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Networks of Survival in Kinshasa, Mumbai, Detroit, and Comparison Cities; an Empirical Perspective Salve Regina University Digital Commons @ Salve Regina Ph.D. Dissertations (Open Access) Salve's Dissertations and Theses 2-28-2018 Networks of Survival in Kinshasa, Mumbai, Detroit, and Comparison Cities; an Empirical Perspective Beryl S. Powell Salve Regina University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/phd_dissertations Part of the Economics Commons, History Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Powell, Beryl S., "Networks of Survival in Kinshasa, Mumbai, Detroit, and Comparison Cities; an Empirical Perspective" (2018). Ph.D. Dissertations (Open Access). 4. https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/phd_dissertations/4 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Salve's Dissertations and Theses at Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ph.D. Dissertations (Open Access) by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Salve Regina University Networks of Survival in Kinshasa, Mumbai, Detroit, and Comparison Cities; an Empirical Perspective A Dissertation Submitted to the Humanities Program in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Beryl S. Powell Newport, Rhode Island February 2018 Copyright © 2018 by Beryl S. Powell All rights reserved ii To my father, John J. Slocum, 1914-1997, Who encouraged scholarship; And to my sons, Adam C. Powell IV and Sherman Scott Powell, From whom I learned more than I taught. And to the others . Appreciation also to Dr. Daniel Cowdin and Dr. Carolyn Fluehr Lobban, For their extensive assistance with this dissertation; and to Dr. Stephen Trainor, who enabled the final process. iii Contents Introduction 1 Chapter I: History: The Distant View 16 Kinshasa 8; Bombay / Mumbai 15; Detroit 25 Chapter II: National Structure 36 National and Local Context 36; Government 37; Law and Order 45; Economics and Employment 53; Technology Promotes Prosperity 75; Technology and the Humanities 82; Education 83; Resources 87 Chapter III: Residents, Populations, and Poverty 91 Poverty 110; Networks of Survival Save Lives in Impoverished Cities 119; Some Populations Are Lacking Networks of Survival 121; Alternative and Comparable Adversity 122; Sociology Relating to Poverty 127; Religions Consider Poverty 133 Chapter IV: Living Conditions 135 Housing 135; Nutrition 150; Water 150; Health 154 Chapter V: What Can Be Learned from the Achievements and Errors 156 of Other Developing Cities? Cairo 156, 182; Johannesburg 157; Lagos 159; Abidjan 161; Nairobi 163; Manila 172; Kibera/Kenya 175; Mexico 179; Bangkok 181 Chapter VI: Culture 185 Lewis Mumford 177; Janheinz Jahn 179; Congolese Kings 180; Wahhabi Islam and Pentecostal Christianity 192; Hinduism 193; Subaltern Studies 192, Hindu Nationalism; Rabindranath Tagore 196; Narayan Surve 197, Bhimrao Ambedkar, and Salman Rushdie 198; Anita Desai 201; Fr. Gabriel Richards 203, The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X; Ralph Ellison 206, James Baldwin, and Sixto Rodriguez Chapter VII: Community and Urban Theory 210 Community Theory 210; Urban Theory 211 Chapter VIII: A Brief Review of Additional Literature 216 Chapter IX: Field Research: The Interaction of Poverty and Community 230 Detroit 236; Mumbai 272 iv Figures (Illustrations) 305 Chapter X: Additional Theory: A Wider Perspective of History, 315 Culture and Economics History 315: Polybius, Plato, and Vico; Ibn Kaldun; Braudel Culture 325: Aristotle, Ovid, Horace, Shakespeare, Keats, Arnold, Hegel, Marx, Tönnies, Raymond Williams, Said, Ashcroft, et al. Economics 340: Becker, Sen; Historical Materialism 343: Marx Methodology 347: Marxist Theory, Network Analysis, Resilience Chapter XI: Network Diagrams 356 Chapter XII: Discussion, Solutions, and Conclusion 359 Challenge 359; Comparative Urban Systems 360, Cities as Scattered Villages 362, The Importance of Moral Values for Prosperity; Economic Policies 363; Comparison: Singapore 364 Solutions 368; Conclusion 373 Appendix: Consent Forms for Interviews in Detroit and Mumbai 379 References 389 v Illustrations 1. General Alexander Macomb, born in Detroit, fought in the War of 1812 as field commander at the Battle of Plattsburgh, and was the Commanding General of the U.S. from 1828 to 1841. 2-3. The Underground Railroad lasted from about 1800 to 1860. It is estimated that about 100,000 slaves escaped by this method from slavery in the south to freedom in the north and Canada. Secret routes, sympathizers and safe houses, helped the slaves to escape. 4. General Alpheus Williams moved to Detroit in 1836. He fought in the Civil War, especially at Gettysburgh. This statue is located at Belle Isle, which is off the coast of Detroit, and was designed by Frederick Law Olmstead. 5. Stevens T. Mason was appointed Secretary of the Michigan Territory by President Andrew Jackson in 1831. He became governor of the Michigan Territory in 1835 (to 1836), and then of Michigan State, from 1837-40. Mason died in 1843 at the age of 31 (The Northwest Territory became the Michigan Territory in 1805.) 6. Hazen Pingree served for four terms as mayor of Detroit, and for one as governor. He lowered the cost of utilities and streetcars, and initiated garden farming in empty lots during the Panic and subsequent Depression of 1893. In 1993, numerous scholars concluded that he ranked as the fourth best mayor in American history (Holli: 1999). 7. The Eastern Market opened in the 1850s, following a Farmers’ Market at Cadillac Square, which opened in 1841. 8. The Central United Methodist Church, which now sponsors a Noah project to assist the homeless, first opened in 1866. 9. The Detroit Institute of Arts opened in 1927. 10. The Fisher Building was constructed in 1928. Five Fisher brothers from Ohio created the Fisher Body Company in 1908. After creating Cadillac auto body chassis for sixteen years, they sold the business to GM in 1926. 11. Motown became a recording studio and record company in 1959. It was founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. Motown combines “motor and town,” and became “a nickname for Detroit” (Whitaker, 2011: 614). Motown combined soul music and pop. Groups such as the Vandellas, the Miracles, the Temptations and the Jackson Five recorded with this label.. 12. The Charles Wright Museum of African American History has many historical relics and exhibits, from ancient African civilizations to modern culture. vi 13. View from the Renaissance Center, the world headquarters of GM; known as the RenCen. Seven skyscrapers are interconnected in this center. The Detroit Marriott is in the central tower, with six surrounding office towers. Construction was completed in 1981. 14. Merle Watts. 15. Abba Elethea. 16. The Michigan Urban Farming Initiative at 7432 Brush Street. 17. A Statue of Henry Ford, 1863-1947, in Dearborn, MI. 18. An example of modern architecture in downtown Detroit, beside Campus Martius Park, which is named after a district of Rome where many public buildings were located. 19. Banganga Tank, 1127 – According to legend, Ram, a Hindu god, was pursuing Ravana, a demon king, to rescue Siga, his wife. Being thirsty, “he shot an arrow,” and a tributary of the Ganges River, 1,000 miles away, appeared (New World Encyclopedia). According to popular belief, if someone’s ashes are sprinkled in the Ganges River, and by association in the Banganga, they can be reborn and cleansed of their past sins. 20. Haji Ali Dargah (1431) – The causeway is flooded at high tide. At low tide, people with missing arms or legs or both, sit along the causeway to collect a few coins. 21. The Afghan Church was built to commemorate the deaths of British soldiers in the First Afghan War (1839-1842). Out of 16,000 British and Imperial troops, only one returned alive. 22-4. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (and inside the terminus), 1887 - Shivaji was a seventeenth century warrior king of Maharashtra. Bombay became the capital of Maharashtra state in 1960. 25. The Bombay Municipal Corporation was moved to this central location in 1893. City government for Mumbai is located in this building. 26. The Adishwarji Jain Temple was built in 1904. The Jain religion emphasizes non-violence and reincarnation. 27-8. Mani Bhavan near Malabar Hill in southern Mumbai. Gandhi stayed in this house, belonging to a friend, from 1917 to 1934, while he led the movement for Indian independence. vii 29. Art Deco buildings along Marine Drive in Mumbai. 30. Gateway of India, 1924 31. A dhobi ghat for laundry. 32-4. Mankhurd Slum in New Bombay. Also, Market in Mankhurd Slum, Square, and Alley with Laundry. Network Diagram Sources Government Exploitation Increases Poverty 13 All Americans May Defend Themselves 51 Survival in Kinshasa Depends on Borrowing and Lending 59 Nonviolence in India Promoted Independence 95 Market Forces in Large Urban Centers 165 Ethnic Segregation Creates Problems in Kenya 166 Trust, Curiosity, and Empathy in Relation to Journalism 169 Networks of Emotional Survival 271 Payment Network Diagram 296 viii Abstract People in impoverished cities, for example in Kinshasa, lend small quantities of food to neighbors when requested, to prevent starvation. In Mumbai, they share their living space with others who are homeless. In Detroit, churches and the Detroit Urban League have helped poor residents to obtain jobs, meals, and housing. Rather than mere self-interest, this expression of generosity is an outstanding human quality. Networks of survival also include the lessons of history, good economic and political policies, human rights,
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