DOCSLIB.ORG

The Early Encounter Between the Swazi and the Western Missionaries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE EARLY ENCOUNTER BETWEEN THE SWAZI AND THE WESTERN MISSIONARIES: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EVANGELICAL CHURCH IN SWAZILAND, 1894-1950. BY SONENE NYAWO SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN THEOLOGY OF THE SCHOOL OF RELIGION AND THEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, PIETERMARITZBURG. DECEMBER 2004 SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR ANTHONY BALCOMB CONTENTS Chapter Page Acknowledgements 4 Abstract!Sendlalelo 6 1 FOCUS FRAMEWORK Background of the Study 8 Research Problem 14 Interpretive Guide 16 Overview of Methodology 19 2 SWAZILAND AND THE PEOPLE Physical environment 23 Early beginnings 27 King Somhlolo and King Mswati 11 29 Social organization 37 3 INDIGENOUS RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION Definition of primal religion 46 The salient features 50 4 A NEW RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION The advent of Christianity in Swaziland : 81 The interactions between the Swazi and Miss Moe 92 5 RESULTS ON AFFINITY Methodology 108 Findings 114 6 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 137 Bibliography 147 Appendices 156 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Perhaps academic honesty evinces itself in acknowledging the fact that no one can truly succeed in producing an academic manuscript without a collaborative effort. I feel most indebted to numerous persons who have made a tremendous input towards a successful write up of this document. Needless to say I will always cherish them, as long as I live. A special acknowledgement goes to my supervisor, Professor Anthony Balcomb. He influenced not only my love for the subject but also the manner in which the research was done. His intellectual guidance, commitment and interest in my work gave me an inspiration to endure the task. I also owe gratitude to my key informants who sacrificed their time to honor the interview schedules. Their theological insights and their vast experience in the church ministry have not only enriched my thesis, but also helped to broaden my horizons. The historical information I obtained from the libraries and national archives immensely contributed to the scholarly layout of my research. I owe special gratitude to Mr. Abahle Thwala at the University of Swaziland and Miss Sbongile c Nxumalo at Swaziland National A~hives in Lobamba. My thanks also go to Ms Sindi Dlamini for her patience and dedication in typing the document. I greatly value the financial support I got from ATF scholarship; it served as a key to open the door to the realization of my dreams and aspirations. I also wish to 4 acknowledge the full support and encouragement I got from the members of the Education Department at my college, William Pitcher Teacher Training College. My husband Nick, deserves the credit for the completion of this thesis. His encouragement and support in every way constantly replenished my strength to go an extra mile. I would not be doing justice to this piece of work if I were to leave out those behind the scenes, our three children, Owenkosi, Nosenzosenkosi and Yenzokuhle. I thank them for giving me enough space to focus on my work, and for enduring my absorption with the task of producing this document. Most importantly, all praises and greatest acknowledgement go to the Almighty God who graciously sustained my health until I concluded my studies. Finally, I declare that, THE EARLY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE SWAZI AND THE WESTERN MISSIONARIES: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EVANGELICAL CHURCH IN SWAZILAND 1894-1950 is the product of my investigations. Information from any source has been specified and acknowledged as references. 5 SENDLALELO Lona ngumbiko ngelucwaningo lolwentiwe ngalendzabakati yekufika kweLivangeli eSwatini, liletfwa belumbi labamhlophe lababetitfunywa teliVangeli laMvelinchanti. Kulandzela sembulo inkhosi Somhlolo leyabanaso sivela enkhosini vase Zulwini, titfunywa teliVangeli tatseleka eSwatini ngekumenywa yinkhosi Mswati wesibili. Emkhatsini wato kwakukhona Nkosazana Malla Moe, umsunguli weLibandla LeVangeli eSwatini, lokunguyena lolucwaningo lugcile kakhulu kuye, asahambisa tindzaba taJesu emaSwatini emdzabu. Livetile leliphepha kutsi emaSwati atemukela ngelisasa lelikhulu titfunywa teliVangeli. Ngabe sizatfu lesimcoka lesenta loko kwabakutsi letitfunywa betibapha boshukela, netiswayi, nemasekeni? Cha, kwakujulule kunaloko. Imfihlakalo kwaba kutsi inkholo yemdzabu lecuketse emagugu enhlakanipho elukholo yayise iwuvukutile umhlaba wanotsa, walungelela kutsi lembewu yenkholo yebuKrestu nayi hlanyelwa ichume itsele titselo. EmaSwati abukhandza lobuyanga lobabuvetwa yinkholo yemdzabu bucedzeka ngoba bebusitfunti salokukhulu lokutako. Loko kwenta kutsi noma letitfunywa betinemaphutsa, lebetiwacondzile nalebetingakawacondzi, emaSwati atikhandza letitfunywa kutitja letibutsakatsaka, kodwa letiphetse igolode. Ngekufundza tincwadzi emitapeni leyehlukeni, nanekufuna imivo yebantfu leyehlukene, kubekhona imicondvo 6 letsite lolucwaningo loluyitfolile, leveta lentsambo letsekeleta letinkholo letimbili. Loko kube yinkhomba yekutsi emaSwati attkhandza emukelekile enkholweni yebuKrestu, ase ayayitsatsa lendzaba yeliVangeli yaba ngeyabo nabo. Konkhe loku lokungetulu, kucuketfwe ngemakhasi lasitfupha alolucwalingo. Lamakhasi acale etfule ingcikitsi yalolucwalingo, bese achaza ngalokufinciwe imvelaphi yesive semaSwati nekutsi sikuphi lamuhla, bese etfula inkholo yemdzabu netingoni tayo, kanye nekufika kwenkholo yebuKrestu. Emakhasi lamabili ekugcina atfula imivo yebantfu labehlukene ngebudlelwane emkhatsini waletinkholo letimbili bese ayasonga. Ngineletsemba kutsi lomcukutfu Iona utakuba lusito esiveni semaSwati, kulesitukulwane salamuhla nakusasa, ngoba uveta lolunye luhlangotsi IOlungenta kutsi liSwati Iibe neligcabho ngemvelaphi yalo, nangenkholo yalo yemdzabu. Futsi nemalunga elibandla leVangeli, kanye neKrestu onkhana atawukwati kutsi lelibandla lichamukaphi. Nalomunye asangachubeka acwalinge kutsi likuphi lamuhla liBandla leVangeli. 7 CHAPTER ONE FOCUS FRAMEWORK This research is a report of a historical study of the early encounter between the Swazi and Western Christian missionaries, with specific reference to the establishment of the Evangelical Church, 1894-1950. The first chapter of the thesis presents the background of the study, specifies the problem of the study, describes its significance, identifies its interpretative guide and presents an overview of the methodology used. The chapter concludes by noting the limitations of the study and the research ethical standards the researcher conformed to. BACKGROUND Inkhosi Somhlo/o yayisebutfongweni, Inkhosi yeZulu yeta kuye yam'bonisa umbono. Uyeva na? Uyeva na? Haleluya! Asidle umculu!1(Song) King Somhlolo was in a dream; The King of Heaven showed him a vision. Can you all listen? Can you all listen? I A Christian song about the vision ofKing Somhlolo composed by Swazi Christians. It is usually sung during national events like Easter celebrations, Somhlolo Festival ofPraise, etc. 8 Halleluya! Let us eat the scroll! The Western missionaries first arrived in the Kingdom of Swaziland in 1844 after King Somhlolo, the founder of the Swazi nation, had had a vision in his deathbed. According to Swazi tradition, one night in 1836 King Somhlolo dreamt of people of a strange species, coming out of the sea and entering the country.2 They were the colour of red mealies, and their hair resembled the tail end of cattle. They were carrying two objects: a book (umculu) and money (indilinga). A voice cautioned the king that the Swazi should take the book and avoid the money, and that they should not fight against these strange people. He interpreted the vision to mean that Europeans would be coming to Swaziland with money and the Bible. He advised the Swazi to accept the book wholeheartedly. Soon after the vision had been related to royal councillors, the king died. King Mswati ii, his successor followed up on his father's vision and sent emissaries to Grahamstown in South Africa in 1838 to invite the missionaries to come to Swaziland.' After a considerable delay, the Wesleyan Missionary Conference considered King Mswati's request and Western missionaries arrived in Swaziland in June 13, 1944.3 The 16-year-old king, the Queen mother and the royal councillors unanimously welcomed them. The enthusiastic welcome of the Wesleyan missionaries opened doors for many Western missionaries to flow into the country. Miss Malla Moe of Norwegian origin and the founder of the Evangelical Church arrived in Swaziland in 1894 to preach the gospel of the good news. 2 Kasenene, P.; Religion in Swazi/and, Braamfontein: Skotaville Publishers, 1988, p43. 3 Matsebula, J.S.M.; A History ojSwazi/and, Cape Town: Longman, 1987, p32. 9 MOTIVATION The missionary enterprise in Africa is one phenomenon that has received considerable attention in African scholarship. Various approaches have been adopted to analyse and interpret the interactions between Western Christianity and indigenous cultures. A synopsis of these approaches and examples of their exponents is in order at this juncture. J. Comaroff and J. Comaroff, whose important ideas are implicitly shared by a wide constituency, represent advocates of one perspective of the debate on the African situation. Their analysis is based on a somewhat adversarial characterization of the relationship between the missionaries and the recipients of the mission. The interaction is compared to a "long conversation" where a "two-way" flow of ideas between the two parties, each guarding its own agenda. However they do acknowledge the conversions that took place in the process, whilst maintaining that no matter what the intentions of the missionaries
Recommended publications
  • HIA Tekwane Extention 2 Residential Township Development

    HIA Tekwane Extention 2 Residential Township Development

    SPECIALIST REPORT PHASE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL / HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL TOWNSHIP, TEKWANE EXTENSION 2: PORTION 7 OF TEKWANE 537JU, KHANYAMAZANE, MPUMALANGA PROVINCE REPORT PREPARED FOR WANDIMA ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES cc MR. MANDLA MBUYANE P.O. Box 1072, NELSPRUIT, 1200 Tel: 013 - 7525452 / Fax: 013 – 7526877 / e-mail: [email protected] NOVEMBER 2014 ADANSONIA HERITAGE CONSULTANTS ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN PROFESSIONAL ARCHAEOLOGISTS REGISTERED with SAHRA C. VAN WYK ROWE E-MAIL: [email protected] Tel: 0828719553 / Fax: 0867151639 P.O. BOX 75, PILGRIM'S REST, 1290 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A Phase 1 Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) regarding archaeological and other cultural heritage resources was conducted on the footprint for the proposed residential township, Tekwane extension 2, on: portion 7 of the farm TEKWANE 573JU, Mbombela local municipality, Kanyamazane. The study area is situated on topographical map 1:50 000, 2531AC WITRIVIER, which is in the Mpumalanga Province. This area falls under the jurisdiction of the Ehlanzeni District Municipality, and Mbombela Local Municipality. The National Heritage Resources Act, no 25 (1999)(NHRA), protects all heritage resources, which are classified as national estate. The NHRA stipulates that any person who intends to undertake a development, is subjected to the provisions of the Act. The applicant, Mbombela Local Municipality in co-operation with WANDIMA Environmental Services, is requesting the establishment of a residential township, Tekwane extention 2 on former disturbed agricultural land. Approximately 92.3473ha will be developed for residential purposes, 1 x business centre, 1x bus and taxi terminus, 14 public open spaces, crèches and churches. The proposed residential township is situated south of the road to Kanyamazane, and north of the Crocodile River running parallel to the N4 national road.
  • Swazi College Students' Mastery of English Logical Connectives in Science

    Swazi College Students' Mastery of English Logical Connectives in Science

    UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN FACULTY OF EDUCATION Swazi college students' mastery of English logical connectives in science A dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF EDUCATION by .JANET MARIAN CUMMING FEBRUARY 1991. ,,,,,,_ --.. ' . - -- -- , T ,,. · ! -~~ l:,,een c;i•!9fl I . The Unlv·r ·'V ,-.' : . •n \--.. ota · ~ the r'·?ht '· r< . , or In ~.i~. - ~a ......... .- •• ._......--· •• -~· F ... • ~~·"-T The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN School of Education University of Cape Town · Middle Campus Rondebosch 7700 · South Africa ' University Telephone: 650-9111 (enquiries) Head: Individual extension 650- Ref: Fax No: (021) 650-3489 DECLARATION I, JANET MARIAN CUMMING declare that this work is my own original work and has not been submitted before now, in any form whatsoever, by myself or anyone else, to this university or any other educational institution for assessment purposes. Further, I have acknowledged all sources used and have cited these in the bibliography. There has been no infringement of publishers' copyright stipulations. I understand that any breach of this declaration may result in non-acceptance of this work by those concerned. .SIGNED:·~········ Janet Marian Cumming. ~ , ·:··-:s -,,' ~ t . ,::: .;:; '.; ,•, !""\ >'P?•<=;r: ~s (\JCISrf' J'"·'.:! ;'(J(:,-:JI se9regot1cr and s'!"r1·.:·?~ to.')'"';"\(:: r\t()'j'"> •:: 5tr0ny ,;.r-J(j·~ ,_•n -·~ f\".)'"'-tj -;._ -r ,-.-:, ··,._:~ .: ,...
  • 11010329.Pdf

    11010329.Pdf

    THE RISE, CONSOLIDATION AND DISINTEGRATION OF DLAMINI POWER IN SWAZILAND BETWEEN 1820 AND 1889. A study in the relationship of foreign affairs to internal political development. Philip Lewis Bonner. ProQuest Number: 11010329 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010329 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The Swazi kingdom grew out of the pressures associated with competition for trade and for the rich resources of Shiselweni. While centred on this area it acquired some of its characteristic features - notably a regimental system, and the dominance of a Dlamini aristocracy. Around 1815 the Swazi came under pressure from the South, and were forced to colonise the land lying north of the Lusutfu. Here they remained for some years a nation under arms, as they plundered local peoples, and were themselves swept about by the currents of the Mfecane. In time a more settled administration emerged, as the aristocracy spread out from the royal centres at Ezulwini, and this process accelerated under Mswati as he subdued recalcitrant chiefdoms, and restructured the regiments.
  • Population Variation Within the Iron Age of Southern Africa

    Population Variation Within the Iron Age of Southern Africa

    The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University 1 Dissertation presented for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of Archaeology. UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN Population variation within the Iron Age of southern AfricaTown An assessment using dental anthropological and cranio-mandibular metric techniques Cape of Kerryn Ashleigh Warren January 2013 University Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. RR Ackermann Co-supervisor: Dr. Simon Hall 2 Plagiarism Declaration I know the meaning of plagiarism and declare that all of the work in the dissertation (or thesis), save for that which is properly acknowledged, is my own. Signature: Town Cape of University 3 ABSTRACT Evidence for iron smelting, agriculture, elaborate pottery styles and increased sedentism appears abruptly in areas previously inhabited by hunter-gatherers and herders during the Early Iron Age (EIA) of southern Africa from around 250CE. Ceramic evidence connects these (cultural) populations to the second millennium Iron Age sites in eastern Botswana. This material culture differs from second millennium Late Iron Age (LIA) sites in South Africa which are attributed to migrations from east Africa and are connected, via the material culture, to modern Sotho-Tswana and Nguni speakers. Although the material culture of this period is well-studied, there is a gap in correlating Iron Age biological identity with the established cultural identity.
  • Early History of South Africa

    Early History of South Africa

    THE EARLY HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES . .3 SOUTH AFRICA: THE EARLY INHABITANTS . .5 THE KHOISAN . .6 The San (Bushmen) . .6 The Khoikhoi (Hottentots) . .8 BLACK SETTLEMENT . .9 THE NGUNI . .9 The Xhosa . .10 The Zulu . .11 The Ndebele . .12 The Swazi . .13 THE SOTHO . .13 The Western Sotho . .14 The Southern Sotho . .14 The Northern Sotho (Bapedi) . .14 THE VENDA . .15 THE MASHANGANA-TSONGA . .15 THE MFECANE/DIFAQANE (Total war) Dingiswayo . .16 Shaka . .16 Dingane . .18 Mzilikazi . .19 Soshangane . .20 Mmantatise . .21 Sikonyela . .21 Moshweshwe . .22 Consequences of the Mfecane/Difaqane . .23 Page 1 EUROPEAN INTERESTS The Portuguese . .24 The British . .24 The Dutch . .25 The French . .25 THE SLAVES . .22 THE TREKBOERS (MIGRATING FARMERS) . .27 EUROPEAN OCCUPATIONS OF THE CAPE British Occupation (1795 - 1803) . .29 Batavian rule 1803 - 1806 . .29 Second British Occupation: 1806 . .31 British Governors . .32 Slagtersnek Rebellion . .32 The British Settlers 1820 . .32 THE GREAT TREK Causes of the Great Trek . .34 Different Trek groups . .35 Trichardt and Van Rensburg . .35 Andries Hendrik Potgieter . .35 Gerrit Maritz . .36 Piet Retief . .36 Piet Uys . .36 Voortrekkers in Zululand and Natal . .37 Voortrekker settlement in the Transvaal . .38 Voortrekker settlement in the Orange Free State . .39 THE DISCOVERY OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD . .41 Page 2 EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES Humankind had its earliest origins in Africa The introduction of iron changed the African and the story of life in South Africa has continent irrevocably and was a large step proven to be a micro-study of life on the forwards in the development of the people.
  • 1 with Respect to Zulu: Revisiting Ukuhlonipha Hlonipho, to Give Its

    1 with Respect to Zulu: Revisiting Ukuhlonipha Hlonipho, to Give Its

    With Respect to Zulu: Revisiting ukuHlonipha Hlonipho, to give its form as a Zulu noun stem, is a form of respectful behavior in speech and action.1 Mentioned in colonial-era documents and other writings since the mid-19th century, it has been widespread in southern Africa, practiced among (at least) the Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, and Sotho. Recent studies, including several very useful sociolinguistic and ethnographic descriptions, have focused their attention mainly upon isihlonipho sabafazi, the linguistic form of hlonipha associated with women (the isi- prefix implies a way of speaking).2 Indeed, a stereotype of hlonipha as “women’s language” goes back to ethnographic and linguistic literature of decades ago, and is described as a form of linguistic taboo in which a married woman must avoid speaking the name of her father-in-law. It is also often described as “old” or “traditional,” or even vanishing. While the existence and prominence of this stereotype is of interest in itself, the practice of ukuhlonipha (the general term, with infinitive prefix) is much wider than much of the literature on it recognizes. To focus solely on “women’s language” is to excise a wider frame of social, semiotic, and somatic meaning. Hlonipha is not only about language; bodily posture, comportment, and clothing are part of it too. Moreover, a narrow focus on “women’s language” implies ignoring hlonipha as practiced by men, as well as the practice of praise-performance (bonga), which, we propose, is the semiotic complement to hlonipha and joins with it in a broader Zulu notion of “respect.” The cultural background to these practices, we argue, is an ideology of language and comportment that understands performances of all kinds, including linguistic utterances, fundamentally as actions of the body.3 1 Focusing first on isihlonipha, we argue that the linguistic practice is itself seen as bodily activity in a Zulu ideology of language, and we explore the semiotic connection with other forms of respectful bodily comportment.
  • Bophuthatswana and Its Impact on the North West Province, 1974-1998

    Bophuthatswana and Its Impact on the North West Province, 1974-1998

    BOPHUTHATSWANA AND ITS IMPACT ON THE NORTH WEST PROVINCE, 1974-1998 MOLOKOE B.K.M. BOPHUTHATSWANA AND ITS IMPACT ON THE NORTH WEST PROVINCE, 1974-1998 by BENJAMIN KENALEMANG MATSHIDISO MOLOKOE Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY in the FACULTY OF HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF NORTH WEST SUPERVISOR: Prof. A.H. Manson DECEMBER 2000 1 DECLARATION I declare that the thesis for the degree Doctor of Philosophy at the University ofNorth West hereby submitted, has not been submitted by me for a degree at this or any other University, that it is my own work in design and execution and that all material contained herein has been duly acknowledged. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My very sincere gratitude is due to the many kind people who have given so much help and support. Special thanks go to: • Professor A.H. Manson, for his scholarly advice, exceptionally prompt and insightful responses to written submissions, warm encouragement and delightful sense of humour. His constructive criticisms have enriched this research. • The staff of History Department of the University of North West for their support. • The staff of the Africa Institute of South Africa for their assistance in the production of the News Paper reports relevant to my research. • Mrs Dikeledi Gaebee, the Secretary for the Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology of the University of the North West for her patience and dedication while typing this work. • Mr de Klerk of Geography Department at the University of the North West for the drawing of Maps.
  • Types of Government

    Types of Government

    TYPES OF GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS, AND INDIVIDUALS THAT EXERCISE POLITICAL AUTHORITY ON BEHALF OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE CITIZEN A LEGAL MEMBER OF A COUNTRY CONSTITUTION A WRITTEN PLAN OF GOVERNMENT TYPES OF GOVERNMENT Limited Unlimited In a limited government even the people !Power in the hands of one person" who make the laws have to obey them." !In unlimited governments all the power !Usually limited by constitution (plan of belongs to the ruler." government)" !There are no rules or laws that the ruler !Examples:" must obey." ­! Direct Democracy" !Examples:" ­! Representative Democracy" ­! Totalitarianism" ­! Constitutional Monarchy" ­! Monarchy" ­! Dictatorship" DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS DEMOCRACY: RULE BY THE PEOPLE lGovernment! is elected by the people POWER TO THE PEOPLE lEveryone! over a certain age is able to vote and has a say in who is elected to lead lElections! are held to determine who is in charge DIRECT DEMOCRACY “ALL VOTERS IN A COMMUNITY MEET IN ONE PLACE TO MAKE LAWS AND DECIDE WHAT ACTIONS NEED TO TAKE PLACE” !Pros: ­! Every citizen has equal power in matters of government. Every citizen is involved in the decision making. ­! Since all citizens are involved in decision making, there is a broad base of support and loyalty. ­! Individual liberties are protected. !Cons: ­! Only works when a small number of people are involved. Ability to gather all citizens in one place is necessary. ­! Decision making involving all citizens is time-consuming. All citizens give in-put, debate, etc... !Examples: ­! Town Hall ­! Ancient Greece in Athens REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY (REPUBLIC) PEOPLE ELECT REPRESENTATIVES TO CARRY ON THE WORK OF GOVERNMENT !Pros: ­! Citizens are too busy to learn about and vote on all laws, electing representatives that become experts in law making helps the process.
  • An Analytic Survey of the Roles of Animals in Siswati Proverbs

    An Analytic Survey of the Roles of Animals in Siswati Proverbs

    J Sociology Soc Anth, 8(1): 38-45 (2017) DOI: 10.1080/09766634.2017.1311717 An Analytic Survey of the Roles of Animals in Siswati Proverbs Jozi J. Thwala MER Mathivha Centre for African Languages, Art and Culture, University of Venda, P/Bag x5050 Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa E-mail: [email protected] KEYWORDS Degeneration. Enmity. Faithful. Fortune. Gratitude. Hardship. Hospitality ABSTRACT This is an analytic survey of Siswati proverbs that employ animals to bring about their meanings. The characteristics and functions of the animals play a role in the formation of the proverbs. This is a qualitative study on thematic explications and stylistic observations. The analysis looks at the thematic classification, form and functionalistic perspective of proverbs. The theme considers humanness, good disposition, conceit, uncertainty, hardship, enmity, good fortune, misfortune, threats and obstinacy. The proverbs are singled out from other oral literature aspects such as riddles, idioms, folktales and praises. This is because of proverbs’ unique characteristics of being rich in vocabulary, fixed, figurative, pithy and packed with wisdom of the ages. Proverbs are basic oral expressions of culture, social life, skills of verbal coercion effective means of communication and art of rational discourse. They enrich Siswati language because they are poetic in nature, loaded with symbols and metaphors. Their language is characterized by a wide use of figures of speech. INTRODUCTION cepted by all the members of a particular lan- guage community. Proverbs are statements intended to express Webster’s New World Dictionary (1980: 144) a generally accepted truth. Very often when defined proverb as: studying proverbs, the researchers do not pay A short saying in common used that strik- so much attention to the words in which the ingly express some supposed truth or familiar thought is couched.
  • The Executive Survey General Information and Guidelines

    The Executive Survey General Information and Guidelines

    The Executive Survey General Information and Guidelines Dear Country Expert, In this section, we distinguish between the head of state (HOS) and the head of government (HOG). • The Head of State (HOS) is an individual or collective body that serves as the chief public representative of the country; his or her function could be purely ceremonial. • The Head of Government (HOG) is the chief officer(s) of the executive branch of government; the HOG may also be HOS, in which case the executive survey only pertains to the HOS. • The executive survey applies to the person who effectively holds these positions in practice. • The HOS/HOG pair will always include the effective ruler of the country, even if for a period this is the commander of foreign occupying forces. • The HOS and/or HOG must rule over a significant part of the country’s territory. • The HOS and/or HOG must be a resident of the country — governments in exile are not listed. • By implication, if you are considering a semi-sovereign territory, such as a colony or an annexed territory, the HOS and/or HOG will be a person located in the territory in question, not in the capital of the colonizing/annexing country. • Only HOSs and/or HOGs who stay in power for 100 consecutive days or more will be included in the surveys. • A country may go without a HOG but there will be no period listed with only a HOG and no HOS. • If a HOG also becomes HOS (interim or full), s/he is moved to the HOS list and removed from the HOG list for the duration of their tenure.
  • [.35 **Natural Language Processing Class Here Computational Linguistics See Manual at 006.35 Vs

    [.35 **Natural Language Processing Class Here Computational Linguistics See Manual at 006.35 Vs

    006 006 006 DeweyiDecimaliClassification006 006 [.35 **Natural language processing Class here computational linguistics See Manual at 006.35 vs. 410.285 *Use notation 019 from Table 1 as modified at 004.019 400 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 400 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 [400 [400 *‡Language Class here interdisciplinary works on language and literature For literature, see 800; for rhetoric, see 808. For the language of a specific discipline or subject, see the discipline or subject, plus notation 014 from Table 1, e.g., language of science 501.4 (Option A: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, class in 410, where full instructions appear (Option B: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, place before 420 through use of a letter or other symbol. Full instructions appear under 420–490) 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 SUMMARY [401–409 Standard subdivisions and bilingualism [410 Linguistics [420 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) [430 German and related languages [440 French and related Romance languages [450 Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican [460 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician [470 Latin and related Italic languages [480 Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages [490 Other languages 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [401 *‡Philosophy and theory See Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, 149.94, 410.1 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.3 *‡International languages Class here universal languages; general
  • Matsamo Sud Africa

    Matsamo Sud Africa

    CONDIZIONI: TOUR DI 1 MESE CIRCA (LUGLIO ED AGOSTO) – 5 FESTIVAL CONDIZIONI CIOFF ARGENT DE POCHE DI EURO 4 AL GIORNO E PER PERSONA TRASFERIMENTI SUL TERRITORIO ITALIANO COMPONENTI IL GRUPPO 35 PERSONE I COSTI SI INTENDONO PER OGNI SINGOLO FESTIVAL People Of Matsamo - History A short history of the Swazi The area of what now is Swaziland has been inhabited by various different ethnic groups of people for a very long time, in eastern part Swaziland human remains dating back 100,000 years belonging to the oldest homo sapiens have been discovered. The Bushman was as is evident from the large number of San (Bushman) cave paintings among the first inhabitants of this region. The Swazi themselves arrived relatively late in history. The Swazi have their origins in East Africa around the great lakes, speaking siSwati having its origin predominantly in the Nguni group of Languages. In the late 15th century as part of the general southward expansion of the Nguni the Swazi's crossed the Limpopo River to settle in southern Tongaland (Now part of Mozambique.) Under their Chief Dlamini I they remained here for about 200 years, until they moved, still ruled by a Dlamini Chief (Dlamini III), into the fertile Pongola valley (now part of South Africa). Here economic pressure and land shortages soon resulted in a number of skirmishes and battles with the neighbouring Ndwandwe clan, which ultimately resulted in a further migration of the Swazi into what is now central Swaziland. From here the Swazi’s by way of absorption and conquest of Sotho and baPedi peoples build up a large Kingdom.