobic digestion participation, it will not be possible Sanyal S., Nagrath S. and SinglaG.. Mirabilis Advisory, The Alternative technology, (Shiv, 2009)). These to achieve desired results. But plants may be located in green Urban Futures Report, Urbanisation& whatever be the reason, one thing Sustainability in India, prepared for belts of a sector, as it won’t require is crystal clear, that meeting this WWF, Thomson Press. much land & is odour free (as it growing demand for energy is taking works in a closed system). a huge toll on our environment. Owens S., Energy, Planning & Urban Form. 10) Similarly, exploiting the potential When planning for a water supply of methane produced from city’s system (another scarce resource), Prakash A., Reflections on Chandigarh. sewage for electricity generation planners follow a design norm of Shahi R V, Energy Markets and 135litres/capita/day. No such notion would result in reduction in Technologies in India, Keynote Address greenhouse gas emissions. City- exists in the case of electricity. It’s in Global Energy Dialogue at Hanover level sewage treatment plants time to evolve such a norm so that (Germany) on April 25, 2006. can be positioned at the final energy planning can be achieved in outflow point of Chandigarh. our towns and cities. Shiv J C, Techno-economic feasibility evaluation of conversion of food waste This shows the necessity of India is urbanizing at a rapid pace. to energy through anaerobic digestion coordinated efforts between city As India is yet to build most of its and gasification, A Master’s thesis, administration & management, urban spaces, there is an opportunity University of East Anglia, University Plain, Norwich, 2009. urban planning and tools like the to imbibe energy management City Sanitation Plan and Energy in planning principles. It shall Srinivas S, Green Buildings in India: Management Plan in a city. showcase our commitment to the Lessons Learnt, CII–Godrej GBC. 11) Concept of micro-grids (at sector cause of fighting climate change & TERI 2009, Master Plan to make level) could also be explored to global warming. Chandigarh a Solar City, New Delhi: The consume the power generated Energy & Resources Institute. locally (from solar energy and REFERENCES biomass). Urban Energy Management, India Bhaduri S., 2002, Patterns of commercial Infrastructure Report 2006. 12) Differential tariff plan needs to energy consumption in urban be introduced for high energy settlements, a published doctoral thesis, World Bank 2010, Cities & Climate Change: An Urgent Agenda, Urban consuming users. SPA Delhi. Development Series Knowledge Papers, 13) Finally, a city level energy action Kumar E., Das A., Guru R.R., Pathak K. The World Bank.

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Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) Implementation

ARUN BHANDARI This article argues for implementation top priority to the achievement of of Energy Conservation Building Code nation’s long term energy security (ECBC) which would help in significant and reliable power supply. To meet reduction of energy consumption in the growing energy requirement, the GoI There are clear estimates building sector. The article compares the has given priority to add new power that ECBC-compliant proposed energy efficient building against the Standard Building to determine the generation capacity, also giving buildings can use 20-35 actual energy saving from ECBC compliant equal importance to look out for per cent less energy than buildings. ECBC intends to improve the options that will help in reducing the a conventional building. energy performance of building by energy energy demands. Considering the management and with the use of best According to Bureau vast potential for energy savings, to of Energy Efficiency available technologies in the market. Also, most green building norms in India have give impetus to energy conservation (BEE), the average formally complied with ECBC and have in the country, the GoI in 2001 national benchmark for followed prescribed building form and enacted the Energy Conservation commercial buildings functionality, thereby achieving considerable Act, 2001 (EC Act) which provided in India has been above energy saving. Bureau of Energy Efficiency the legal framework, institutional and state governments are discussing the 180 kWh/m2/ year. The institutional and administrative setup arrangement and regulatory ECBC compliant building required at state and municipal level for mechanism at the central and state could help to achieve a enforcing of ECBC. level to embark upon the energy benchmark of 110 kWh/ efficiency (EE) drive in the country. m2/year, thus saving INTRODUCTION The Bureau of Energy Efficiency energy in buildings In the rapidly growing economy (BEE), a statutory body under operations. of India, the energy requirements Ministry of Power, was established are increasing at a fast pace. The in March 2002 to implement the EC Government of India (GoI) is giving Act.

KEYWORDS

ECBC, Energy Conservation Act, 2001

Arun Bhandari ([email protected]) is founder of eCUBE solution, Bengaluru.

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ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN evaporative cooling and rest goes to buildings in India has been above BUILDING SECTOR other equipments and heat losses. 180 kWh/m2/year. The ECBC The building sector is one of the major However, this does not include the complaint buildings could help energy-mix on supply side that to achieve the benchmark of 110 consumers of energy, accounting 2 for about 33 per cent of India’s total utilizes other forms of energy such kWh/m / year, thus saving energy electricity consumption—of which as petrol, diesel, LPG gas, fuel wood in building operations. ECBC is still the residential and commercial etc., consumed in each household, recognized as optional for buildings. sectors account for 25 per cent for which data is not available The state of Tamil Nadu has made and 8 per cent, respectively. The at this stage. There is a scope for ECBC mandatory for all commercial commercial sector will sustain reducing energy consumption up buildings with support from private the growth rate of 8-10 per cent in to 12kwh/sqft/annum by using the sector in implementing energy coming years. Recently, the Ministry existing technology and to achieve efficient technologies, and necessary of Power, GoI has announced a saving about 40 per cent of energy amendments have been made in the guidelines for BEE Star Rating consumption or reduction in municipal building byelaws. scheme for commercial buildings. building’s carbon footprint. This is a great step towards advancing TAMIL NADU SHOWS EC Act. However, the EC Act THE ENERGY THE WAY FOR ECBC implementation is lagging behind CONSERVATION IMPLEMENTATION market trends, in widely covering BUILDING CODE (ECBC) Moving a step further, the Energy Conservation measures in IMPLEMENTATION Government of Tamil Nadu has the Building Construction Industry. The ECBC now applies to buildings announced budgetary allocation The electricity consumption in the with connected loads over 100 in 2012-13 to implement ECBC commercial building sector has kW or contract demand of 120 in commercial buildings and experienced an average growth of kVA and does not apply to multi- certain categories of major building 13.5 per cent over the last four years family buildings of three storeys or complexes having connection load of because of sharp rise in economic fewer above grade or single family 100kW or more. The implementation growth rate, substantial increase in buildings. The ECBC applies to both of the ECBC can therefore promote living standards and other aspects of new construction as well as large- sustainable development by human development. It is estimated scale commercial building retrofits reducing energy use, cutting costs, that a sustained compound annual in which the final air-conditioned improving services, and reducing growth rate (CAGR) between 5 to space of the building is greater than environmental impacts—bringing 10 percent is likely to be achieved for 1,000 m2. down the growing energy demand in States/cities. The professional the same duration across different ECBC code provisions apply community is actively engaged in building types. Hospitality and to: Building Envelope (walls, supporting the Tamil Nadu State retail, which have had a relatively roofs, windows, day lighting and Government Energy Department to smaller constructed area so far, are skylights); Heating, Ventilation & help implement ECBC as per local expected to achieve higher CAGRs, Air Conditioning (HVAC); Lighting climatic conditions of the state. To in range of 8 – 10 percent. In terms (Indoor and Outdoor); Service Water demonstrate the concept of “Energy of constructed area the maximum Heating and Pumping (Solar Water growth will be seen by residential Efficient Building”, the government Heating); and Electrical Systems and commercial sector registering has announced that the new (motors, transformers, power factor, an increase of four to five times. Collectorate complex at Cuddalore, monitoring). Government studies indicate that Tiruppur and Thanjavur would be in conventional Indian buildings, There are clear estimates that designed as model “Energy Efficient annual energy consumption is 25 ECBC-compliant buildings can Buildings”. Tamil Nadu Government units per sqft, of which 34 per cent use 20-35 per cent less energy than has already issued Government energy is accounted for by fans, 28 a conventional building in India. Order on establishment of Technical per cent for lighting, 13 per cent According to BEE, the average and Empowers Committee for refrigeration, 10 per cent for national benchmark for commercial for implementation of Energy

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Conservation Building Code in CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Tamil Nadu. In whole building performance Buildings Earthscrap, Environmental method, designers have to perform Impact Assessment, Author: Centre for OPTIONS FOR ECBC computer modeling of whole Science and Environment, New Delhi COMPLIANCE building to demonstrate that the 2008 Building components and systems building will use less energy than a Indian Meteorological Department, have two alternative options standard design for the same type Chennai Regional Center, Cities to comply with ECBC code of building in the same climate Climatic Data Analysis, 1975-2000 requirements. First is “Prescriptive zone. In either of the methods, Ministry of Urban Development, 2001-11 method” and second is “Whole the prescriptive or performance Household Residential Energy Demand Building Performance method”. methods, the building must first Survey Both approaches guide the building meet mandatory measures as well. owners and designers to implement Ministry of Power, Bureau of Energy energy efficiency in buildings. In ECBC intends to improve the Efficiency, 2008, Building Energy Star the first approach, a building has to energy performance of buildings by Program, Energy Conservation Building meet or exceed the specific levels energy management and implement Code for Commercial Buildings (meeting minimum values, and with best available technologies Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty other energy-related design features) in the market. Also, most Green Alleviation, Report on Housing Demand intended for individual elements of Buildings norms in India have in Construction Industry Estimates, the building systems. Under the formally complied with ECBC and 2011 Census have followed building form and prescriptive standards approach, the Ministry of Environment and Forest, functionality, thereby achieving builder has the option of “trade-offs” EIA Notification 2007 for Building for envelope features, which allow considerable energy saving. Bureau Construction Category B1 projects for lower thermal efficiency in one of Energy Efficiency and state of the envelope element for better governments are discussing the National Building Code, 2000, Chapter on efficiency with another envelope institutional and administrative Building element, to achieve the overall setup required at state and municipal National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, efficiency required by the code. level for enforcing of ECBC. Extension of ECBC, 1.2 , 2008

HUDCO Best Practice Award to Improve the Living Environment 2014-15 List of Award Winning Organisations S. No. Category Name of the Best Practice Award Winning Organisations 1 Urban Governance Implementation of GIS based Property Tax Urban Development & Environment Reform in ULB’s of Madhya Pradesh. Department, Govt of Madhya Pradesh 2 Housing, Urban Poverty & Services for Urban Poor ISHWAR SANKALPA, Kolkata, West Bengal Infrastructure 3 Urban Transport Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System – Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited jointly with “JANMARG” and Sitilink – Surat Bus Rapid Surat Municipal Corporation, Gujarat Transit System 4 Environmental Management, Rain Water Harvesting Municipal Council, Maharajpur, Madhya Energy Conservation and Green Pradesh Building 5 Sanitation SabarShouchagar – Transformation to an Nadia District Administration, West Bengal Open Defecation Free District 6 Sanitation Solid Waste Management Nagar Nigam Haldwani, Nainital, Uttarakhand 7 Sanitation Low Cost Sanitation Solutions Shelter Associates, Pune jointly with Pune Municipal Corporation, Maharashtra 8 Urban Design and Regional Inner City Revitalisation and Conservation Municipal Corporation of Chennai, Tamil Planning, Inner City Nadu Revitalization and Conservation 9 Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation Early Warning System Meteorological Centre, Dehradun, Uttarakhand and Rehabilitation For further details, please contact: Shri Surendra Kumar, Fellow HSMI/HUDCO, New Delhi ([email protected])

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Sabar Shouchagar An Inspiring District Level Model for Eliminating Open Defecation in India

P. B. SALIM “Sabar Shouchagar”, meaning “toilets for programme guidelines for sanitation S. N. DAVE all”, is a thought that was later actualized and hygiene promotion i.e. Swachh by the district leadership. This initiative Bharat Mission (Gramin) with a aims at overcoming challenges such as mission to eliminate open defecation correct situation analysis, information management, participatory planning to nationally. “Sabar Shouchagar”, is enable implementing a convergent social The District Administration in Nadia an excellent example of engineering program for providing access took an early note (even before the accountable governance to toilets for all families in the district, launch of Swacch Bharath Mission) within the given financial, technical and with coming together of of the poor sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and rights human resource constraints of a low situation in Nadia district. Priority holders to collaborate priority development programme in India. was given to the issue in a mission and demonstrate actions The experience of one and a half years of mode, as over 30 per cent population leading to improving the implementation indicates that by involving and motivating key stakeholders, using quality of life and making in the district defecate in the open. innovative communication approaches for the environment livable mass mobilization of communities, making It was noted that in adjoining for future generations them aware of the health hazards of open country, Bangladesh (with a similar through promotion defecation; developing systems for improving socio-cultural situation), the open of new social norms service delivery of sanitary toilets, triggering defecation levels have reduced to towards eliminating open the collective behavior change for stopping 3 per cent (JMP, 2014). The issue defecation. open defecation; have transformed the was raised in public forums with environment in the district. It has become elected peoples representatives possible to achieve an Open Defecation Free and stakeholders to trigger district in record time. consciousness for action to change CONTEXT AND the situation. The district leadership BACKGROUND took a collective decision on 2nd October 2013 and launched an Wide spread open defecation in KEYWORDS rural India is a unique human innovative "Sabar Shouchagar" development emergency. India (Toilet for all) movement (Ref. Fig Open Defecation, Sabar Shouchagar, 1). The concept had the branding Nadia, CLTS Model shares the largest proportion of open defecation; (60 per cent) that includes product, positioning Mr. P. B. Salim, ([email protected]) is and promotion,all the 3 ‘Ps’ for a a member of the Indian Administrative which is nearly six hundred million Services, 2001 batch and is currently people out of 1.20 billion people business model with another ‘P’ as District Magistrate, Nadia, West Bengal. defecating in open globally (JMP- ‘passion’ worked very well and made Mr. S. N. Dave is a WASH Specialist of 2014). Recognizing the urgency, sanitation and hygiene promotion UNICEF in West Bengal. Photo credit- author, unless specified. Government of India has recently every person’s business and not just revamped the national sanitation a government programme in Nadia.

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Fig 1: The launch of “Sabar Shouchagar ” movement and Public Pledge for ODF on 2nd October, 2013.

TIME LINE million individuals out of a total of from National Rural Livelihood In March 2013, the district 5.2 million population). Mission (NRLM) resources. The Information, Education administration of Nadia started For the “Sabar Shouchagar” and Communication (IEC) and a re-verification of the baseline movement, the low cost (Rs 10,000) contingency fund available at the survey data conducted under double leach pit honey comb toilet district level of all other major NBA, to identify those households model was adopted, for which the schemes including Indira Awas Yojna and individuals practicing open labour component was sourced (IAY), Border Area Development defecation. Through the process, through Mahatma Gandhi National Program (BADP), Multi-sectoral 3,26,000 rural households and 14,300 Rural Employment Guarantee Development Program (MsDP), urban households were identified as Scheme (MGNREGS) fund; material National Highways etc. were used for without access to toilets and thus component from NBA fund and the the massive mobilization campaign. practicing open defecation, out of entire human resource (training, a total of 1.04 million households skill development, setting up of rural Thus, in just one and a half years’ (This corresponded to around 1.8 sanitary marts etc.) were sourced time, the district made remarkable

Fig 2: Glimpses of the longest human chain against open defecation (122.3 km) in Nadia on 21st February 2015.

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Fig 3: Faith based organisations progress by accelerating the pace of mobilization for accomplishing the influencing and encouraging collective service delivery and covered over 97 mission successfully. behaviour change per cent families and it further aimed "Sabar Shouchagar" is an excellent to ensure 100 per centcoverage by example of accountable governance March 2015. A positive and enabling with coming together of duty bearers environment has encouraged and motivated the stakeholders and rights holders, to collaborate for effective service delivery and and demonstrate actions leading people at large have become aware to improving the quality of life and and started realizing that a new making the environment liveable social norm towards stopping open for future generation through defecation is doable and has to be promotion of new social norms of ensured. The organized network of eliminating open defecation. women Self Help Groups (SHGs) and Now, while accomplishing a record school children played a major role number of toilet’s constructed (over in generating awareness and demand three hundred thousand toilets and supply response is coordinated within a period of one and a half by Non-Government Organizations year), the district administration in (NGOs) and Panchayat Raj Nadia is at the cusp of realising the Institutions, (PRIs - the local self- pledge and achieving the vision and government) (Ref. Fig 2&3).The transformation and turnaround in mission,within the stipulated period behavior change among people is of March, 2015 (Ref. Fig 4). the most important outcome of the MODIFIED CLTS MODEL innovative communication strategy coupled with close and effective During the implementation of monitoring of the programme which "Sabar Shouchagar" movement, a has enabled optimum resource classic CSCSS (Community and

Fig 4: A chart showing progress during NBA period (2009-13) and Sabar Fig 5: Women SHGs – Managing Rural Shouchagar period (2013-2015) Sanitary Marts for toilet construction

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Stakeholders Co-led Sanitation) on violators; enforcement through big; government should lead; be model has evolved that enables paranajardari committee; board of flexible; use external support when accelerated service delivery, on pride in every village etc. needed; create demand; strengthen supply chain; and make enabling demand, to achieve saturation in In addition, the movement was environment which are detailed rural district settings of India. In a guided and supplemented by a below: way "Sabar Shouchagar" movement committed administration which has all the major components of the helped in accelerating the pace of the 1. Situation analysis using primary Community-Led Total Sanitation movement manifold. and secondary information; (CLTS) model like community 2. Strategy formulation through STRATEGIES awareness; triggering to start; stakeholder consultations; walk of shame to instill the need; Nadia district conceptualized and 3. Innovative behavior & change community and stakeholder led; developed its strategy and action in communication campaign for sourcing of materials through rural plan using the ‘Theory of Change’ community mobilization; mart; imposition of social sanction framework that includes; start 4. Involvement of women Self Help Fig 6: Massive participation of School children - as catalysts Groups for demand and supply management (Ref fig 5&7); 5. Involvement of children as change agents (Ref fig 6); 6. Effective convergence of programmes for improved coordination and resource mobilization; 7. Capacity building of key Fig 7: Women as the real change agents of the movement stakeholders, front line workers and masons; 8. Partnerships with faith based organizations, corporate organizations and civil society organizations; and 9. Use of technology for programme monitoring.

Fig 8: Proud women with enhanced dignity and safety after possession of home RESULTS toilets The "Sabar Shouchagar" programme implementation has become people’s movement, led by community and supplemented by the administration. The summary of results after 15 months of implementation is as under:

• Over 3,06,000 families not having

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Fig 9: The ODF declaration and celebration : ODF enforcement through Para Najardari Committees

toilets have access to sanitary verify every household/individual effectively communicating the need toilets (Ref fig 8); and on satisfaction, declare the for collective behavior change in a ‘catchment’ as ODF with celebration. • All families (5.20 million record time. The "Sabar Shouchagar" This process was followed by population) reached through Movement’ has been shortlisted for verification and declaration at innovative IEC with key Gram Panchayat (GP)/ Municipality the prestigious United Nations Public programme messages that level(Ref fig 9). Services Award. Learnings from the improved awareness on toilet usage; Community members are forming model have inspired stakeholders hamlet/ community level vigil/ within and outside the state. The • Increased and accelerated enforcement teams called ‘Para Nadia model has demonstrated sanitation coverage from 60 per Najardari committees’ at every cent to 97 per cent; successful approaches and strategies hamlet area (paras) to keep watch to address the major development • Increased use of toilets from 50 on the enforcement of ODF and per cent to 95 per cent; to take care of defaulters, if any. challenge i.e. eliminating open Social sanction and social pressure defecation and has the potential for • Significant reduction in open are strong deterrents for probabale replication inside and outside the defecation (29 per cent) defaulters. Satisfactory enforcement state of West Bengal. (UNICEF study report); and will be celebrated by erecting ‘Board • All schools have Water, Sanitation of Pride’ at village level. RECOGNITION and Hygiene (WASH) facilities. CONCLUSIONS 1. HUDCO Award for Best OPEN DEFECATION FREE The Nadia "Sabar Shouchagar" model Practices, 2014-15. (ODF) DECLARATION AND is an evidence based model which ENFORCEMENT ensures access to toilets, behavioral 2. Shortlisted for UN Public Culmination of the movement change and sustainability. A UNICEF Services Award involves scrutiny and validation of supported study has acknowledged the field level activities leading to and appreciated the Nadia model 3. Lough borough University, as an emerging and inspiring model certification and ODF declaration. United Kingdom has selected the A bottom–up system of ODF that has demonstrated accelerated project as “An Inspiring District declaration was followed,wherein the sanitation service delivery for ‘catchment areas’ under Angan Wadi saturation of villages with sanitation, Level Model for eliminating open Centres (AWCs) independently mobilizing communities and defecation in India”.

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Gurgaon Almost the Millennium City

MANSI SAHU In the past 2 years, StudioPOD has been million people or 30 per cent of working collaboratively with different SARFARAZ MOMIN India’s population. Cities will be clients to create visions, design manuals, even more important by 2030 when MAHESH WAGHDHARE research documents and master plans for existing and new development in India more than 40 per cent of people SHRADDHA MARATHE and around the world. Cities are the real will likely be living in them.[1] This beacon of hope for urban India on many shift has happened historically with RAHUL DALAL accounts, fuelled by young ambitions and every major industrialized country nurtured with determination to excel. We in the world, however India’s need cities like Gurgaon to flourish and The city of Gurgaon needs inspire hope in millions of young dreamers, urbanization will be on a scale to urgently recognize looking to fulfil their dreams in changing that is unprecedented. It will offer that quality of life is a the economic landscape of India. Citing the undoubted economic benefits but key competitive asset case of Gurgaon, this article highlights a few it also raises the question: Is India which is now becoming possible short-term and long-term strategies ready to deal with the realities of its that could potentially alleviate stress on a new paradigm for urban future?(Refer Figure 1) existing cities and facilitate building newer effective urban economic smart cities in India. To house the rapidly urbanizing development and invest population, eleven new cities of the in plans that are no longer INTRODUCTION size of New Delhi will have to be just static blueprints, as in the previous decades Indian cities matter today – they built over the next two decades.[2] but dynamic, so that are home to an estimated 340 This task seems rather daunting as multiple parties can Diagram 1: Infographics of current trends of Indian Cities collaborate to use them and make decisions over them.

KEYWORDS

Gurgaon, Millennium City, Studio POD,

Mansi Sahu, Sarfaraz Mominand Mahesh Waghdhare are the Founding Partners & Urban Designers at Studio P|O|D based in Mumbai. Shraddha Marathe and Rahul Dalal are the Director of Sustainable Design and Director of Transportation Planning, respectively at Studio P|O|D. Mansi Sahu ([email protected]) is the corresponding author of this article.

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Diagram 2: Photo from NASA, Showing the depleting groundwater resources highlight a few possible short- term and long-term strategies that could potentially alleviate stress on existing cities and facilitate building newer smart cities in India.

THE CITY OF GURGAON The city of Gurgaon is a case under consideration that has managed to grow rapidly in recent times. Today, it is the third wealthiest city by per-capita income and the city has witnessed a massive population growth from 900,000 in 2001 to more than 1.5 million in a short period of time [3]. Such phenomenal growth rate has overwhelmed city planning in Gurgaon even with availability of our cities haven’t really managed to levels are already challenging funds. The transportation system, cope with rapid growth well in the India’s aspiration for a cohesive and urban infrastructure and overall past and continue to struggle. The sustainable growth model. It is in quality of life have been below par infrastructure is tattered and access this context that planning newer when compared to other Indian to basic services in urban areas cities along with upgrading existing cities while social inequity continues continues to be poor. The increasing ones shall become imperative to to rise. gap between basic facilities offered positively maintain India’s growth to residents versus an expanding story. With 100 smart cities planned This article showcases a few of urban population, and rising income in the near future, this article shall Studio POD’s research, learning and strategies outlining actions that the city of Gurgaon can start Diagram 3: Existing Vehicle Congestion of Indian cities. putting in place that could leverage the potential economic benefits that urbanization can confer while improving the quality of life for its residents. At a national scale, Gurgaon’s role was always to be an important node between Delhi - Jaipur corridor which functions as an Industrial and service based growth centre. Today, it is one of the hubs for the IT and outsourcing boom that drove India’s economic growth from the 1990s, giving it the name “Millennium City”. However, this “wealthy” city today,

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Diagram 3: Redesigning existing right of way in Gurgaon: A 60m road that The city of Gurgaon needs to currently only designed for vehicles have the possibilities to become an equal street for multiple modes of transportation. urgently recognize that quality of life is a key competitive asset which is now becoming a new paradigm for effective urban economic development and invest in plans that are no longer just static blueprints, as in the previous decades but dynamic, so that multiple parties can collaborate to use them and make decisions over them. The city is home to one of the most progressive, well-educated and upwardly mobile population that has propelled the success of its economy and also a ground for rapidly increasing slums. Hence, if Gurgaon wants to be a global centre and a great city it must adopt people centric planning practices that are socially, reflects how city planning can fail façade might be glamorous with environmentally and economically its citizens. The city of Gurgaon glass towers and expensive malls, but inclusive. experiences crippling power and the underlying truth is that Gurgaon water shortages (Refer Figure 2); ACTIONS NEEDED FOR faces challenges of social inequity, its crater-ridden excessively wide GURGAON TO BECOME roads are unsafe for pedestrians and unsafe environments, non-existent SMART MILLENNIUM CITY open sewage drains are polluting public realm and a very low index of We would like to illustrate some the ecology of the place. The city’s liveability for its residents. urgent actions that need to be taken by Gurgaon today, with respect to Diagram 4: Map of Gurgaon showing the planned open spaces as per GMUC and a planning, to become a smart city for comparison to Manhattan’s central park. India.

Action 1: Envisioning a new Public Realm If you are in Gurgaon, you are probably always travelling in a car or a two-wheeler. This is what the city demands. Late arrival of public transit systems is the major reason for high dependencies on private vehicles. Every day, Gurgaon faces multiple traffic jams in spite of having rights of way that range from sixty to hundred meters. Our primary action for better

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Diagram 5: Diagram showing the proposed waste water management for minute walk from the existing Gurgaon. and proposed metro stations; however due to the lack of last mile connectivity users are forced to use private vehicles to access their different destinations within Gurgaon. To maximize public transport and metro patronage, actions to create a human friendly scale of the right-of-way is required. It is also important to create a street design manual which functions as comprehensive resource for street design standards, guidelines, and policies while recognizing the human dimension of transit planning.

Action 2: Gurgaon’s Green Secret connectivity is emphasized on where buildings would open pedestrian comfort by providing seamlessly into wide footpaths; and Today, living, working or visiting multiple invitations to the citizens where healthy human interaction Gurgaon, means working in air- conditioned offices, living in of Gurgaon to take part in the city. and maintaining human comfort gated communities and expensive This means re-envisioning the right would be integral to all aspects of recreation in malls, bars, house of way to be more flexible and lend it design and planning (refer Figure 3). to different kinds of uses. Exploring parties or golf clubs for sports etc. the possibility of streets surrounded Studio POD’s research shows Research shows that Gurgaon offers by nature along multi-functional that approximately 80 per cent little access to culture, nature and footpaths that turn into markets; of Gurgaon is more than a twenty safe street life. The development is largely speculative and the majority Diagram 6: Different sustainable infrastructure systems that can be of people working in Gurgaon implemented to create a synergy between private developed spaces and adjacent open spaces. prefer to live in New Delhi. If you are a resident, then there is a high possibility that the quality of life of your family is directly proportional to the investment/ rent you pay to be a part of one of the exclusive gated communities that promise access to private recreational and social amenities. However, the city of Gurgaon has an unprecedented opportunity that can transform the city’s liveability index. As per the Gurgaon-Manesar Urban Complex (GMUC) Master Plan for 2030, approximately 3,737 acres of land has been earmarked

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Diagram 7: Plan of Gurgaon with distributed social hubs along the designated to trigger development along its open spaces to trigger vibrant neighbourhoods. neighbouring villages and farms by creating platforms for local markets. It is important to have a strategy document for the development of the open spaces of Gurgaon, designed to upgrade the living standards, while promoting inclusive communities of its citizens.

Action 3: Sustainable Utilities and Support Infrastructure It is important for the infrastructure in the cities to work effectively. New cities are quickly abandoning the age old centralized models of infrastructure planning and are moving towards more decentralized as open spaces. An additional thirty Gurgaon has a potential to boost systems that prove to be more metre buffer along the main arterial itself to become one of the greenest sustainable and ecologically friendly. could potentially add 2,800 acres of and most sustainable urban areas Basic amenities such as continuous park space to the master plan. As in the NCR. An opportunity to use electricity, solid waste disposal, compared to the Central Park in sustainable landscape spaces, to water supply and effective public New York City, the open spaces in add a fresh dimension to its image, transport are critical for the success Gurgaon will be 7.82 times bigger, and to create world-class sports of any city’s economy. To compensate if planned and created responsibly activities that are accessible and for the lack of these basic amenities, (refer Figure 4). open to everyone. It has the potential Gurgaon’s companies, malls and real estate developers operate massive Diagram 8: Activity timings of different programs and a demonstration on how diesel generators, and source water their synergy can promote active spaces. from bore wells that are depleting the groundwater table at the rate of 0.65 meters per year [4]. Gurgaon represents a patchwork of private islands rather than an interconnected city, however with some planning and political interventions; it is possible to use these private islands to the advantage of the city. Adopting a decentralized localized system to manage utilities such as garbage, sewage and wastewater rather than depending on a large supply and treatment centres, may be the solution to Gurgaon’s utility management problems. Creation

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of smaller collection and treatment Diagram 9: An investigation of New job possibilities due to investments in centres will reduce the need for Open Space Program. bigger treatment plants and also generate local advantages. The treated wastewater discharge will be of better quality and can be reused locally for irrigation and flushing, while the excess water can be used to recharge the underground aquifers, curbing the depletion of the groundwater table. This will also promote the concept of sustainable and responsible neighborhoods setting an example for all future smart cities of India (refer Figures 5 & 6).

Action 4: Develop Equally Gurgaon today is a space where one can experience several private luxury cocoons that flourish behind high compound walls of private complexes and as soon as you exit them you will probably enter a village or a slum that lacks even basic infrastructure. The spaces lack neighbourhood interactions These spaces will cohesively act as a venues for people of all age and inclusive planning. World Bank shared resource where experiences groups to engage in sports and research suggests that it is 3 to 9 times and value will be created for all fitness. more costly to upgrade an existing its citizens, contributing as a ‘self-  These social hubs shall promote slum, than to plan a neighbourhood organising public service’. (Refer creativity in everyday life with correctly. Figure 7) greater exposure to public Open and public spaces can become The synergies between different art, performances, music and destinations that cater to the social programs will offer many benefits literature. It shall provide and cultural needs of all in the city. like: facilities enhancing health, fitness Identifying the requirement and  A vibrant street culture. and liveability of the surrounding providing them in a decentralized  communities. manner shall promote easy access Therapeutic benefits of  to these amenities for greater being outdoors in natural Instigate a sense of ownership number of people. When open surroundings. Enhance cultural and responsibility towards space are not just landscaped but and ethnic diversity on streets. common public spaces. An also programmed with spaces that  Encourage social interaction active neighbourhood and safe cater to daily needs, sports, child and provide opportunities for outdoors. care, local retail, food and beverages children and young people to  Locating social facilities at etc., they will play a vital role in the meet play or simply ‘hang out’. regular intervals will not only social community life in Gurgaon.  The open spaces shall provide ensure vibrancy but also provide

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safety and security with minimal safe area as each typology varies new development in India. We have supervision. according to the time of day and emphasized that cities like Gurgaon  Promote affordable livingday of the week, and is affected are the real beacon of hope for urban India on many counts. It is a city conditions in neighbourhoods. by what is on offer in a particular place at a particular time. Retailing that was built grounds-up at a rapid The synergy between the typologies and commercial leisure activities pace, fuelled by young ambitions will benefit and help to create local dominate town centres and through and nurtured with determination to attachments and identity for the public space can act as a ‘social glue’. excel. We need cities like Gurgaon to open space of Gurgaon. However, (Refer Figure 8) flourish and inspire hope in millions the success of the open space of young dreamers, looking to fulfill Investing strategically in public planning is not solely dependent on their dreams in changing economic spaces will not only create better a good master plan. It is also crucial landscape of India. What if Gurgaon neighbourhoods but also promote can also become a torchbearer for to understand how well the people new local economies and jobs that cutting edge urban planning and adopt, use, and manage these spaces. will emerge from these investments. design? What if the city of Gurgaon It is imperative to have developers, (Refer Figure 9) allows people to develop equally schools, villagers, residents, and by prioritizing equitable mobility, users of the area around the open WAY FORWARD and quality of life for its inhabitants space to become its stakeholders In the past 2 years, Studio POD has through people centric development and to share the responsibility for its been working collaboratively with approach? maintenance. different clients to create visions, Creating high quality public The synergy of various typologies design manuals, research documents spaces, connected with an effective will result in a 24 hour active and and master plans for existing and public transit network, which is then supplemented with smart infrastructure, shall ensure Illustration Credit: Satish Acharya ecological, social and economic sustainability. We believe the dream of a truly ‘Millennium City’ is a real possibility. The immediate catalytic actions that Gurgaon needs to take today are comparable opportunities available in all cities of India. The Gurgaon development model can be used as a blueprint for developing people centric design ideas in order to transform the tier two and tier three cities of India into the smart cities of tomorrow.

REFERENCES [1] (India’s Urban Awakening; Building Inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth 2010) [2] (IBM Smarter Cities India - The Urban Effect Infographic 2012) [3] (Welcome to Gurgaon, India’s ‘Millennium City” 2012) [4] (Information Procured from the 'Smart City' Must be about People First Hydrology Department N.D.)

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A Smarter Gurgaon Must Learn from Dharavi

ANKITA CHACHRA At present, the city of Gurgaon consists of be noted at the very outset of this privately owned islands of development, debate, that cities couldn’t just segregated gated enclaves, disconnected become smart by applying some technology-savvy office complexes and loosely tied public infrastructure. The information technology systems. The smartness lies in planning Dharavi redefines the trigger for the proliferation of gated ahead and for all users. Cities must basic principles of developments and private islands was the Haryana Development and Regulation of governance and planning. be smart from the point of view of Urban Areas Act, 1975. It allowed private It is in essence a truly land-use, mobility, sustainability, investors to purchase agricultural land, social equity, participatory planning user generated city built apply for a change in land use regulations, by consistent efforts of and develop huge land parcels for very high and safe public environments for all its 700,000 residents profits, without any strategic master plan, city dwellers. On all these counts, living in its 80 distinct or any requirements from the developer to Gurgaon, the large new sister city Nagars (neighborhoods). help build civic infrastructure*. With an of Delhi is not a smart city. It is It has developed and eager interest and emphasis on building made up of privately owned islands crowd-sourced its own new smart cities in India, it is critical that of development, segregated gated we discuss Gurgaon’s model of planning, as improvements through it is becoming a strong precedent for Indian enclaves, disconnected technology- generations of residents cities being developed in the 21stCentury. savvy office complexes loosely tied upgrading their shelters public infrastructure. Instead of and businesses according INTRODUCTION providing opportunities for people to their evolving needs to enjoy public spaces and utilize It is estimated that India needs and means. It is strong streets for activities other than an equivalent of 500 new cities of community spirit and transporting vehicles, Gurgaon has approximately 500,000 people each social capital that holds rendered itself as unfriendly and in the next two decades1 to meet together Dharavi and dangerous city for people not inside the projected demands of rapid many other informal their homes or cars. So what are the settlements in India. urbanization. The program of 100 steps towards making Gurgaon a smart cities proposed by Prime smarter city? Minister Shri Narendra Modi in 2014 is promising in this regard; Indian political, governance and the lack of strong infrastructure planning systems as structured KEYWORDS and basic amenities in the present today are not adequate to deal with day cities raises a series of questions the extent and pace of urbanization Gurgaon, Dharavi, User Generated and doubts for the preparedness both in existing and new cities, smart Cities, SOCC Model. for this ambitious goal. Since or not. The solution to deal with Ankita Chachra (ankitachachra@hotmail. Prime Minister Modi announced urban growth lies in user generated com) is Program Associate for Global his plans for building 100 Smart cities. This solution focuses on Designing Cities Initiative, National Cities across India, there has also empowering and leveraging the Association of City Transportation Officials, New York, USA. been much debate about how to citizens to become active partners make our cities smarter. It should and work towards improving

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 67 A ‘smoggy’ aerial showing recently planned Rapid Metro for users of a decade old Cyber-City.CASE STUDIES

Source: Matthew Niederhauser and John Fitzgerald

their own environments through of user-generated city is Dharavi informal settlements in India. This participatory planning. Ironically, in Mumbai. Erroneously called a self-empowerment has arisen out it is the crowded, underserved, but slum, it is in fact a community of of need and understanding that vibrant parts of the city, wrongfully craftsmen and craftswomen working they are responsible for their own named as ‘slums’, which provides towards creating opportunities environment, as help from the us with the hope and directions for through active decision-making. government has been minimal. the user-generated development. Dharavi, that got more than its With the help of some architects Energizing the top-down as well as fair share of fame through various and planners serving as volunteer bottom-up systems is the best bet in documentaries, movies and articles, facilitators, Dharavi has further India towards building functional, redefines the basic principles of strengthened its underlying accessible and truly smart cities for governance and planning. It is in dynamic and complex inter- all in the foreseeable future. essence a truly user-generated city dependence between users and their built by consistent efforts of its environment. URBZ, a not for profit USER-GENERATED CITIES 700,000 residents living in its 80 organization launched dharavi.org User generated cities are the past, distinct Nagars (neighborhoods). It in 2008 and has been able to facilitate present and the future of building has developed and crowd-sourced work such as household water functional and accessible cities. its own improvements through surveys and other self-upgrading User generated cities are user- generations of residents upgrading programs in Dharavi since then. friendly cities. The term “user their shelters and businesses With the pressing need to cope with generated” is self-explanatory and according to their evolving needs rapid urbanization, the example of implies that the decision makers, and means. It is a strong community Dharavi as a user generated city of stakeholders and investors are the spirit and social capital that holds over half a million people is equally users themselves. One great example together Dharavi and many other relevant for middle class and wealthy

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communities. Dharavi proves that occurred before any holistic plan much more at stake, financially. residents can work together to for Gurgaon was developed and The inadequate water, electricity improve and maintain their own seems hard to unravel now. This and waste management systems, neighborhoods, while working has caused lack of accountability dysfunctional public transit and alongside the government to get among the various owners, making unkempt roads have created a feeling larger infrastructure and amenities, the development model in Gurgaon of frustration amongst the residents which cannot be provided by the comparable to unorganized informal of Gurgaon, who have paid large communities themselves. settlements like Dharavi. However, sums of money to purchase or rent unlike Dharavi, Gurgaon lacks their properties. The ‘Millennium CAN THE MODEL FROM THE any sense of place and community city’, that claims to be a future INFORMAL DEVELOPMENT for user-generated development, economic hub has failed its users due OF DHARAVI BE USEFUL is much larger in scale, and has to a lack of holistic and progressive FOR THE UPSCALE OF NEW “FORMAL” DEVELOPMENT Diagram explaining SoCC Menus. IN GURGAON? Gurgaon has faced backlash from most planning experts, to the extent that some even believe that the fast-paced development model of Gurgaon is nothing short of a disaster. There are good reasons for this outrage, but all hope may not be lost if this so called ‘Millennium City’ can learn from the self-empowering model of Dharavi on how to improve and facilitate change. The trigger for the proliferation of gated developments and private islands in Gurgaon was the Haryana Development and Regulation of Urban Areas Act, 1975. It allowed private investors to purchase agricultural land, apply for a change in land use regulations, and develop huge land parcels for very high profits, without any strategic master plan, or any requirements from the developer to help build civic infrastructure2. While private developers are responsible for their parcels, Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA) and Municipal Corporation (set up in 2011) are expected to manage their delineated zones. This multiplicity of ownership Source: Asia Initiatives

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 69 CASE STUDIES planning. The poor quality of basic collaborating with, and supporting community to keep track of their infrastructure is now encouraging NGO’s, facilitating and partially SoCCs earned, and menus of what residents to take matters in their funding upgradation of internal they can be spend on. Such systems own hands, empower themselves infrastructure such as parks, signage, have recently been set up for pilot to improve their surroundings, and and water harvesting recharge pits4. projects in India, Costa Rica, Ghana become smarter, just like Dharavi. and Kenya geared towards nurturing While still small, these efforts give communities and developing local One of the promising user generated us a glimpse of the potential of leadership. For example, members platforms that has emerged in crowd sourcing and user initiatives of the SoCC community in Kotputli, Gurgaon is – Iamgurgaon (I am in the context of making cities Rajasthan are trading the public good Gurgaon). It is an initiative which smart, especially where planning they do for skill-building classes aims to create awareness, encourage and governance still fail to provide that enable them to get jobs. SoCC and empower the residents and basic amenities. The urban chaos Managers work with communities other stakeholders to improve the of recent rapid developments has to develop SoCC earning and SoCC living conditions in the city. It brings led to a scenario where users will spending menus. In communities together varied interest groups need to help improve their own where governments are unable to including the administration, cities collectively with help of provide basic services, SoCCs can corporate organizations, schools, facilitators. This does not absolve be earned for waste management, Residents Welfare Associations, government bodies of their duties, micro infrastructure building, NGOs and developers in a but it does develop civic bodies that paving or maintaining streets, collaborative partnership. Their can demand accountability from improving neighborhood safety etc. most noteworthy achievement so the government, and partner with Earned SoCCs can then be redeemed far has been the maintenance and government agencies to accomplish for products and services such as upkeep of Aravali Biodiversity Park common goals. It is also important telephone talk time, skill building in conjunction with the Municipal to understand that empowerment courses, home improvements, Corporation of Gurgaon. I am and encouragement of a community healthcare, school scholarship gurgaon has organized plantation to build itself is only one side of the etc. SoCCs is particularly relevant drives, nature walks, clean-up drives coin. The other face of this coin, for unemployed youth and senior as well as cultural events at this park. quite undeveloped at present in most citizens who have much to contribute Their other upcoming and ongoing urban contexts, is the incentive that but are hampered if money is the initiatives include a drive to plant 1 encourages every user/volunteer only medium of exchange. Just million trees, launching of a Gurgaon to provide his/her services to the as carbon credits encourage and water campaign, up-gradation of the community. reward environmental responsibility existing rainwater nallahs across using market mechanisms, SoCCs Gurgaon, cleaning up of villages, SOCIAL CAPITAL CREDITS encourage social responsibility improving sanitation, and launching (SOCC) MODEL using market mechanisms and help a school initiative that teaches kids Asia Initiatives, a not-for-profit price community values into the to become more aware about their organization, has developed a economy at a premium to values of environment and take positive steps consumerism. The build-out of the 3 model of a community currency for to improve and preserve it . social good, which can incentivize SoCC market will enable trades to Another user generated organization and encourage users to serve their be conducted via text messages on that is working in Gurgaon is DLF community. Social Capital Credits ordinary mobile phones, just like City Residents Welfare Association. (SoCCs) is a digital currency earned MPesa, the revolutionary system in Kenya that is bringing micro Although only partially effective by people for undertaking projects banking within reach of any one with a typical mid-high income bias that are good for their communities. with a mobile phone. towards gated communities, their The digital SoCC market can provide agenda includes liaising with DLF, digital wallets to members in a The SoCC model developed for

70 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication CASE STUDIES poor communities, by Prof. Geeta for SoCCs as part of their corporate NOTES Mehta of Columbia University, can social responsibility. * Kumar, KP Narayana, and Udit Misra. also empower middle and high Forbes India Magazine. Forbes India income people in Gurgaon, to come WAY FORWARD Magazine, 2 Aug. 2012. Web. 12 Sept. 2014. together as a community to enhance The new upcoming cities as well as REFERENCES their own life style. Residents can 1 the old established ones have a great IBM Smarter Cities India. (2012, earn SoCCs for caring for the deal to learn from the user initiatives September 13). IBM Smarter Cities public areas within and outside India - The Urban Effect Infographic. in the smart slums of India. Once their communities, for organizing Retrieved from IBM: http://www-03. you add the Social Capital Credits to ibm.com/press/us/en/photo/38837.wss car-pools for daily travel, for helping aged people or children, creating the equation serving as incentives to 2 Kumar, KP Narayana, and UditMisra. public art, for running yoga classes users, investors and stakeholders, the Forbes India Magazine. Forbes India result can be ‘User-Generated Cities’ Magazine, 2 Aug. 2012. Web. 12 Sept. or childcare centers, and creating 2014. where the quality of life is enhanced cultural events. SoCCs thus earned 3 for and by the people. It is time to “I am Gurgaon.” I am Gurgaon. N.p., n.d. can be redeemed for participating Web. 21 Sept. 2014. generation, and perhaps Gurgaon health, environment and community 4 “DLF City RWA.” DLF City RWA, Web. life. Corporate sponsors can also be can take the lead in becoming a truly 21 Sept. 2014.

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April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 71 FEATURE

Improved Public Transport for a Resilient City The Japanese Experience

DR. PAWAN KUMAR Improved public transport is an approach existing plan making process and to revitalize an existing transport system practices. Further, improvement by retrofitting various measures which in existing utility & services and may be comparatively economical, socially acceptable and adaptable of new updated transport networks, creation of There is an efficient technology. Any change puts pressure on new infrastructure, modification public transport network infrastructure, governance and commuters. in urban planning and design in within the metropolitan The resilient city needs to develop and the context of environmentally areas as well as between retrofit various measures for enabling flow sustainable transport, reduction in the cities of Japan. The of people, goods, services and information carbon footprint, climate change public transport system is to maintain efficient mobility in the city. In this context, the Japanese experience mitigation, re-cyclic society, inclusive characterized by superior development, smart city concept, services, punctuality, to adopt various measures for improved public transport is more relevant and etc. provide enhanced know-how neatness & cleanness, scientific. It is important to identify priority to maintain the city economically, good behavior of drivers/ areas and accordingly, strategies need to socially, environmentally and staff personnel, driving be formulated. The promotion of the next- culturally viable. In this context, a discipline, respect generation low carbon transport is a bold for pedestrians, strict step in this direction. city is resilient in nature if it has the adherence to traffic rules ability to cope with changes in urban Environmental sustainability and safety / sector precisely in governance, & regulations, etc. The security are two important pre-requisites expeditiousness and to brand the public transport. Therefore, economy & transport, environment punctuality secured vehicle technology and safe infrastructure & climate change, etc. to retain its through improved are necessary to maintain the image of basic fabric and functions. public transport, avoiding property and performance of rolling A resilient city is a sustainable city and stock, proprietization of human loss. Such transport measures help to develop technical and functional capacities hence its growth and development tracks, traffic signal pre- to maintain the form, function and future of should support transit development. emption, fare collection the city, as a resilient city. Contrarily, a modern and updated system, etc. are well transport to meet the changing travel appreciated. INTRODUCTION demand is the need of the society. A city needs free flow of people, goods Therefore, integrated multi modal and information at affordable cost and improved public transport is KEYWORDS for each and every resident across prioritized to brand as the preferred, the geographical area, particularly convenient, comfortable and reliable Public Transport, Japan Resilient within the municipal limit. It mode of transport. Improved public City, Japan requires hardware and software transport is also one of the attributes Dr. Pawan Kumar ([email protected]) infrastructure for physical movement which makes a city more resilient by is Associate Town and Country Planner at as well as digital infrastructure for changing car oriented development Town & Country Planning Organization, information and communication. to transit oriented development by Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. In due course of time, functions adopting densification of corridors, of a city need modifications in permissible mixed land-use, multi

72 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication FEATURE modal transport hubs, real estate can contribute its full potential Further, policy related to housing, development within influence and commuters can move easily, real estate development, property zones, etc. Such an approach not comfortably and seamlessly. development, re-development only enhances the quality of life • Integration with Local and densification, etc. needs but also reduces dependency on Environment: The availability to be integrated with urban automobile, thus achieving savings of improved transport supports transport. It helps to make a fair in environment and resources. better journey environment and and inclusive society. provides various modal choices IMPROVED PUBLIC Improving public transport through to the commuters as per their TRANSPORT innovation and integration in priority of time, affordability, the transport systems is as good Transport is a state subject but comfort etc. The improved as formulation of correct policy. central policy is necessary as several public transport protects the Now-a-days, the development acts and rules, which have important environment and reduces Co2 by innovations in infrastructure, implications in dealing with urban emissions. transport, are administered by the vehicles and service operation are Central Government. There is always • Integration with Land use: stimulated by commercial values a need to have a policy at state level Such integration supports more rather than social objectives. as well as city level to monitor and sustainable travel choices and Therefore, social objectives and develop transport infrastructure. reduces the need to travel. inclusive society may be considered Now-a-days, transport is an • Integration with Sectoral Policies: as integral components of public interconnected and inter-sectoral Improved public transport transport system. Better transit issue and hence improvement in is essential for trips related quality, affordable fares, extra charges public transport requires advanced to work, health, education, for car use, high parking charges, etc. support and commitment from all recreation, social etc. Therefore, are some of the tools for improving stakeholders. safe mobility of children, ladies, performance of a transport system. The integrated transport strategy has Public transport engages with senior citizens, patients, etc. in other sectors to deliver integrated journey chain needs integration been promoted as a more realistic and inclusive development. A of various sectoral policies. and effective approach for solving comprehensive and integrated Table 1: Various types of Integration and their Characteristics approach includes a planned shift from personalized vehicles to S.N. Integration Characteristics improved and expanded public i. Network  Integration of bus network with MRT & BRT to reduce transport systems, better provision Integration wasteful duplication of services. for pedestrians, bicyclists and  Enhance to meet commuters’ needs. other environmental friendly ii. Fare Integration  Integrated ticketing system to allow passengers to travel on transport, traffic restraint and traffic MRT, BRT, buses and other modes of transport seamlessly. management, land use planning iii. Information  Traveler Information Services (TIS) to provide complete real and development in order to Integration time information on public transport system at MRT stations, reduce the length of the journey major bus stops, interchange nodes, etc. and un-necessary car use whenever iv. Physical  Provision of transfer facilities such as covered link ways, possible (Hine , 2000). An integrated Integration overhead bridges, under passes, bus shelters, auto stands, etc.  and improved public transport Connectivity of spaces at various levels through lifts, ramps, escalators, moving walkways, etc. includes: v. Financial  Sharing of budget allocation. • Modal Integration: It is an Integration  Cost sharing among various agencies. integration of different modes vi. Institutional  Integration among different agencies, operators, etc. of transport so that each mode Integration  One Controlling Authority above all.

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Figure 2: Improved Subway Platform by using Platform Figure 1: Subway Platform in Japan Screen /Platform Edge Door

transport problems than individual regulations, etc. The expeditiousness complex in nature and continue measures. The private sector may be and punctuality secured through to grow. Any change due to more capable of innovation than the improved performance of rolling adaptation of existing and usage concerned transport authorities, but stock, proprietization of tracks, of new transport system puts it is less likely to be willing to innovate traffic signal pre-emption, fare pressure on infrastructure, in ways which are not compatible collection system, etc. are well governance and commuters. The with its commercial objectives (May appreciated. resilient city needs to develop and Tight, 2006). Table 1 describes and retrofit the various measures The Tokyo subway, as a part of rapid for enabling flow of people, various types of integration and transit of Japan, is one of the busiest goods, services and information their characteristics at various levels subways in the world. It connects to maintain efficient mobility for improved services. major city centers and metro trains in the city. Since all major cities The information regarding parking are severely crowded during peak are part of the region,impacts of facilities near interchange stations, hours. During the morning peak such measures are therefore wide unified tickets, coordinated time hour, platform attendants known and tremendous. In this context, tables and public awareness play as ‘Oshiya’, are deputed to help the Japanese experience to adopt an important role in achieving an passengers to get into cars so that various measures for improved improved public transport system. the doors can close. On some Tokyo public transport is more relevant Metro lines, the first or last car of a and scientific. It is important JAPANESE EXPERIENCE train is reserved for women during to identify priority areas and peak hours. Further, platform screen accordingly formulate strategies Japan has a developed system of rail, door/platform edge door is installed to address them. If improvement road, air and waterways. There is an on some metro lines as shown in of public transport is on high efficient public transport network Figures 1 and 2. priority then strategy for reduction within the metropolitan areas as well in pollution, road accidents, fuel as between the cities. Public transport Table 2 describes some of the consumption, carbon footprint, system is characterized by superior important measures undertaken for etc. may be prepared which may services, punctuality, neatness improved public transport in Japan. further define the image of the & cleanliness, good behavior of city as healthy and safe. drivers/staff personnel, driving DISCUSSION AND ii. An improved public transport discipline, respect for pedestrians, CONCLUDING REMARKS system must ensure that there strict adherence to traffic rules & i. Cities are always dynamic, is no inconvenience to the

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Table 2 Important measures undertaken for improved public transport in Japan.

S. Priority Areas Priority Measures Taken N. Strategy i. Facilitation of Improvement of yyOperation of eco-friendly vehicles such as fuel cell buses. Movement convenience of yyInstallation of the public transportation priority system (PTPS) public transport yyPromotion of community development with emphasis on railway stations by increasing rail speed and linking bus terminals with railway stations. yyUse of Common IC Card for all transport services. (Figure 3)

Figure 3: Mutual Usage of IC- Cards in major Transport Services

Source: Toyota Municipal Government, Transportation Policy Division ii. Environment Next-generation yyDevelopment of zero-emission / fuel-efficient automobiles. Protection and low-carbon yyPromotion of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Plug-in-hybrid vehicles (PHVs). Enhancement transport system (Figure 4) yyPromotion of Fuel Cell Vehicles /Fuel Cell buses. yyEncourage the use of Ha:mo Ride and Ha:mo Navi in Japan. Ha:mo Ride is Toyota’s car sharing program that uses compact electric vehicles and the Ha:mo Navi program provides route guidance using both public transport systems and available cars from Ha:mo Ride.

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Figure 4 : Low Carbon Transport System

Source: Toyota Municipal Government, Transportation Policy Division iii. Safety and Reduction of yyInfrastructure collaboration-type advanced highway safety system (Figure 5) Security traffic accidents yyAccident prevention through the active use of advanced automobile technology and ITS. yyUse of Right-turn collision prevention supporting system yyUse of Pedestrian crossing oversight prevention support system (Figure 6) Figure 5 : Advanced Highway Safety System

Source: Toyota Municipal Government, Transportation Policy Division

Figure 6 : Pedestrian Crossing Oversight Prevention Support System

Source: Toyota Municipal Government, Transportation Policy Division

iv. Revitalization Preparation and yyPromotion of appropriate transport system for making city center more attractive. of Public promotion of a yyUse ITS to reconstruct attractive city center for safe, secure, and comfortable movement of Transport public transport both vehicular and pedestrian. System plan for making city center attractive.

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commuters in the journey Public transport is generally sustainability and safety / security chain from origin to destination branded as safe and secure are two important pre-requisites through multiple interchange transport worldwide. Therefore, to brand the public transport. points. A seamless journey is advanced automobile technology Therefore, vehicle technology and convenient and comfortable and various applications of safe infrastructure are necessary and hence always desirable. ITS should be endorsed, to to maintain the image of public Therefore, smart card for all ensure reduction in accidents. transport and avoid property and modes and transport services is The retrofitting of collision human loss. Such transport measures required. Japan uses ten IC cards prevention supporting system help to develop technical and i.e. Suica, Pasmo, Icoca, Pitaba, with infrastructure and vehicle functional capacities to maintain the Toica, Manaca, Kitaca, Sugoca, development is boon to avoid form, function and future of the city Nimoca and Hayakaken to travel damage of infrastructure and loss as a resilient city. on almost all trains, subways and of human life. The installation of buses in most of the Japan’s cities. a simple alarm and panic button ACKNOWLEDGEMENT These cards are used to pay fares in buses draws the attention of The author acknowledges technical on public transport, vending onlookers from the surrounding support provided by Mr. Takai Katsuaki machines, shops, restaurants, etc. areas. Similarly, advanced (Japan International Cooperation iii. To enhance the convenience communication systems between Centre), Ms Tange Yoko [Training of public transport, Japan has driver and control room hold Co-ordinator & Registered Interpreter, introduced eco-friendly vehicles good for making MRTS more Japan International Cooperation Agency using fuel cell technology secure and safe. (JICA)], Ms Sainto Mihoko (Program and public transportation vi. In Japan, the aging population Officer, Training Program Division of priority system. Convenience is increasing and hence there JICA Chubu Centre, Nagoya, Japan) is also enhanced by smooth is need to provide better public and Mr. Akira Nakane (Officer, Urban and uninterrupted flow of transport to bring more people Development Division, Toyota City, passengers from bus terminals to and activities at city centre. Japan). railway stations/metro stations. Contrarily, city centers are REFERENCES Therefore, the development of overcrowded in the Indian land uses between such terminals cities. It requires a need based Hine, J. (2000), Integration, Integration, and stations should be regulated planning of public transport to Integration ………… Planning for to ensure efficient mobility. connect between residential areas Sustainable and Integrated Transport iv. Public transport should always and Central Business Districts Systems in the New Millennium, be environmentally sustainable (CBDs). Further, environmentally Transport Policy 7, pp. 175-177. and should continuously aim to sustainable transport such as Kumar, Pawan, et al (2011), Security reduce emissions at source. The e-rickshaws, battery operated Perceptions of Delhi Commuters at promotion of next-generation vehicles, solar powered cycle Metro-Bus Interchange in Multi Modal low carbon transport is inevitable rickshaw, bicycle, etc. need to be Perspective, International Journal of in metropolitan cities. The operated within CBD areas. Transportation Security, Vol. 4, Issue 4, affordability of such vehicles is Improved public transport is an December 2011, pp 295-307, Springer possible in big cities. Moreover, approach to revitalize the existing Publication. the initiatives for development transport system by retrofitting May, A.D. and Tight, M.R. (2006), of zero emission vehicles, hybrid various measures which may be Innovation and Integration in Urban buses, electric vehicles, fuel cell comparatively economical, socially Transport Policy, Transport Policy 13, pp. buses, etc. needs support from acceptable and adaptable to new 281-282. the government for research and updated technology. It requires usage Toyota Municipal Government (2014), manufacturing. of various applications of intelligent Toyota City Transportation Oriented v. Safety and security are two transport system in planning and Urban Planning Action Plan (2011- important dimensions of design of infrastructure, operation, 2015), Transportation Policy Division, improved public transport system. monitoring etc. Environmental Japan.

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Traditional Placemaking & Identity in Cities through Community Calibrated Charettes Case of Mumbai Mills Revitalization

DEEPENDRA PRASHAD “Community Planning” has been put has included all of the following forward as a valuable method for creating approaches; urban solutions closer to the community’s need and interests. But many methods being - Conventional Master planning: It is important that tried out under its umbrella fall short of the Uses statistics, figures, land use planning must allow desired results, as they might not be targeting maps etc. Problems include people to not just “Act”, the desired vision in a comprehensive unclear ownership, financial but to “React” & to manner. The Community Calibrated constraints, non-outcome based. “Interact”. Recent tools Charette, has emerged as a “tool”-de-force, with the ability to create overlapping / which the government - Strategic planning: A series of common goals for the stakeholders, with a small interlinked plans. and public institutions clear physical dimension of the outcomes. have woken up to for Therefore, it could be termed as an outcome - Action Planning: Activist engaging the community based planning, where physical design approach to important local include “Public Private specialists like architects, are not necessarily issues bringing local stakeholders designing themselves, but are facilitating Partnerships”, “Private together. Uses the technique of a investment”, “Community the design outcome through the charette workshop method. This paper looks at the “community planning workshop” planning workshops”, urban planning suggestions put forward to thrash out action strategies. “Bhagidari” etc. But in by the INTBAU-India planned 4-day reality, in this whole charette, on the usage and reutilization It is important that planning must business of involving the of the Mumbai mill lands and buildings. allow people to not just “Act”, but to community, can we agree This method relies on quick site and data “React” & to “Interact”. Recent tools with its perceived benefits analysis and emphasizing on the realistic which the government and public physical dimensions through the pen-on wholeheartedly... Do all institutions have woken up to for paper medium. Acting closer to people’s engaging the community include voices count? Whether needs, the process helps prevent centralized community discussions generalization, and holds vast potential in “Public Private Partnerships”, build on or confuse ideas? imparting local flavor and identity to urban “Private investment”, “Community Does a mix of agendas regeneration efforts. INTBAU and other planning workshops”, “Bhagidari” produce worthwhile organizations would now be utilizing this in etc. These vary in terms of their many other upcoming initiatives in India and action strategies? methodology for identifying are working towards a wider governmental acceptance of this methodology. stakeholders and the output expected KEYWORDS of them. On evaluating them, we see that a multiplicity of voices often Community, Mumbai Mills, Charette, INTRODUCTION lead to loss of focus. On the other INTBAU Community based planning as a hand too much centralization might bottom-up tool has been often touted Deependra Prashad (deependra@intbau. lead to an ineffective consultation. in) is the Chair- ICC, INTBAU (The as a solution to all planning evils. It International Network for Traditional also supposedly prevents creation of But in reality, in this whole business Building, Architecture and Urbanism)& unrealizable visions of conventional of involving the community, can Practicing Architect, DPAP Studio, New Delhi. master plans. Historically, urban we agree with its perceived benefits planning and design as a field wholeheartedly... Do all voices count?

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Whether community discussions steps and benefits of this process government. The city has grown build on or confuse ideas? Does a in terms if its ability to generate a from a group of seven islands in the mix of agendas produce worthwhile more realistic and outcome based Arabian Sea to a city of immense action strategies? Does community community involvement. proportions. Today it is India’s planning help retain local flavour, commercial and industrial capital identity, ownership in urban renewal THE MUMBAI MILL LAND’S and is expected to become the world’s & place making? BACKGROUND most populous urban agglomeration It is in this context that a tool, namely Mumbai is the financial capital of by 2015. It is a heavily congested the – “Community Calibrated India, contributing to almost half and populated metropolis, with Charette” or simply “Charette” the revenue collected by the Indian some of the world’s most expensive has been tried. This tool invites Picture 1: Location of Mumbai Mill Lands the stakeholders in a proposed development to collaborate in producing a strategic plan, through a workshop which can last up to a week. This intensive process offers valuable advantages wherein new opportunities and position overlaps, emerge among participants who might otherwise have problems in working with each other. The Community Calibrated Charette method has been tried for the first time in India at the “Mumbai Mill- land’s Revitalization Workshop” held in March’2005, which brought together INTBAU, INTACH, Government of Maharashtra, Girangoan (Mill) worker’s associations, The Pheonix Trust, UK, Voluntary organizations, Schools of Planning and Architectural professionals from across the country etc. Being the historic industrial core of Mumbai, these derelict mill lands and their buildings represent a vast potential for decongesting the city and developing public infrastructure and green spaces, so sorely missed, in a city sea-bound on both sides. Many mills are heritage buildings worth preserving and form important chronological and physical/social landmarks in Mumbai’s development. This paper provides a summation of the

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Figure 2: Spread of Mills Lands in Mumbai around Lower Parel real estate. The city of Mumbai is under high stress due to population expansion. Approximately five thousand people arrive each day, in search of new jobs or a new way of life. As a result of this influx of people, a great deal of unplanned expansion has occurred, making precious land unusable for planned development. The downtown centre is divided by a patch of industrial zones and residential units. People still hope that the satellite city of New Bombay, which is taking shape on the mainland, will relieve some of the pressures on the urban environment of Mumbai. Mumbai was initially a port city. Its transformation from trading town to Figure 3: The Mill Lands and the Surrounding Urban Form manufacturing centre began around the mid 1880’s. With this change, the textile industry gave Mumbai an economic boost and it was soon one of the most flourishing textile-based cities. For almost a century, the city thrived on its textile industry, drawing crowds of migrants to the city. In the latter half of the 19th century, the government sold and Figure 4: Existing infrastructure and land uses around India United Mills No. 1 leased land to mill owners in order to encourage textile production. These mill owners, in turn, sent contractors into the hinterland to procure workers for the mills. The number of textile mills increased from 42 in 1880 to 58 in 1900 bringing with it a continuous stream of immigrants, mostly poor, who settled in the Girangaon “The village of the mills”. The textile industry rapidly became the most important employer in the city, giving employment to millions in the mills and related industries. A great many were economically dependent on the mills due to their effect on trade, transportation, energy, food and clothing. By

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Figure 5: India United Mill No. 1 the 1900’s, Parel- Lalbaug, which These provisions were included in The purpose of the workshop was formed the major part of Girangaon, response to demands made by the to assist the government in the came to be identified with the labor laid off textile workers. long-term sustainable development class, dotted as it was, with mills, of the mill area in Mumbai by Due to various pressures from mill factories, workshops and worker engaging the community in the owners and other connected people, chawls (housing). But by the later cause. As a part of the workshop, division of open land in the present participants analyzed the current part of the century, these mills mill complex was performed. conditions of the vacant mill site started facing problems due to labor This was ostensibly with the idea and workers’ housing. The group issues, refusal to modernize and of continuing mill activity in the then collaboratively produced a other governmental disincentives. present building which occupied New Urbanist-based proposal that However,the mills were in the heart about 90 per cent of the land. As a integrated heritage preservation of the city, occupying important and result, there was hardly any land left and sustainable development. The valuable land. for social housing and open space. proposal included a master plan for These actions and decisions made In 1991, the Maharashtra the future development of Mumbai, by the government would seriously Government addressed the issue focusing on sound ecological and affect the redevelopment process of locked mills by allowing the sale design guidelines for new traditional and the growth prospects of the city and development of mill lands under buildings inside the site, as well as for in the coming years. certain conditions, framed in the future expansion. The proposal is not Development Control Regulations of intended to adhere to a fixed master THE MUMBAI MILL LAND’S Greater Mumbai (DCR). In Section plan approach for development, but REVITALIZATION PLAN 58 of the DCR, mill lands were to be rather as an inventory analysis for UTILIZING THE “CHARETTE shared in more or less equal thirds future growth. between the Municipal Corporation PROCESS” of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) The Enquiry by Design “Charette” Utilizing the Charette process, for civic amenities; Maharashtra Workshop as an essential the Mill redevelopment project Housing Area Development participative tool is an intensive was appraised on the principles Authority (MHADA) for public collaborative design exercise, of balancing the non-overlapping housing, and the mill owners for which actively engages local concerns of “community good” modernization and development residents and various stakeholders. along with “commercial returns”. This paved a path for the adaptive of the mills. In 2001 the DCR was The week-long process involves reuse of the Mumbai mill lands along amended to include a provision a thorough education phase, with creating public open spaces and that stated the land provided for discussions, lectures and workshops infrastructure. public housing would be set aside led by experienced facilitators. for housing textile workers with The final product is a document The following essential steps were an additional provision for job of conclusions, collaboratively followed in this case, which are opportunities for family members. produced by the group. intrinsic to the Charette:

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The workshop included a number of THE CHARETTE’S “PEN Business center of Mumbai, and components in order to inform the ON PAPER” ANALYSIS the primarily residential zone to the participants about the key aspects of OF URBAN DESIGN north. Both road and train transit the city, its people and architecture. POSSIBILITIES routes pass through this industrial These included: Mumbai is very proud of the large belt to reach the downtown and the over flow of the business • Extensive tour of the city’s sea facing region that it occupies. The large coastal region surrounding district in the near future into this architecture, including both its underdeveloped belt is inevitable. traditional and colonial buildings the city provides access to the sea, exhilarating views, and a good The unavoidable expansion of the • Lectures and briefings by experts average climate throughout the year. city can be controlled or retained, from around the world This makes the city more desirable by introducing a more constructive • Extensive public involvement than many other Indian cities for development plan for the city. Starting from building heights to program, which included both residence and commerce. As a street and building ratio, density and an evening public meeting and result, Mumbai has gone through a urban form etc. can be introduced to a public exhibition involving the population explosion of 15 million maintain a sustainable built form. citizens of Mumbai people (as of March 2005) which has led to an ever increasing amount • Data collection and master plan Response to urban growth of pressure on infrastructure for issues: development, with key proposals the city’s survival and proper prepared from the feedback functioning. Unplanned expansion • As the city expands further to received from all the stakeholders, has resulted in development of the north, the pressure on the as a result of visits to the sites pockets of wasteland and high stress city’s existing infrastructure and the internal discussions. zones that need emergency relief increases. The city needs smaller This charette concluded with solutions to resolve problems within neighbourhood centers that presentations of the key points the city’s major networks of train can take away the pressure on and recommendations on the and other public transportation. the existing downtown and future development of the mills The industrial land is sandwiched relieve the old industrial area for from a conceptual, financial, between south Mumbai, today planned growth. social and physical perspective. know as the downtown or the • Smaller mixed use complexes for

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Picture 8: Environmental Assessment was carried out to Picture 7: Heritage Assessment assess Contamination Levels

Picture 9: Reutilization of the Mill Structures for a Picture 10: Balance needs to be maintained between market square, developed commercial value & social benefits

small trade can be introduced on the periphery of the city to flyovers (city highways) have been at various locations to reduce avoid further expansion. constructed across the city and have travel time for citizens. Height The expansion of green in and been in extensive use. This linear city with its linear transportation ordinance for buildings in around the city would help to system needs to have certain nodal various areas can be introduced. alleviate some of the effects of points that can be developed with • Major areas of land could air pollution on the inner-city transverse routes running along the be utilized to set up dense residents. breadth of the city. These nodes can residential-commercial mixed • Any development should also be connection points between the landuse complexes, having good include reasonable financial linear linkage of the city and the new infrastructure (dark brown). goals for the investors transverse routes. Codes and street Buildings with heritage quality patterns can be identified depending need to be preserved and codes RESPONSE TO THE NEED on function and density of built can be laid to help buildings FOR CONNECTIVITY OF THE environment for the entire city of create a certain character and MILL SITE TO THE CITY Mumbai. ambience. Mumbai has an ever expanding • The existing nature parks and problem of traffic and air pollution DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY lakes should be preserved. because of fumes emitted from SUMMARY AND PRIORITIES • A green belt could be introduced vehicles. In the last six years, 22 • New transportation nodes

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must be introduced at various of vernacular planning and cultural milieu of Bombay City. points in the spinal system of architecture. With the advent of globalization, transportation for the city. • Land use development must the cultural and political survival • Major zones of commerce be based on present day of these 1.3 million people, their and development need to be requirements of the city. culture and history, has been up for developed at these nodal points. grabs. THE MILL CASE AT HAND: • Strategic connection of the The area utilized by the mills INDIA UNITED MILL NO. 1 city through transportation today can be put to good use by corridors- bus, metro, road. Earlier known as the Jacob Sasoon creating a clear balance between Mill, it is one of the best examples the amounts of built up versus • Develop urban forms which of an integrated mill. The complex open space. Increasing the density create shopping and commercial houses G+3 spinning structures of built up space by volumetric areas that are integrated with weaving and processing sheds, the increase can keep the balance while housing. staff quarters and godowns. The still increasing the land advantage. • Relieve pressure of high density chimney is well articulated, with an This way, development profit can zones by creating points of focus interesting brick structure. be achieved while also maintaining that can divert and help create citizens’ rights. The quality of A feedback from the mill workers, easy flow of pedestrian and space is important for long term local market hawkers, mill worker’s vehicular traffic. development and profit. families, local students etc. was • Create a future plan of growth organized subsequently. Mumbai’s Right quality of infrastructure with mixed use, integrating residents offered narratives of is needed to support such a socio-economic development the growth of a colonial capital development. In all of this, a balance with middle-class and high-class and industry. The emergence of between the “Return on Capital” residential units. working class politics and popular and the “public good” needs to • Pay attention to local architectural participation in the movements be created. Emphasis only on the and cultural heritage and create for independence and linguistic former would lead to non-fulfillment new development on the basis statehood, attest to the unique of the broad goals of the public good,

Figure 11: Working Sessions from the Mumbai Mills Charrette, INTBAU India

84 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication FEATURE and an emphasis only on the latter spaces, or light industry could of them. Based on this evaluation, would lead to no action at all due also be introduced. development plans for these to absence of capital. Therefore, a The clear height and high ceiling areas would be formulated. middle strategy was attempted with spaces inside the industrial buildings • It must be ensured that the a range of placement options. could be well used for commercial commercial development is not purposes, schools or small colleges, permitted to commence till the PHYSICAL PLAN exhibition spaces or open/ closed restoration work on the listed RECOMMENDATIONS market spaces for daily trade. There mill buildings is completed. Due to the fact that the mill land is could also be a fair or exhibition of • The D.C. rules must be revised / located in the center of the city, a textiles from all over the country amended with respect to height clear guideline can be made for the that highlights new innovative and area. These rules may be volumetric relationship of buildings techniques in the textile industry. incorporated in the development to both the street and to each plans that are formulated. other. Most of the buildings around POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT Indian United Mill no.1 are four or OPTIONS FOR THE MUMBAI • Ownership of various five storeyed, which defines a clear MILLS commercial and office areas, density for urban growth. Increasing Although the design process was subject to these regulations, the volumetric proportions to a initiated without the Development would ensure a fair and varied greater height could cause heavy Control (D.C.) regulations to ensure usage of the mill lands. stress on the existing infrastructure a constraint free thought process The various mill sites in the centre and create an imbalance between where only the social, economic and of the city are occupying 600 acres the existing chawls and worker urban strategies would regulate the of land, which has been a primary colonies, which would result in design, the necessity of regulatory focus for developers and builders. their communities being forced principle was not overlooked. Taking The city needs to develop a strategy out due to high end development/ into consideration various factors for phase-wise planning and encroachment. The physical plan such as the urban fabric, welfare of development of the city core. Any recommended the following: the city and its heritage values, and development needs to compliment the cultural backgrounds, certain • A harmonic distribution of the surrounding neighborhood and proposals for regulatory controls for function and space be made provide services and amenities that the mill lands were developed. These according to the location of the cater to the city. Out of the 58 mills in turn determined the future steps mill land and its immediate in question, 26 are government below: surroundings. owned mill sites. These sites can be • The recommended plan for considered less than one master plan • A survey of land verses function the development and growth that can help the city solve some of can indicate commercial success on the Indian United Mill no. the major problems it is facing today. values of operating new functions 1 site is to retain most of its with a more balanced ratio of existing structure and allow new, CONCLUSIONS REGARDING housing and green space. traditional development to be THE CHARETTE PROCESS • A fruit and vegetable market or a built around it in the form of As the outcome of the Community restaurant with open air seating high end residential and mixed Calibrated Charette workshop is the could be planned in front of the use socio-economic housing. creation of a possible, sustainable artificial lake. • Major buildings included in developmental vision for an area; • Additional uses such as a hospital the mill lands would be listed community input was gauged not extension with an outdoor area, as heritage landmarks and a just in terms of stated positions, textile workshop, exhibition thorough heritage and structural but also in terms of what it means space, recreation and park assessment would be done for all as an outcome. The workshop

April 2015 Volume 16 No. 1 - SHELTER | 85 FEATURE follows a pencil-on-paper method local flavour and identity to urban REFERENCES where constant, quick and intensive regeneration efforts. INTBAU and The photographs, illustrations, diagrams evaluation of strategic design ideas other organizations would now are sourced from the work carried out for effectively replaces supposedlybe utilizing this in many other the Mumbai Mills revitalization charette upcoming initiatives in India carried out by INTBAU India. All the comprehensive but time consuming material is reproduced here courtesy conventional master plan. A clear and are working towards a wider INTBAU India. Acknowledgements are lucid, drawing based output led to governmental acceptance of this due to a variety of base and advanced realistic critique, better ownership methodology. works carried out by INTBAU India team members including Krupali Uplekar, and a minimal text to drawing lag Most importantly, the principle of Jyoti Soni, Shirish Gupte, Tina John, which hampers usual community creative anarchy at the bottom of Vivek Kumar Arya, Sophia, Laxmi. Other consultation processes. Acting closer the “bottom up” power structure referenced works include those on the to people’s needs, the process helps Mills by Neera Adarkar of the “Girni is at work. So the architect/urban Kamgar Sangharsh Samiti” and those by prevent centralized generalization, designer/planner, becomes a Late Prof. Arvind Adarkar of “Rachna and holds vast potential in imparting facilitator, rather than just an expert. Sansad College of Architecture”. CSR Initiative of HUDCO Nagar Nigam Haldwani lifts 90 tonnes of Municipal Garbage through door to door collection, road sweeping, nala-nali cleaning, from restaurant, hotels, banquet halls and neighbouring villages. Garbage is emptied on the road and bins then refilled, leading to corrosion of bins, overflowing, garbage ling in open, filthy spots on the main road and bad odour emanating at the site and stray animals feeding on the waste. This process is not generally acceptable due to waste collected in open, unhygienic and unclean sites. To make Haldwani clean and green city and free from open garbage collection, a proposal for financial support under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was submitted to HUDCO to install underground bins on the side of main roads along with closed body Tipper to lift the underground bins. After installation and inauguration on 2nd October 2014, all 6 bins are functional and are handed over for public use. Installation of underground bins has introduced secured collection of garbage, clean, healthy, odour free and hygienic environment resulting into ultimately achieving the socio-economic goals. The site is no more an eyesore and no more stray animals feed on the garbage. Citizens no more cover their faces while crossing the site. Nagar Nigam has received immense appreciation from local representatives, municipal worker, vendors around the bin sites and also citizens from all walks of life. This initiative has been selected for HUDCO Award for Best Practices, 2014-15.

Source: HUDCO Award for Best Practices, 2014-15

86 | HUDCO - HSMI Publication HUDCO Art Gallery August Kranti Bhawan Plot No. 25 Bhikaji Cama Place New Delhi

Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO), in its endeavour to promote works of art and culture has created HUDCO Art Gallery, a sizeable space at its commercial complex August Kranti Bhawan at Bhikaji Cama Place in Delhi. The HUDCO Art Gallery located on the Ground Floor is an integral part of August Kranti Bhawan, with a 900 sq.ft. carpet area and 85 rft of wall length. It opens on to a courtyard of about 400 sq.ft. suitable for gatherings and interactive sessions. The HUDCO ART Gallery is offered on license basis to artists, groups, organisations and institutions for organising art exhibitions related to painting, sculpture, photography, textiles, handicrafts etc. The license fee for space is Rs.1111/- per day plus applicable service tax. electricity charges are extra payable on actual consumption. Terms and Conditions 1. The gallery can be booked upto 7 days at a stretch. 2. Booking of the Art Gallery is on first come first serve basis. However, HUDCO reserves the rights to accept or reject the proposals of the applicants and they have no claim to the desired dates of the exhibition at Art Gallery even if it is available on that date. 3. Booking of the Art Gallery is not transferable. 4. Applicant / Artist shall apply in the prescribed application form which can be downloaded from our website www.hudco.org and submitted along with the terms and conditions, duly filled & signed. For details please contact : 1. Ms Upinder Kaur, DGM (PR), HUDCO, HUDCO Bhawan, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110003 (Mobile No.9810868467). 2. Shri TT Dines, DGM (WD), HUDCO, HUDCO Bhawan, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110003 (Mobile No.9871533882). 3. Shri Pawan Sharma, Sr. Manager (WD) HUDCO, HUDCO Bhawan, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110003 (Mobile No.9953685225).