DOCSLIB.ORG

Population Variation Within the Iron Age of Southern Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Population Variation Within the Iron Age of Southern Africa The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University 1 Dissertation presented for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of Archaeology. UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN Population variation within the Iron Age of southern AfricaTown An assessment using dental anthropological and cranio-mandibular metric techniques Cape of Kerryn Ashleigh Warren January 2013 University Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. RR Ackermann Co-supervisor: Dr. Simon Hall 2 Plagiarism Declaration I know the meaning of plagiarism and declare that all of the work in the dissertation (or thesis), save for that which is properly acknowledged, is my own. Signature: Town Cape of University 3 ABSTRACT Evidence for iron smelting, agriculture, elaborate pottery styles and increased sedentism appears abruptly in areas previously inhabited by hunter-gatherers and herders during the Early Iron Age (EIA) of southern Africa from around 250CE. Ceramic evidence connects these (cultural) populations to the second millennium Iron Age sites in eastern Botswana. This material culture differs from second millennium Late Iron Age (LIA) sites in South Africa which are attributed to migrations from east Africa and are connected, via the material culture, to modern Sotho-Tswana and Nguni speakers. Although the material culture of this period is well-studied, there is a gap in correlating Iron Age biological identity with the established cultural identity. Here I presentTown an analysis of metric and non- metric dental and cranial variation to better understand biological relationships among these samples. Specimens from the LIA, EIA and Eastern Botswana are compared with each other, and to specimens from Iron Age Zambian sites, modern Bantu-speakers andCape a historic Ndebele site from the mid- nineteenth century. This research indicates few differencesof between the EIA and LIA groups, although surprisingly a sample from eastern Botswana is more similar to the LIA group than the EIA group. The Iron Age samples are significantly different from the modern sample, while the historic sample lies intermediate to the Iron Age and modern samples, indicating that Iron Age peoples had a pattern of dental and cranio-mandibular variation that differs from what is seen in modern (admixed?) descendants. This researchUniversity has important implications for our understanding of the sub-Saharan African dental complex, showing population differences within this complex (between Khoesan and Iron Age peoples) as well as variation over time (between Iron Age peoples and modern Bantu- speakers). This indicates that, while farmers within the Iron Age of southernmost Africa are generally homogenous, there are important differences between populations in sub-Saharan Africa that reflect complex and differing histories. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe so many people so much for helping me get to this point. First of all, thank you to my supervisor, Becky Ackermann, for being an inspiration and to Simon Hall, my co-supervisor, for your knowledgeable guidance. To Alan Morris, Wendy Black, Lauren Schroeder and Tessa Campbell: thank you for always being willing to help me (and teach me) when otherwise I would have been completely lost. To Judy Sealy: for your wisdom. And to Louisa Hutten and Lynn Cable: for so many little things I see you do every day and for so many more that I take for granted. To Brendon Billings (University of Witwatersrand), Morongwa Mosothwane (University of Botswana), Anja Meyer (UniversityTown of Pretoria), Frank Teichert (Ditsong Museum) and Gavin Whitelaw (Natal Museum): thank you for assisting me in your collections and for making me feel at home and amongstCape friends. Thank you to many others for your friendship, accommodation and aid duringof my travels. A heart-felt thank you to my dad, who never asks when I am going to start working, and my mom, who is always enthusiastic about everything I do. To my brother: who I am so proud of, to my friends andUniversity family in Cape Town: thank you for your laughter and presence. To Bryce: for being so patient and so kind. To my friends and family in PE: thank you for giving me something to look forward to on those rare vacations. To my grandparents: for all the advice and love I could ever need. And a special thank you to the Harry Crossley Foundation, University of Cape Town and NRF for believing in me and making all this possible with your financial support. 5 CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... 4 ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 2: ARCHAEOLOGY AND IDENTITY IN THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN IRON AGE ......................................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Advent and origins: Cultural and archaeological Identity .............................................Town 17 The Early Iron Age .......................................................................................................... 20 The Middle Iron Age .......................................................................................................Cape 27 The LIA and the origins of Sotho-Tswanaof and Nguni-speakers ...................................... 31 2.3 Linguistics, interactions and genetics ............................................................................ 36 Linguistic identity ............................................................................................................ 36 Farmer interaction ............................................................................................................ 38 Genetic IdentityUniversity ................................................................................................................ 42 2.4 Questions........................................................................................................................ 46 CHAPTER 3: SKELETAL STUDIES OF THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN IRON AGE ......... 48 3.1 Human skeletal material and the southern African Iron Age ........................................ 49 Southern African skeletal analysis ................................................................................... 49 Work on archaeological skeletal remains in South Africa ............................................... 52 6 Cranial and mandibular metrics on southern African populations .................................. 55 3.2 Dental Anthropology ..................................................................................................... 58 What is dental anthropology ............................................................................................ 58 Dental anthropology and identity..................................................................................... 59 The use of dental anthropology in southern Africa ......................................................... 62 3.3. The project in context ................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 4: MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................... 67 4.1. Cranial, mandibular and dental samples ....................................................................... 67 4.2. Dental non-metric traits ................................................................Town................................ 81 4.3. Dental metrics ............................................................................................................... 85 4.4. 3D scanning and cranial and mandibular metricsCape ................................ ......................... 87 4.5. Dental health and cultural practices ..............................................................................of 94 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS ......................................................................................................... 96 5.1 Non-metric dental description........................................................................................ 97 5.2 Non-metric dental comparisons ................................................................................... 102 Non-metric dentalUniversity comparisons between the Iron Age samples .................................... 102 Non-metric dental comparisons between the Iron Age sample and modern and historical samples ........................................................................................................................... 110 Non-metric dental comparisons between the Iron Age and small sub-set of Wendy Black‘s Khoesan ............................................................................................................ 115 Additional non-metric comparisons (Torus, midline
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 11010329.Pdf
    THE RISE, CONSOLIDATION AND DISINTEGRATION OF DLAMINI POWER IN SWAZILAND BETWEEN 1820 AND 1889. A study in the relationship of foreign affairs to internal political development. Philip Lewis Bonner. ProQuest Number: 11010329 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010329 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The Swazi kingdom grew out of the pressures associated with competition for trade and for the rich resources of Shiselweni. While centred on this area it acquired some of its characteristic features - notably a regimental system, and the dominance of a Dlamini aristocracy. Around 1815 the Swazi came under pressure from the South, and were forced to colonise the land lying north of the Lusutfu. Here they remained for some years a nation under arms, as they plundered local peoples, and were themselves swept about by the currents of the Mfecane. In time a more settled administration emerged, as the aristocracy spread out from the royal centres at Ezulwini, and this process accelerated under Mswati as he subdued recalcitrant chiefdoms, and restructured the regiments.
    [Show full text]
  • Early History of South Africa
    THE EARLY HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES . .3 SOUTH AFRICA: THE EARLY INHABITANTS . .5 THE KHOISAN . .6 The San (Bushmen) . .6 The Khoikhoi (Hottentots) . .8 BLACK SETTLEMENT . .9 THE NGUNI . .9 The Xhosa . .10 The Zulu . .11 The Ndebele . .12 The Swazi . .13 THE SOTHO . .13 The Western Sotho . .14 The Southern Sotho . .14 The Northern Sotho (Bapedi) . .14 THE VENDA . .15 THE MASHANGANA-TSONGA . .15 THE MFECANE/DIFAQANE (Total war) Dingiswayo . .16 Shaka . .16 Dingane . .18 Mzilikazi . .19 Soshangane . .20 Mmantatise . .21 Sikonyela . .21 Moshweshwe . .22 Consequences of the Mfecane/Difaqane . .23 Page 1 EUROPEAN INTERESTS The Portuguese . .24 The British . .24 The Dutch . .25 The French . .25 THE SLAVES . .22 THE TREKBOERS (MIGRATING FARMERS) . .27 EUROPEAN OCCUPATIONS OF THE CAPE British Occupation (1795 - 1803) . .29 Batavian rule 1803 - 1806 . .29 Second British Occupation: 1806 . .31 British Governors . .32 Slagtersnek Rebellion . .32 The British Settlers 1820 . .32 THE GREAT TREK Causes of the Great Trek . .34 Different Trek groups . .35 Trichardt and Van Rensburg . .35 Andries Hendrik Potgieter . .35 Gerrit Maritz . .36 Piet Retief . .36 Piet Uys . .36 Voortrekkers in Zululand and Natal . .37 Voortrekker settlement in the Transvaal . .38 Voortrekker settlement in the Orange Free State . .39 THE DISCOVERY OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD . .41 Page 2 EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES Humankind had its earliest origins in Africa The introduction of iron changed the African and the story of life in South Africa has continent irrevocably and was a large step proven to be a micro-study of life on the forwards in the development of the people.
    [Show full text]
  • Bophuthatswana and Its Impact on the North West Province, 1974-1998
    BOPHUTHATSWANA AND ITS IMPACT ON THE NORTH WEST PROVINCE, 1974-1998 MOLOKOE B.K.M. BOPHUTHATSWANA AND ITS IMPACT ON THE NORTH WEST PROVINCE, 1974-1998 by BENJAMIN KENALEMANG MATSHIDISO MOLOKOE Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY in the FACULTY OF HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF NORTH WEST SUPERVISOR: Prof. A.H. Manson DECEMBER 2000 1 DECLARATION I declare that the thesis for the degree Doctor of Philosophy at the University ofNorth West hereby submitted, has not been submitted by me for a degree at this or any other University, that it is my own work in design and execution and that all material contained herein has been duly acknowledged. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My very sincere gratitude is due to the many kind people who have given so much help and support. Special thanks go to: • Professor A.H. Manson, for his scholarly advice, exceptionally prompt and insightful responses to written submissions, warm encouragement and delightful sense of humour. His constructive criticisms have enriched this research. • The staff of History Department of the University of North West for their support. • The staff of the Africa Institute of South Africa for their assistance in the production of the News Paper reports relevant to my research. • Mrs Dikeledi Gaebee, the Secretary for the Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology of the University of the North West for her patience and dedication while typing this work. • Mr de Klerk of Geography Department at the University of the North West for the drawing of Maps.
    [Show full text]
  • L'br<>7!J 6:1 /P. /11. Hylte/'L, Iv&1 Tp!J,47'9I
    ZL401' ~I't(t/feel t~ ;fk( ..L'br<>7!J 6:1 /p. /11. hYlte/'l, iV&1 tP!j,47'9i.: THE HISTORY OF ABAKWAMTHETHWA by ABSALOM MUZIWETHU MTHETHWA A Research Project Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the B.A. (Hons) Degree in the Department of History at the University of Zululand SUPERVISOR: Professor: A. E. Cubbin June 1995 a963923bI J I' I I j\BOVE; Tile historians: Muzi Mttle~hw2 - a~thor C N Mthcttlwa - local authority , ,,- ~.,.. BEi..OW; oYcngweni, Dlngiswayols unuzi from the road the heartlarld of KwaMtheth~a. Euphorbia t~ee in the backgrou~d. II I, I I' ii! , (i) , :ll: I FOREWORD " The motivation for the study has developed as a result of the ;,r love of my own Mthethwa people and encouragement of my super­ visor. I am very aware that what I have written is not the final work. It is my intention to develop this study into a higher degree and, in any case, this subject, will be the study of my lifetime. Therefore, if any readers of this study have any suggestions, criticisms, extra sources and ideas to present the author, they will indeed be greatly appreciated. A. M Mthethwa POBox 690 ESIKHAWINI 3887 Tel: (0351) 62413 (Home) (035) 5511057 (Work) I i I I I j (ii) DECLARATION Unless specifically stated to the contrary in the text, this project is my own original work. Mistakes that may have oc­ cu~red in this project are my sole responsibility. A. M. MTHETHWA I I ! II i I (iii) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following persons and institutions for their assistance and support during my research and the writing of this project: * Professor A.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Sandra Thomson - Norman Durban Paper Page 1
    Sandra Thomson - Norman Durban paper Page 1 Were there large states in Southeast Africa before the rise of the Zulu Kingdom? In a rare coincidence of popular and scholarly enthusiasm, historians of Africa have paid even more attention to the Zulu state than the hiphop gangs of Chicago and the Bronx. Texts of the colonial era took Shaka and his kingdom as the paradigm of savage despotism. After decolonization, historians in tune with African nationalism reversed the image, promoting Shaka as a creative statesman who proved that Africa’s nation-building capacities owed nothing to European stimulus or example. Even after the gloss had begun to wear off the image of post-independence African leadership, historians studied the Zulu in the hope of learning how large states were constructed and sustained. “The rise of the Zulu state” became a staple of undergraduate teaching and graduate research.1 Distrustful of explanations based on individual genius, scholars looked for environmental, economic, demographic and social forces that might explain the emergence of Shaka’s kingdom along with other less famous states in the same region. The search continues into the twenty-first century.2 Over fifty years of research one assumption has gone unquestioned: the Zulu kingdom was not just a new state, it was a new kind of state – one of several that arose about the same time, some of the most prominent being the Swazi, the Ndwandwe, the Gasa, and the Ndebele. This article challenges that assumption, arguing that there is little if any evidence to support it. On the contrary, there are good reasons to suspect that states similar in structure predated those kingdoms.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate, Conflict and Society: Changing Responses to Weather Extremes in Nineteenth Century Zululand
    CLIMATE, CONFLICT AND SOCIETY: CHANGING RESPONSES TO WEATHER EXTREMES IN NINETEENTH CENTURY ZULULAND Jørgen Klein Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences PB 400, 2418 Elverum, Norway Email: [email protected] David J. Nash University of Brighton and University of the Witwatersrand Email: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-7641-5857 Kathleen Pribyl University of East Anglia Email: [email protected] Georgina H. Endfield University of Liverpool ORCID: 0000-0001-6052-2204 Email: [email protected] Matthew Hannaford Utrecht University ORCID: 0000-0002-9982-9868 Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT 1 Changing climates affect human societies differently depending on societal structures, cultural perceptions and their relative vulnerability and resilience. In this study, we explore the complex relationship between climate, conflict and society in nineteenth century Zululand. The paper first reviews current debates surrounding the links between climatic change, societal transformation and the rise of the Zulu Kingdom from the late-eighteenth to early-nineteenth centuries. It then considers new empirical evidence relating to conflict and socio-economic changes at a local scale in Zululand from the early-mid-nineteenth century onwards, using a combination of unpublished archival materials written by missionaries and other observers, together with oral histories and traditions. Our analysis highlights how changing precipitation patterns, especially towards drier conditions, may have contributed to changes in societal responses, including dominant narratives about rain-control, the migration and dissolution of society, and conflicts and unrest. We suggest that temporal differences in these responses were contingent upon the role of leaders, power structures, and the willingness and ability of leaders to yield this power.
    [Show full text]
  • African Traditional Government: a Case Study of Shaka the Zulu
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals Historical Research Letter www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3178 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0964 (Online) Vol.30, 2016 African Traditional Government: A Case Study of Shaka the Zulu Abiodun Adesegun, Ph.D * Adetola Adejo School of Education and Humanities, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria Abstract Bantu is a general name given to a vast group of peoples who speak several hundred different languages that can be shown to be related to one another. The Bantu who settled in South Africa belonged to a branch of Bantu peoples known as the Southern Bantu. They can be divided into a number of groups by reference to their languages. The east-coast strip was the home of numerous tribes belonging to the Nguni-speaking group. By the 18 th century they occupied the coastal area as far as the Great Fish River and were beginning to settle to the Southwest of that river in a land known as Zuurveld. The Bantu were organized in tribes, each of which consisted of one central clan, though it may contain members of other clans as well. The advent of Europeans on African soil did not meet a vacuum. Africans had systems of government that served them well. This paper investigated the rise of Shaka, the Zulu and his contribution to African traditional government that became a formidable obstacle to British imperialism in Southern Africa in the 19 th century. Keywords: administration, military, despot, and loyalty 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Chapter
    Copyrighted material – 9780230294103 Contents List of Maps ix Introduction x 1 Middle and Later Stone Age 1 Homo sapiens and other early modern humans 1 Scientific dating and climates: 244 kya–present day 2 Genetics and ‘African Eve’: 244 kya–190 kya (mis/ois-7) & 190 kya–130 kya (mis/ois-6) 5 Shell beads and ochre pigments: 130 kya–74 kya (mis/ois-5) 7 Worldwide dispersal of modern humans: 74 kya–60 kya (mis/ois-4) 9 Middle to Later Stone Age transition: 60 kya–24 kya (mis/ois-3) 10 Twa, Khoe, and San hunter-gatherers 12 Diversification of the Wilton LSA: 24 kya–11.5 kya (mis/ois-2) & 11.5 kya–today (Mis/Ois-1 Holocene) 13 Pottery, sheep & cattle from East Africa 15 Rock art: painting & engraving 17 2 Early & Middle Iron Age to c.1300 21 Bantu origins in West Africa c.2250 BCE 21 Early Iron Age people of the Western Stream c.250 BCE–CE 700 24 Early Iron Age people in East Africa 25 Eastern Stream Early Iron Age people 25 Central Stream Early Iron Age people 26 Khoe-San history during the Early Iron Age 27 The medieval warm epoch c.900–1300 29 Indian Ocean trade before c.945 30 Ivory, iron, & copper trade c.790–1020 32 Gold trade & the Mapungubwe kingdom c.950–1300 34 Other Middle Iron Age chiefdoms c.1030–1450 36 Nguni & Sotho-Tswana royal ancestry 37 Khoe-San transformation c.850–1250 38 3 Later Iron Age Societies to c.1685 43 Blackburn pottery & Nguni origins 43 Moloko pottery & Sotho-Tswana origins 45 v Copyrighted material – 9780230294103 Copyrighted material – 9780230294103 vi Contents Nguni invasions onto the Highveld 47 Indian
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Secret of Ancient Wisdom Lies in the Names of Things and Their Forgotten Meanings'
    'The secret of ancient wisdom lies in the names of things and their forgotten meanings' - Maqandeyana Nthuli TRADITIONS OF ORIGIN AND THE IDEOLOGICAL APPROPRIATION OF THE PAST IN THE ZULU KINGDOM UNDER SHAKA C. A. HAMILTON SWAZILAND ORAL HISTORY PROJECT &S k^ i GLOSSARY isJ.Bongg: clan-name. j.But^hg (amaButho) ; age-group or similar unit, performing labour and coercive functions, so-called 'regiment'. isiGodla <izi_Gqdlj3>: (a) king's (or important chief's) private enclosure at the upper end of a residential establishment containing the huts of his households (b) women resident in the king's enclosure. iKhanda (araaKhanda) : establishment erected and occupied by the amabutho. i.slLulju (^ziLu_lu): a large rounded basket made of plaited grass used for storing grain. isiThakazelo (i^J/Thakazelo) : address-name associated with a particular lslbonKQ- '251. The defensive Zulu state, c.1820 INTRODUCTION The Zulu kingdom which emerged in the early 1820s in south-east Africa was forged out of a number of disparate chiefdoms practising different customs, speaking different dialects and claiming varied historical origins. Some of the chiefdoms submitted voluntarily to Zulu rule, others were forcibly Incorporated into the Zulu kingdom, and some, with varying degrees of success, resisted Zulu domination for a number of years. Not all the chiefdoms which became part of the Zulu kingdom did so on the same terras. Indeed, this period saw the development of a sharp, ethnically-based distinction between a relatively more privileged group of Zulu subjects - known as the aman1:urigwa - and a relatively less privileged group of Zulu tributaries known as the amalala, amanhlenftwa and the like.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of South Africa, Third Edition
    A HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA [To view this image, refer to the print version of this title.] Praisefor earliereditionsof A Historyof SouthAfrica "Highlyreadable.... Fora neatlycompressed,readable,authoritative accountofSouthAfricanhistory,thisbookwilltakesomesurpassing." -Paul Maylam,JournalofAfricanHistory "In A HistoryofSouthAfricaLeonardThompson againproveshismettleas an historianbyaugmentinghisowninsightswiththe bestofthoseofhis erstwhilecritics.... Thegreateststrengthofthisworkisitspresentationof suchasweepingandcomplexhistoryin someofthe most lucidproseto be found in suchatext.It isan excellentchoiceforan introductorycourse,as wellasoneofthe bestwindowsforthe generalreaderto gainperspectiveon contemporarySouthAfrica:'-Donald Will,AfricaToday "Thismagisterialhistorythrowsafloodlighton SouthAfrica'scurrentcrisis byexaminingthe past.The absurdityoftheapartheidphilosophyof racialseparatismisunderscoredbythe author's argument (backedwith convincingresearchmaterial)that the genesofthe nation'sfirst hunter-gatherersareinextricablymixedwiththoseofmodem blacks andwhites."-PublishersWeekly "Shouldbecomethe standard generaltextfor SouthAfricanhistory.It is recommendedforcollegeclassesandanyoneinterestedin obtaininga historicalframeworkinwhichto placeeventsoccurringin SouthAfrica today:'-Roger B.Beck,History:ReviewsofNewBooks ((Amustforanyseriousstudent ofSouthAfrica:'-Senator DickClark, Directorofthe SouthernPolicyForum,TheAspenInstitute,Washington,D.C. "Thisisabook that fillsa greatneed.Asan up-to-date aridauthoritative summaryofSouthAfricanhistorybyoneof
    [Show full text]
  • Climate, History, Society Over the Last Millennium in Southeast Africa
    This is a repository copy of Climate, history, society over the last millennium in southeast Africa. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/97803/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Hannaford, M.J. and Nash, D.J. (2016) Climate, history, society over the last millennium in southeast Africa. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 7 (3). pp. 370-392. ISSN 1757-7780 https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.389 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Article type: Advanced Review Article title: Climate, history, society over the last millennium in southeast Africa Authors: First author *Matthew J Hannaford, Department of Geography, The University of Sheffield, Winter Street,
    [Show full text]
  • Y-STR Profiling of Four South African Populations Using the University of the Western Cape 10 Locus Set
    Y-STR profiling of four South African populations using the University of the Western Cape 10 locus set. A thesis submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister of Scientiae in the Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape Kebareng Jacobeth Tsiana November, 2015 Supervisors: Prof. Maria Eugenia D’Amato (PhD) Prof. Sean Davison (PhD) Keywords South Africa Population Y-chromosomal Short Tandem Repeats (Y-STRs) Loci University of the Western Cape 10 locus set (DYS710, DYS518, DYS385a/b, DYS644, DYS612, DYS626, DYS504, DYS447, DYS449, and DYS481) Genotyping Database Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Electrophoresis Allele frequency Gene diversity Haplotype Diversity Discrimination capacity Polymorphism i Abstract Y-STR profiling of four South African populations using the University of the Western Cape 10 locus set Kebareng Jacobeth Tsiana MSc thesis, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape In this study the 10 Y-specific loci of the University of the Western Cape (DYS710, DYS518 385a/b, DYS644, DYS612, DYS626, DYS504, DYS447, DYS447, and DYS481) were analysed in 492 individuals from South African population groups. Four different populations namely; Zulu, Coloured, Afrikaner and Asian Indian were sampled. A total of 488 haplotypes were observed, 412 of which were unique. Haplotype diversity was 0.9981. Gene Diversity values ranged from 0.8075 for DYS447 to 0.9209 for DYS710. The discriminatory capacity was 0.9106 which is high. The study showed that the University of the Western Cape 10 locus is a powerful discrimination tool for routine forensic applications and could be used in genealogical investigations as compared to other commercial kits when used on the South African populations (Zulu, Coloured, Afrikaner and Asian Indian) considering its high discriminatory capacity.
    [Show full text]