BULLETIN OF THE MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
VOL.m NO.2
JANUARY, 1942
CONTENTS
The Thin Shell Stone Tubes. W. J. Howes•••••••••••••••••••• 11
An Analysis of a Copper Bead from a Grave at Holyoke. •••••••••• 18
Sources of New England Indian History Prior to 1620. H. F. Howe ••••• 19
Stone Pavement in Andover, Massachusetts. Arthur M. Hofmann ••••••• 25
PUBLISHED BY THE MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
THE m.~·r-IT C. MAXWELl liBRARY STATE COLLEGE . BRIDGEWATER, MASSACHUSETTS This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2010 Massachusetts Archaeological Society.
THE PROBLEMATICAL THIN SHELL STONE TUBES William J. Howes
Of all the Indian material that has tion resembling a square or four leaf been recorded, few objects have received clover. These plugs fit into the smaller as varied an interpretation of use as the end of the bore in such a way as to permit thin shell stone tubes of different size air to pass by them. This type of tube and form, called pipes, musical instru was probably used for smoking, as pipes of ments, whistles, cupping tubes, etc. The this type of stone or clay are known from difference in the form is so great that different sections of the country. (Fig. several types may be distinguished; the 1, b, c.) hourglass type which is not common in New England; the pipe which is of continent The straight bore type, or the so wide range; and the straight bore tUbe, called shaman's tUbes, which were gener which is generally found in pairs of dif ally found in pairs of unequal length, are ferent length. the primary concern of this article. From all available sources, inclUding illustra tions of tubes described by others, tubes 0. b c.. found in collections in different sections of the territory, and the writers own knowledge acqUired while participating in the recovery of artifacts from graves, it has been determined that a large majority of these artifacts were taken from graves in which the interment was made at quite a remote period. In most graves the body had entirely disintegrated, leaving the ar tifacts as the only tangible evidence of the burial. Unfortunately, but little data have been preserved regarding associated artifacts which might have produced oon siderable information as to the person's social position and the use of the tubes themselves. The writer is offering another h e f to. suggestion as to the use of these tUbes, based on such data as have been gleaned. This theory, strongly impressed on him as a result of the evidence at hand, is of fered in the hope that it may have points of merit in determining how and for what purpose this type of artifact was used. These tubes are commonly made of fine grained sandstone, however tubes of trap rook or basalt, soapstone, or clay are found in some oolleotions. In length, the tubes vary between fourteen and four inohes. The bore maintains a diameter of three-quar ters of an inch from the mouth to near the base, which is olosed, save for a small DlfffR.fNT TYPf;) Of TUIN ~UlLL $T01Jf Tu HS. hole drilled through from the exterior. (Fig. 1, d, e, g, and h.) In others of the Fig.l same type, the larger hole extends through the entire tube. (rig. 6, *2141 in the Am The hour glass type often has a herst College oollection, and Fig. 2, 1, 2~ raised half-round band enciroling the con and 3, from the Peabody Museum of Harvard.) striction in the tube. The bore contracts in diameter as the oenter is approached The outlines of these tUbes fall into from either end. (rig.l, a.) several types; in the larger number the tube is a straight Sided oylinder (rig.1 The tubular pipes have a tapering ex d), sometimes with flaring base (Fig.l,e'; terior with the bore oontracting toward some taper evenly from the base to the the mouthpieoe. Associated with some mouth (rig.1, g); in some, the sides of the tubes of this type there have been found oylinder curve outward slightly, with the plugs of stone or olay with a oross S80- base oval, rather than oiroular (rig.1, h).
11 12 MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY: BULLETIN Both the Amherst and Peabody Museum collp-c appear a series of concentric or successive tions include tubes of this type in which rings which, if we have judged correctly, the straight bore extends at full diameter were made during the manufacture of the tube clear through the tube. In others, deep gouges were made at inter vals down the side, suggesting that the drill had become off-center and that its position had been oorrected. This is clear ly seen in a specimen from the Amherst " ,(gfjJ'''~: College collection illustrated in Fig.S, :.. > ... ~'. #2141, and in a similar one in the Norris " Bull Collection at West Hartford, Connect icut. (Fig.3) The vertical parallel lines ....~~I overlaying said depressions must have been , ~ I ,'. ~. made by use after the tubes had been made • ., .. , -, ...~ .. r r..' J' -- ... /4
r~H"[lH Dr TUIIl $lllLl STOHl Tu~t fOUliP AT WAUllnUH DOINT C9NII. ~ TON e ';' ,:," 1 uat $, , ' -~Jh~ I ~ ", .~;_ .". !. l;J.; ;~q ... ·H.
:~ o -r:~~:ll:>~_~<'.,:'JHC PrUDDY MUHUI4 (4.,:: IIU.V,U.D UMIVlI.~ITy' M.... cll .i.I,.6I 'J~ ::l"_. ,.j:.. , .J No,l- STUlLwr .n. UK.OUGNOUl-6,lALT -~
II. Z- SIlO °TU ~ 0 u -fIN I ~ ... INS. KG STO Nf LUMOo. 'lII Na }. U''''''UIO [IlEF"H~UUAC[ 64$~ll r "oM Ht kl 4 • Snap ONI ala SteTla ~U-l ~LL&m"OlI NOR.R.I~ BULL AR.CUAEOlOGICAL (OLLlCTlOK WEST ijH.TrOP..D.(ORNfCTICU1, Fig.2 Fig.3 Drilling of these tubes was probably accomplished with a flat-based wooded drill, A fragment of another tube from the Bull using sand and water as a cutting medium. Collection illustrated in Fig.6 clearly In the straight cylinder type, the side shows that something was repeatedly thrust walls of all tubes averages one-eighth of along these parallel lines, scoring them to an inch in thickness throughout the length. a uniform depth along the barrel, but that Some of these tubes are illustrated with a in the curved basal part of the bore, re conical bore, the diameter of which de peated use of some implement or plunger had creases from the mouth to the base. The gouged deeper grooves into the walls. This form or outline of the material of which is shown in the illustration. the tube was made was the governing factor in its drilling. The larger tube in the Such striation lines are recognized in Holyoke Library Museum collection fully the bore of a large bead or tube two or illustrates this variation (Fig.l, f, and more inches long found at wellfleet, Massa Fig.S) for probing disclosed that the bore chusetts. Also the same condition applies was of the same diameter for two-thirds of to other bored artifacts which have been its length, then tapering to an off-center inspected in which the striation lines over hole in the base, seven-sixteenths of an lay the concentric or successive ciroular inch in diametp-r. The inner walls of this scored lines and the smoothing down finish tube present a uniform series of fine nar of the interior surface. The depth of allel longitudinal grooves, with no evi scoring of these parallel vertical lines ue~ce of hanhazard scratches that would not haphazard ones - and their freshness probably be' sepn if these grooves were the compared with the others would seem to sub- re~~lt of the nrocess of manufacture. stantiate the idea that they were made by use after the object was completed and that Some of these tubes are beautifully I. they were not the result of the manufactur- ')')1; shod, both inside and out, giving no ing orocess, for they were not obliterated e"i.dence as to the nrOCPS8 by which they by the finish smoothing as were the concen ",eri:' '!:ad~, or the r~et;l1oc' in whioh they were l tric lines. useo. ~n the interior walls of some there I PROBLEMATICAL THIN SHELL STONE TUBES 13 While the writer is inclined to agree wrapping. with most pUblished accounts in attributing these tubes to the paraphernalia of a Fragments of hearth stones, burnt shale shaman or medicine man, he feels that they and flint were mixed in the fill. Two or were a more essential item in his equip three round fire stones had slumped into ment than previously suggested. With few the pit near the body. These might indi exceptions, all descriptions note them as cate that the deceased had been buried under having been found in graves, and presum the floor of his house for religious and alby by inexperienced amateurs who did not sentimental reasons, that he had been buried realize the value of recording the associ at a time when the ground outside was fro ation with other artifacts which might zen and the only easy digging was in the present more and valued information. At house, or that the burial ground had pre present, to the knowledge of the writer, viously been used as the site for a house. the only known records of the entire con tents of graves including a pair of these Copper beads lay around the head and tubes are for two graves located within a chest, representing at least three strings mile of each other on opposite sides of the of considerable length. There were enough Connecticut River, one at South Hadley of these to fill a pint oan. Three sizes Falls and the other at Holyoke. were found; they varied between three thirty-seconds of an inoh and three eighths A news item containing a description of an inch in diameter. Corrosion of the of a find made by some 'boys playing in a copper had stuck many of them together in sand pit where road material had been re groups of three, four, or five. In one moved brought an immediate inspection of place where they had parted, loose twisted their discovery, with a recording of all fibre, upon which they had been strung, is the items they had found near the surface. still to be seen. Without exception, these It was felt that this was but a portion of beads were all made from copper that had a burial, and the next day a careful ex been hammered into Sheets, sheared to the cavation of the whole grave was made for right width, and rolled to the required the information it might reveal. size and shape. (Fig. 4. ) Excavation was started at the edge of the embankment of fine sand, the face of which was sliced down vertically, shaving off a very small amount at a time. It was found that the cut had been made lengthwise of the body in the grave, and that there lay, clearly defined, the whole outline of the original excavation, the body, and all the wrappings surrounding it. The body had been placed about five feet below the original surface of the ground. The location, which was exposed and SUbject to erosion by westerly winds, Two S 1 ~L3 #.2- 14 MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOOIETY: BULLETIN upward and inward toward the neck. They As the tubes are not now aooessible to the were of flattened elongate type, from three writer it is impossible to say whether there eighths to five eighths of an inch in di are any marks on the· inside walls whioh ameter, made of strips of metal from three would give any indioation of the type of eighths to one-half an inch wide. They had implement used in drilling them, or whether the appearance of having been clasped around there is any incrustation that might show some object, as one end was folded over the the purpose for which they were used. The other. leaving a rectangular opening about rim of the large opening of each tube is an eighth of an inoh across in the lower worn down unevenly, as though they had seen one. and grading up to three-sixteenths of considerable servioe. an inoh or more at the top. One set was of uniform elongate type, while the lower six The slate object that has been oalled of the other set were of the same type; a pestle was four and three-quarters inohes the balanoe of this set consisted of round long; it appeared to be only one half of rolled rings. It is assumed that these the original. The graphite was of a very olasps were used as a type of neoklaoe pure quality that easily soiled the hands hung around the neck with the ornaments and left a greasy feeling upon being rubbed. dropping down over the chest on either It had no appearanoe of having been used in side. any way. The late Professor B.K. Emerson of Amherst College was positive, after ex Professor K.W. Meissner. of Woroester amining the specimen. that it oame from Polyteohnioal Institute, has determined by Sturbridge. Mass. spectrosoopio analysis of one of these or naments that it was not made from European The contents of this grave bears a oopper. On the other hand the copper does great similarity to that of one SUbsequently not oonform to an analysis of Lake Superi found on the opposite side of the river in or oopper. On fourteen speotrographio Holyoke, on a sightly plaoe on the brow of pioture lines were present to indioate the a hill overlooking the Oonnecticut and its presenoe of oopper, caloium, aluminum, valley and the country to the east. Some magnesium. natrium and barium, Professor workmen digging for sand to scatter on the Meissner is of the opinion that all the icy sidewalks uncovered some implements impurities may have been introduced by that exci~ed their curiosity. All that they diffusion, and that all except the caloium found at the bank or scattered along the are weak. walks was presented to the Holyoke Public Library Museum. This find was made at a An analysis of Lake Superior copper depth of about five feet below the surface, given in Volume X of the Bulletin of the but it is not oertain whether all the ob Publio Museum of Milwaukee. I am informed, jects were recovered as all evidenoe of a shows silver and iron as the only impuri grave had been obliterated. A careful in ties in copper from that distriot. The spection of the excavation and the side oopper from this grave was from some other walks revealed no other artifaots or bones, souroe, but until a oopper showing similar save for two or three small fragments. The impurities oan be located. its origin will objects recovered from this grave oonsisted remain unknown. of copper and bone beads, two stone tubes, a few marginella shells, a small fragment of Twenty or more bone beads were found the lower jaw and small fragments of the in a very fragmentary oondition. many of skull. (Fig.5.) whioh orumbled upon handling and exposure to the air. Six small marginella shells The points of similarity between these whioh were found measured about a quarter two graves is qUite outstanding. Both grave of an inoh in length. Three arrow points were located on a sightly point of a hill and one knife blade of black flint, of a with water running just below. Differenoes form quite oommon around Holyoke. were also in the artifaots were more differenoes of found in the grave. (Fig.4) Inoluded in detail than of artifaots themselves. The the artifaots were two stone tubes, a slate oopper beads, while larger, were fewer in pestle. and a fragment of pure graphite. number and perhaps of a oruder workmanship, but were made by the same methods. and prob The stone tubes. made from a very fine ably from the same quality of metal. The textured stone, were of such beautiful stone tUbes were evidently made for the same workmanship that they might well be con purpose as those found in the grave in sidered works of art. They were polished, South Hadley Falls. While the workmanship and of a rioh gray-brown oolor reminding on these tubes was not as fine. it indioated one of a partly colored meerschaum pipe. more olearly the purpose for whioh they were While they were symmetrical in form and a used. They are not as symmetrioal in form, little over an inch in diameter, one nor are they made from the same material. measured four inches. the other six inches One point of comparison that shpuld not be in length; the larger one has a slightly omitted is the length of the tubes. Those flared base. Otherwise they are identical. from the Holyoke grave are proportionately The three-quarter inch bore extends through longer than those from South Hadley Falls. almost the entire length, with a five-six The bones likewise are from the head and teenths inoh hole through the base, drilled were of the same greenish color throughout; from the opposite end to meet the bore. they evidently owe their preservation to the PROBLEMATICAL THIN SHELL STOt~ TUBES 15 I~~ ~~ 8o",e BUd'J j""ILL f)l ... or. OOMt,orJAw'SKULJ. (OMTtMTI Of INDIAN ijlUHfoUNOONTHE H'41ILUOSOHIlLOOKlllalHER.lvell WI IT O~ T"E·GIU~l FALLl·~JlOLYOJ(E. M~IS. Fig.5 same agency. Like pieces of the lower jaw the slide made from the scrapings from the were found in each grave; that from the larger tube seemed identical with that made latter was greatly contracted with shallow, from graphite, save that one particle seemed toothless sockets to show that the grave to have a cellular structure such as might had been that of an aged person. be expected in charcoal. It is possible that the incrustation on the smaller tube The copper beads, of varying sizes may have been charcoal. The slides were not ranging from one-quarter to one-half inch scientifically prepared, and while the tex in diameter, were sufficiently numerous to ture of the powder was probably coarser than make a single string necklace eighteen it should have been, the results, inconclu inches long. Corrosion had cemented the sive as they are, are the best obtainable at beads together in two's and three's. Ex this writing. amination of the beads showed that they had been loosely rolled, probably due to the An article originally published in the uneven thickness of the metal produced by Springfield Republican of 1868 or 1869 which crude hammering methods from a lump of was later reprinted in other publications of native copper. The granular structure of note, including the Historical MagaZine for the metal was clearly in evidence. January 1869, tells of the discovery of a burial place near the "Great Falls" in The stone tubes, which were not sym Holyoke~ Mass. where some ancient graves were metrical in form, were approximately one found. The find was made while excavators inch in diameter, one six, the other, nine were levelling off a portion of a hill in inches long. The smaller end of the nine the eastern portion of the city, not far from inch tube is oval in cross section with one the river. Willoughby has quoted this at diameter almost double the other. Both length in his AntiqUities of the New England tubes were made from a fine grained sand Indians, page 83. These graves, to the num stone resembling the Portland brownstone, ber of twenty, were characterized by a cov finished smooth on the outside. In both, ering or paste of red clay or ochre which the diameter of the bore was three-quarters clearly defined the position of the body. I of an inch, while that of the smaller hole Included with the burials were flint arrow at the base was three-eights. points, copper spear points, copper beads made in the form of triangular prisms, a On the interior surface of the larger large dish hollowed out of soapstone with tube there was an incrustation of a black handles at either side, pipes of the same substance which might have been powdered stone "skilltully and curiously wrought", charcoal or ground graphite. When rubbed tomahawks of flint, vermillion war paint, between thumb and fingers, this substance and generous strings of wampum. (Fig. 6) had a smooth and slippery feeling. In the smaller tube there were also remains of a The account concludes with the follow black substance. In an effort to identify ing statement, not quoted by ~illoughby: the incrustation a microscopic slide was made from each tube while a third slide was liThe habit of the aborigines is to bury made from powdered scrapings from a lump of with their dead all their personal effects in graphite. Under high powered microscopes order that they may have them in the s~iTit 16 MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY: BULLETIN land, and thus it happens that these vari This makes the fourth location from which ous articles are found with their bones. graves of this type have been recorded with The pipes dug up had been buried full of in a radius of a mile from each other and tobacco ready to be pUffed by their owner's from the fishing falls that attracted the ghostly lips in the celestial hunting Indians to Holyoke at the season of the run ground." ning of the fish. ·zl ... l Through the courtesy of Dr. N.C. Nelson o o the writer was permitted to inspect several ',""+-. l' .,.--. 9 similar thin shell stone tubes in the col lection of the American MUseum of Natural History. Among them was one from East ".; 1 Windsor, Connecticut, which had a reddish pink pigment incrusted on its inner walls. This tube was a cylinder about eight inches I long, with faint longitudinal lines about ,;.~'" one-third of the distance down its inner co walls. A very large portion of one side of another from Plainville, Conn., is broken away, revealing the parallel longitudinal striations on the inner walls. This was a short tube three and one-half inches long with excurvate sides. The largest diameter, is one and one quarter inches at the center, whence it diminishes to seven-eighths of an inch at either end. As has been noted, the sides curve outward, and do not taper in a straight line. Diameter of the bore, whioh was five-eighths of an inoh for two-thirds of its length gradually oontracts to three eighths of an inoh at the end. Other tubes in the oollection from states to as far south as Virginia had no outstanding features worthy of note. In texture and color, the material from which the tubes were made resembles very closely that of many found in New England. It was definitely determined that those in the Amerioan Museum were made from indurated clay. Professor B.K. Emerson, in his Smith sonian pUblication on the Geology of Old Fig.S Hampshire County (Vol. XXIX, 1898, p.459) under "Origin of Clay and Marl Deposits", A thin shell stone tube, a short refers to indurated clay within this section chunky celt or axe, and a fragment of hem Fragments of this laminated marl or olay atite now in the museum of Mt. Holyoke that was transformed into indurated clay College have just been brought forward. have been found on several camp sites. These were found many years ago in the de velopment of the old "Brown Tract", a por In his Archaeological History of New tion of the Elmwood district of the city of York, on page 454, Dr. Arthur C. Parker says Holyoke, located on a high bluff in the southerly portion of the city with an ex "Like all other polished stone 'prob tended view to the east with the Connecti lematicals' we may only conjecture what cut River a short distance away in the tubes were used for. It has been suggested foreground. that they were used for smoking pipes, drink -ing tubes, sucking tubes for drawing blood The tube founn here is eight and one from incisions, shamans' paraphernalia, half inches long and one and one-quarter Whistles, medicine cases, and for several inches in diameter. The bore, which is other purposes. On the Pacific coast, cigar three-quarters of an inch in diameter, is shaped stone tubes were used for smoking maintained at that size for five and one pipes; ~ubes of bone and horn were used in half inches from the mouth of the tube. historic times for sucking blood, or in From this point it contracts gradually to shamanistic practices. These stone tubes a hole three-eighths of an inch in diameter have been found in graves filled with red or through the end of the tube. There is no black pigment, and others have had internal evidence to indicate the method of construc clay plugs so placed that by blowing at one tion or use, for the inside of the bore end a loud whistle was emitted. Tubes may bears a polish equal to that on the outside have had various uses according to type. of the tube. When we try to guess the uses of the Indianb PROBLEMATICAL THIN SHELL STONE TUBES 17 creations and to fix one specified purpose A review of the data present reveals upon one of them, we must remember the hair that in the South Hadley Falls grave (Fig. pin of today and then challenge the arch 4) there was a pair of these tubes, a aeologists of the eons to come to determine pestle, and a lump of graphite. The grave even a dozen of its manifold purposes and of the aged person in Holyoke (Fig.5) con we may likewise prepare our ghosts to rise tained a pair of tubes on the interior walls and confound him if he dares say that only of which there was an incrustation which one use, as that of removing coins from a had a slippery feeling when rubbed between crack, or that of picking a lock was the the thumb and fingers, similar to the feel sole and only one." ing of graphite. Examination of scrapings from these tubes showed that the contents The late Professor George H. Perkins of the larger tube looked like scraped of the University of Vermont informed the graphite under a mioroscope, while the oon writer many years ago that different col tents of the smaller tube included some par ored pigments had been found in these thin ticles which appeared to have the cellular shell tubes within the territory with which vegetal structure suggesting that they might he was familiar. He also spoke of stone have been ground from charcoal. The de plugs that fitted into the small hole at scription of the contents of these tubes the base of the tube. (Fig.l,b.) These by Parker and Perkins, the II vermillion war stone tubes evidently had a plug for cork paint" in the 1868 Holyoke graves, and the ing up the small hole at the end, and there report of Plough that the 1868 Holyoke is little doubt that all of them were tubes and the Turner's Falls tubes in the supplied with either stone or wooden plugs. Amherst College collection contained a At Pecos, New Mexico there were discovered brownish or red incrustation all suggest II certain tubular pipes in which there is a that the smaller tubes might have contained rectangular plug, or one with a clover-leaf the colored pigments, while the larger ones cross section, inserted into the tube and contained the black. large enough so that it will stop somewhat short of the opening at the breech or rear While a letter from Douglas S. Byers, end of the tube. (Fig.1,c·.) If the tube Director of the Museum of the Robert S. is loaded with tobacco from the muzzle, Peabody Foundation for Archaeology at these little plugs serve very nicely to Phillips Academy refers to several tubes of keep the tobacco from being sucked into the this type as having a oarbon deposit on the mouth. " interior walls, it 1s true that no definite data has been published giving an analysis While this would be so if they were of any such incrustation on tubes of this all smoking pipes, a review of the several type. Such incrustation, if it existed, types found in different collections shows was doubtless removed by the collector at that a fair percentage of them have an en the time of finding, as so much dirt. larged base or mouthpiece. It does not seem logical that a people so familiar with This theory was suggested many years smoking should make the end 'with the mouth ago but the writer was discouraged when told piece larger than the end with the. opening, that nsome amateurs had suggested the same and furthermore, a pipe bowl filled with thought, but that there was no historical tobacco to a depth of from four to twelve referencell and that the explanation was inches would hardly seem practical from a purely conjectural. With the aocumulated smoker's point of view. It again seems data the conviction still remains that there clear that a group classification should be is some basis for the theory here presented. made to determine the use of each type in dependent of that of the others. Holyoke, Massachusetts October, 1940. When a shaman was called on to minist er to a patient whose illness was beyond the ability of the squaw with her poultices and brews, he retired to his lodge to deck himself out in all his regalia, and to daub his person with divers colors, before proceeding to the bedside of his patient. Either the pigments had to be prepared at the time of the call, which would delay his appearance, or they were ground and mixed with oil or grease beforehand and stored away in a container ready for use. If this latter were the practice, then the stone tubes would make ideal containers. A stone or wood plug in the small hole would hold the color until needed, while a plunger in the large hole would force out the required amount of paint without delay ing the shaman in applying the paint to face and body. This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2010 Massachusetts Archaeological Society. ANALYSIS OF COPPER BEAD FROM INDIAN GRAVE HOLYOKE, MASSACHUSETTS General Research Department Revere Copper and Brass Incorporated File No. Problem No. Subdivision Report Nv. lA-O-100 S 6/3/41 A-2049 OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT OR TEST: The spectrogram indicated the presence ANALYSIS OF COPPER BEAD FROM INDIAN of aluminum, silver, calcium, magnesium, and GRAVE, HOLYOKE, MASSACHUSETTS silicon. The absence of nickel, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, lead, iron, and tin was CONCLUSIONS: noted. ~ualitative spectrographic analysis of Microscopic examination of a mounted the copper bead submitted showed the pres and polished section prepared from one of ence of: the pieces showed the copper to be practi cally free from combined oxygen but numerous Oalcium Silver voids and crevices which appeared to contain llagnesium Silicon non-metallic matter existed throughout the Aluminum metal. To free the copper of the material in these oavities by chemical or mechanioal The physical charaoteristics of the cleaning was practically an impossibility. copper in the bead indioate that the im purities present, with the probable ex DISCUSSION ception of silver exist as contaminants within the numerous small voids and oraoks The non-metallic matter contained in in the metal and are not directly combined the voids and crevioes within the copper of with the copper. the bead is believed to consist of compounds of calcium and magnesium and the other oon The copper used in forming the bead is taminating elements (exoept silver) found to believed to have originated in the Lake be present by spectrographic analysis. The Superior district beoause of its freedom presence of so little combined oxygen indi from arsenic, antimony, nickel, bismuth, cates that the bead was cold-formed directly and lead. from native oopper, and it is believed that some of the non-metallic matter was worked Signed: L.H. Decker (copy) into the oopper in this operation. Other impurities are thought to have found their Approved: W. Lynes (copy) way into the cavities during the long period of contaot with the earth and decomposed RESEARCH DIVISION matter of the grave. Native oopper which the Indians could INTRODUOTION have obtained existed in several localities on this continent, but only in the Lake Su A copper bead, said to have been dis perior district oould they prooure nuggets oovered in an isolated Indian grave at of any or every size for shaping into imple Holyoke, Massachusetts, was received from ments without melting down. Consequently, Mr. William J. Howes, Holyoke, Massachu this was the oenter of their greatest indus setts, through Mr. A.C. Steele at the New trial activity. Native copper from this Bedford Division. An analysis was request source is extremely pure. It is oxygen-free ed in an effort to establish the original ductile, and oontains appreciable amounts of source of the oopper used in forming the silver as an impurity. It will be noted bead. that the copper of the bead oonforms to these charaoteristics if the calcium, magne sium, aluminum, and silicon are assumed to EXAMINATION be contaminants which have associated with the copper in the manner already described. A few small pieces of copper were cut from the bead and thoroughly cleaned by It therefore seems probable, in view of treatment with C.P. hydrochloric aoid and the composition of the specimen sUbittted, nitrio aCid, washed clean with distilled the extent of Indian operations in procuring water, and dried. A D.C. arc spectrogram copper in the Lake district, and the routes was prepared using some of these pieces of travel existing at that time, that the while others were reserved for microscopic copper of .the bead submitted came from the examination. Lake SUperior deposits. 18 This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2010 Massachusetts Archaeological Society. SOURCES OF NEW ENGLAND INDIAN HISTORY 19 So far as it was possible to determine, found in that locality is a basic chemical no deposits of pure native copper from which compound of copper which requires the use implements and ornaments could be cold of smelting operations for reduction to the formed existed in Mexico. Most of the ore metallic state. THE SOURCES OF NEW ENGLAND INDIAN HISTORY PRIOR TO 1620· Henry F. Howe The task which our energetic President seemed never to have seen European ships. has set before me is really that of review These Indians were dressed in embroidered ing a century of New England history in deerskins and wore necklaoes; they knotted twenty minutes. Much as I wish that could their hair behind their heads. The women be done, I want to state that this paper is were dressed similarly, with the hair braid not an attempt to do it. What I do hope to ed. Some wore lynx skins upon the arms, and acoomplish is to describe for you the avail various head and ear ornaments, some of able source materials for a study of the which were of copper. They were more inter most obscure, yet the most significant, ested in ornamental trade objeots of glass century in New England's Indian History, than in iron tools or cloth. Their faoes that between 1520 and 1620 before the great were painted in several oolors. They were plague had wiped out most of the ooastal friendly and cooperative, but jealous of tribes. If in the course of giving you a their women. One of the sachems put on an sort of running bibliography of the period exhibition of archery and perhaps a running 'I can at the same time succeed in imparting race or a game for the visitors' entertain to you some of the flavor of the times I ment. The Indians killed game with snares shall be more than pleased. as well as by bow and arrows, and for arrow points they used "emery, jasper, hard marble The only primary sources at our dis and other sharp stones". They made dugout posal are the narratives of a motley group oanoes "SUfficiently commodious to contain of navigators whose interest in the Indians ten or twelve persons. II He saw their cir was always incidental to their motive of cular houses, "ten or twelve paoes in oir exploiting the new country. A few were em cumference, made of logs split in halves - inent geographers bent on adding to the sum covered with roofs of straw, nicely put on," of the world's knowledge of these ooasts. He noted that they moved their houses from Most of them were making a deliberate place to place. As many as twenty-five or attempt to promote New England as a desir thirty people lived in one house. They car able site for colonial effort. A few wrote ried on agriculture more oarefully than in their logs simply as a record of a trading other areas he visited. He was surprised at voyage. There is every indication that their longevity. He apparently witnessed a hundreds of other vessels traded and fished funeral oeremony aocompanied by prolonged along these ooasts without leaving any singing and weeping. acoounts of their visits. Among them all we may be sure that there was not a single' Farther up the coast, apparently in professional archaeologist or ethnologist, Maine, Verrazano found a very different race though loan produce evidence that there of natives who were "rude and barbarous." were a number of amateurs. These Indians, by oontrast, were hunters and fishermen, carried on no agrioulture, and Giovanni da Verrazano wrote the first were very difficult to approaoh. They want of the annals in New England's history. ed in trade only knives and fishhooks, and Sailing under the auspices of King Fran~ois when Verrazano penetrated two or three leag 1st of France, he coasted North America ues inland "against their will," they show from the Carolinas to Nova Scotia in the ered the explorers with arrows. These also spring of 1524. His was probably the first wore copper ear-rings, and they were clothed voyage which clearly demonstrated that the in the skins of bears, lynxes and seals. oontinuous coastline of a new continent stretched all the way from the Spanish pos The second New England voyage that givea sessions in Florida to the English and Por us some information about Indians was in tuguese discoveries around Newfoundland. cidental to the short-lived Huguenot colony For our purposes the significant event was of 1555 in Brazil. The celebrated cosmog his stay of two weeks in Narragansett Bay. rapher Andre Thevet went out to Brazil with Approaching by way of Block Island, he en the colonists, and wrote that he returned tered Newport Harbor, where he was met by by way of the North American coast, stop about twenty dugouts full of Indians who ping for five days at a great river called • Paper read at the Annual meeting of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society, Worcester, Massaohusetts, OctOber, 1940. 20 MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY: BULLETIN "Norumb~gue," which from evidence in the pleasant, Minor hostilities developed to text seems almost surely to have been the ward the end of Gosnold's three weeks' stay Penobscot. Thevet found the Penobscot In at Cuttyhunk, and the planters lost heart dians at that time very numerous. The and sailed home. Frenchmen were wary of them, but the Indi ans brought gifts of meat and fish and were Our fourth narrative ooncerns the voy pleased with the trinkets they received in age of Martin Pring, another English trading exchange. Thevet went ashore and visited voyage sent out as a. direct result of the their houses, where he saw killed animals suocessful Gosnold expedition of the year hung from the rafters. Keat and fish were before. Pring put into the harbor of roasted on a fire for the Frenchmen. While Plymouth, Massachusetts in June, 1603 and the feast was in progress "some rogues came stayed there for seven weeks, gathering in to bring to the king the heads of six sassafras. He found about two hundred In men, which they had taken in war and massa dians living about Plymouth. He says they cred." Thevet reproduced what he alleges ate mostly fish. To the accompaniment of were some of the Indians'words, and gives a guitar played by one of the sailors the their translations. Indians sang and danced in a oirole, and they presented the musician with tobacco, During the remainder of the 16th cen pipes and snake-skin girdles as tokens of tury desultory trading and fishing was kept appreciation. They used witch-hazel bows up, particularly by the Frenoh, along the five or six feet long, painted blaok and Nova Scotia and northern New England yellow, the strings made of three twists of shores, but no chronicles of these voyages sinew. The arrows were over a yard long, have come down to us. The next narrative of a fine light wood with three long black of value to our archaeological purpose was feathers well bound on. The tapering quiv that of Bartholomew Gosnold, in 1602. It ers were made of long dried rushes deoorated ~as a freelance trading voyage sent out by with diamond-shaped colored designs. The English merchants, combined with a rather men were taller than the Englishmen and car faint-hearted project for colonization, ried a bag of tobacoo on their girdles. The which never came off. Gosnold sighted land women wore aprons extending to the knees in somewhere near Portland and started south front and a bear skin'over one shoulder. ward. Probably in the region of York There were birch-bark canoes at Plymouth, Beach in southern Maine, he was accosted seventeen fect long and four feet wide. In by a small French boat under oars and sail, the Indian gardens he saw tobaoco, pumpkins, manned by eight Indians in European cloth cucumbers, and oorn. The savages were very ing. They obligingly drew a map of the much afraid of two mastiff dogs whioh the ooast with ohalk and spoke some Frenoh in English had brought with them. oluding mention of Newfoundland. So far had interoourse between traders and Indians Toward the end of Pring's stay the In proceeded at this period! dians began to appear threatening, and, on the day before the English left they set Gosnold oontinued on southward and fire to the woods where the crew had been eventually reached Martha's Vineyard, where working. he found no Indians, but did notioe "an olde piece of a weare of the Indians to Our next three New England voyages were catoh fish. 1I There were inhabitants on all reoorded for us by Samuel de Champlain, some of the Elizabeth Islands, "yet wee royal geographer for the French fur trading found no townes, nor many of their houses." and oolonial expeditions of De Monts and Fifty natives oame to them from the main Poutrincourt between 1604 and 1606. It is land, however, in nine canoes, naked ex impossible to do justice to Champlain's cept for a breech-clout, copper beads and excellent narratives in the framework of feathers. These natives brought them this paper, and I therefore advise any of boiled fish in baskets made of twigs. They you who are not familiar with them to read smoked tobacoo in olay and copper pipes. them. They had many beaver, fox, otter, wildoat and deer skins. When one of them stole a Champlain's voyage of 1604 was limited shield from one of the Englishmen, the to the Penobscot River area. He traveled sachem made him bring it baok. The natives about 60 miles up the river and made an al had many ohains, ear-rings, oollars and liance with the followers of the local saoh errow points of copper, all the ornaments em, Bessabez. He found no villages but saw being made of small hollow pieoes, "foure a few bark-covered houses. He saw only 60 hundred pieoes in a collar," but there were Indians called Etechemins, and said that also large pieces such as drinking oups. they had no fixed habitation. Gifts were They olaimed their oopper came from holes exchanged, there was a feast of venison, and in the ground on the mainland. They oar Champlain learned that by portage routes ried fire-sets in little leather bags. these Indians sometimes traveled as far as Some of them made artificial beards of fur, the St. Lawrence. and one Indian wanted to trade his with a red-beared sailor! They showed great fa In 1605 Champlain thoroughly explored cility in pronounoing English words, Brer the ooast, from the mouth of the Kennebec in eton, who wrote the Gosnold narrative, Maine to Eastham on Cape Cod. The Kennebec found them thievish but intelligent and Indians planted no corn exoept far up the SOURCES OF NEW ENGLAND INDIAN HISTORY 21 river because of wars with other Indians, were several hundred Indians. He observed who had for years made raids on their har the Indians' treatment of a wounded foot by vests. Again he found the Indians few in singing, motions of the feet and hands, and number, good hunters, particularly on show breathing on the wound. The harvest was shoes in winter, but they lived on shell complete, and visiting sachems, one from the fish if the hunting failed. The women made Saeo village were present. He learned how all the clothes and dressed the game. clearings were made by cutting down trees, burning the branches on the stumps, and At the mouth of the Saco River south planting corn between the stumps. The of Portland, Champlain found an entirely Gloucester Indians were grOWing hostile when different tribe of Indians. Their language the Frenchmen departed. was different, they had no furs to trade, they shaved their heads except for a scalp At Chatham, the Indians stored corn for lock, and they lived mostly by agriculture. the winter in grass sacks buried in trenches They had a large bark-covered cabin sur in the sand. About five hundred Indians rounded by a log pal1sade. They used wood lived there, and were good farmers and fish en shovels and hoee of the shells of horse ermen, but poor hunters. Some of the houses ., shoe crab!to cultivate their corn, beans, were thatched with corn husks. After the pumpkins, squashes, and tobacco. They Frenchmen had stayed there ten days, the pointed their arrows with the tail of the natives began to move their houses and their horseshoe crab. They were friendly and co women and children inland. This was the operative. prelUde to an early morning attack on the visitors in which four Frenchmen were killed. At Gloucester, the natives made a map Later, the Indians returned and disinterred of Massachusetts Bay for Champlain, and the bodies of those killed and attempted to marked on it six chiefs and the tribes who burn them. The French ultimately exacted lived in that area. The Indians were much vengeance on the natives by ambushing six more numerous, were agricultural, and had Indians and coolly slaughtering them. The birch canoes. French then returned to Nova Scotia never to return again. Around Boston Harbor, Champlain saw a great deal of land cleared and planted. He The next voyage which we should mention gives an excellent description of the mak actually preceded Champlain's second expe ing of a dugout canoe there. The Indians dition, but for the sake of convenience I at Boston already had a few iron hatchets, have deferred discussing it. Captain George but were still using stone axes also. He Waymouth conducted a brief English explora wrote that the stones used to scrape out tion of the region about Monhegan Island and the dugouts were like musket flints. the neighboring St. George's River near Thom -aston Maine, in the spring of 1605. It Along the South Shore at Plymouth, was a fur-trading voyage but was planned as Champlain was met by large numbers of dug a reconnaissance for a projected colony in outs, some holding fifteen dr sixteen peo that region. James Rosier's narrative adds ple. He saw a great many round houses little to our previous knowledge of the scattered among extensive corn fields. At Kaine Indians. Witch-hazel bOWS, bone point Plymouth one of the Indians who had been -ed arrows fanged like a harping-iron, and fishing for cod from a canoe gave him a darts with bone points were seen. The de fishhook, in which the bone barh was bound scriptions of clothing, birch canoes and on with hemp from a native plant, and the large olay pipes are in accord with previous fish line was made from the bark of a tree. observations. These Indians had dogs. They The Indians used columns of smoke for sig seem never to have seen fish caught with a nals. net. They sometimes ~sed the claw of a lob ster as a tobacco pipe, and had square boxes At Eastham, on Cape Cod, he found of bark in which they brought berries to the again many houses in garden-plots. Some English. They performed a circle dance fields were intentionally left fallow, the about a fire, beating the earth with fire .weeds then burned, and the land worked over sticks and stones as they stamped on the with wooden spades. The houses were thatch ground. Nearly three hundred Indians assem ed with reeds. These natives had nothing bled and became threatening to the English to barter and were thieVish, one Frenchman when their furs available for trading were being killed in the melee that followed an disposed of. The most significant result of Indian's theft of a copper kettle. the voyage was the kidnapping by the English of five Pemaquid Indians who were taken to On the return voyage the sachem of the England to be trained as pilots of later voy region around Portland gave Champlain a -ages to the ooast of Kaine. young Etechemin boy, a captive in war, in dicating that hostilities were going on at George Waymouth's voyage was one of the the time between the Indians of Oasco Bay preliminaries to the Plymouth Company's and those on the Penobscot. attempt to found a settlement at the mouth of the Kennebec River in 1607. Further effe Champlain's 1606 voyage was chiefly ctive exploration was done in the area by notable for events at Gloucester and Chath Martin Pring in 1606 with the help of Nahana am. At Gloucester, in late September, there da, one of Waymouth's oaptives, who was thus aa MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGIOAL SOOIETY: BULLETIN returned to his Pemaquid home. At length But early in 1614, at the mouth of the in 1607, under George Popham and Raleigh Hudson River, a ship was setting sail whioh Gilbert, an expedition of one hundred and was of greater interest to our Indian pur- twenty settlers piloted by Skidwarres, an- pose. The Dutohman Adrian Blook, having other one of Waymouth's oaptives,arrived lost his trading ship by fire, had built off Pemaquid, and a happy reunion of Nahana- himself a little vessel oalled "The Rest- da and Skidwarres ensued. The settlers less,· in whioh he set out to explore the sailed on to the mouth of the Kennebeo shores of Conneotiout and Rhode Island. where at Popham Beaoh they made the first About Norwalk, Conneotiout he found a peo- English attempt at a plantation in New Eng- pIe who oalled themselves ·Siwanois· and at land. Skidwarres refused to stay with them New Haven he enoountered the ·Quinipeys., and this loss of their only Indian inter- who took many beavers, but were rather in- preter was doubtless a blow to the fortunes dolent about fur trading. Blook sailed of the oolony, although relations with the sixty miles up the Conneotiout River, noting Indians remained reasonably friendly. that there were few Indians near its mouth, There is" nothing in either of the fragmen- but that the "Sequins" lived about fifteen tary narratives of the Popham Colony whioh leagues above, and still hi~her, near the is of espeoial arohaeologioal interest, ex- present South Windsor, the Nawaas" had oorn oept that there are illustrations of the fields and a palisaded village. They termed rather wary oontaots between settlers and the bread made of their oorn "leganiok". Indians, as souroes of friotion between the Still higher up the valley lived the "Hori- two raoes began to arise. As we all know, kans," who used biroh oanoes. At East Lyme, the Kennebeo oolonists returned to England east of the Conneotiout's mouth, Blook found after a year, and the English threat to the the -Morhioans," and up the Thames River Maine Indians was thus postponed for sev- were the "Pequatoes," then at war with the eral deoades. "Wapanoos". In Narragansett Bay he found the "Nahioans," on the west side, and the In 1609, Henry Hudson appeared on the -Wapenooks,· in the lower part of the bay. Kaine ooast on the way to his disooveries Nathattou and Caohaquant were two of the about the Hudson River. He traded with the saohems of the ·Nahioans,· or Narragansetts. natives and was told by them "that there Thus while Blook's desoriptive information were gold, silver and oopper mynes hard by~ was meager, he did establish for us some fam In return for this shrewd inform~tion he -iliar tribal names at that early date, in out himself a mast from the Penobsoot for an area for the most part untouohed by ear ests, and then "Manned our boats -- with lier royages. twelve men and muskets, and two stone pieoes or murderers, and drove the savages Also in 1614, oame another explorer from their houses and tooke the spoyle of with a gift for reoording Indian names. them, as they would have done of us. • Captain John Smith has SUffered at the hands Later, at Cape Ood, his ohronioler Robert of historians beoause of some tendenoy to Juet makes note of the faot that the people exaggeration of the Pooahontas episode. But have ·pipes, the boles thereof are made of his observations of New England during his earth and the pipes of red oopper.· brief voyage were brilliant and trustworthy in the extreme. He was the first to reoord In 1611 Captain Edward Harlow, explor for us suoh names as Monhegan, (Monohiggon), ing among the islands south of Cape Cod, Musoongus, (Nusoonous), Casoo (Auoooisoo), oaptured some Indians, but one named Peohmo Agamentious (Aooomintious), Pisoatagua, got away, and with his friends "out their (Passataquaok), Aggawam, Naumkeag (Naem boat from their sterne, got her on the keok), Kassaohusetts, Ponkapoag, (Pooopaw shore and so filled her with sand and guard met), Oohasset (QuonahassitJ, Pamet (Pawmet~ -ed her with Bows and Arrows the English and Nauset (Nawset). He amplified Cham lost her." At another island -the Salvad plain's indioation that people to the south ges in their oanoes assulted the ship till ward made raids on the Kennebeo Indians by the English Guns made them retire." Harlow asserting that it was the Massaohusetts who l'eturned to England with five Indian oap thus made war in Maine. At Oohasset and at tives. Plymouth he had bloody skirmishes with the natives, but he seemed to have a knaok for There is not spaoe in this paper to do making peaoe whioh few of the English pos more than reoord the faot that the Frenoh sessed. By ransoming baok the oanoes whioh Jesuit priest Pierre Biard began to prepare he had seized during the Plymouth battle, he the ground in 1611 for a Jesuit mission to not only seoured a resumption of friendship the Indians on the Penobsoot. His report but some more beaver skins as well. This in 1612 of his explorations in oentral was the first time in New England's history Kaine is more revealing of the shrewd mis that bloodhsed was followed by a negotiated sionary zeal of the priest than of the ohar settlement between the Indians and whites. -aoter of the Indian. Likewise the gro In most other instanoes the explorers had tesque breakdown of the eventual Jesuit 001 run away. This viotory of Smith's was lar -ony at Mount Desert in 1613 under the guns gely nullified a few weeks later when his of Sir Samuel Argall from Virginia offer assooiate, Captain Thomas Hunt, arrived at us little of value about the Indians of Plymouth and ooolly kidnapped twenty-four Kaine, although it affeoted their destiny Plymouth natives and sold them into slavery historioally. in Spain. One of these Indians was Squanto, SOURCES OF NEW ENGLAND INDIAW HISTORY 23 who later beoame interpreter for the Pil- wreok somewhere about Oape Ann, and tempor- grims. ary oapture by the Indians at Chatham, he at length arrived at Martha's Vineyard and The years following John Smith's voy there talked with Epenow, who as we know had age were marked by an inoreasing number of spent three years in England. Dermer had English tra4ing voyages to New England. fights with the Indians in Buzzard's Bay, Few of these produoed narratives of any but was aided by friendly natives in navi arohaeologioal value, but the fragmentary gating Long Island Sound. At length he reports available about them give us a fair reaohed Virginia. The next year he again pioture of the oourse of Indian history. oame to New England and received mortal Later in 1614, Captain Hobson brought baok wounds at the hands of Epenow at Martha's Epenow, one of Edward Harlow's captives, to Vineyard. Martha's Vineyard, and by oonspiraoy with his fellows the wily Indian made good his I have taken the trouble to outline the escape amid a shower of arrows. Indian oourse of events in these years before the hostility here thwarted another attempt at landing of the Pilgrims simply to suggest settlement. In 1615 Riohard Hawkins and the type of reoeption Englishmen were re Riohard Vines wintered at Monhegan and Saoo ceiving at the hands of the Indians. The Bay, respectively, and severally reported early voyages had been marked by friendli a devastating Indian war among the Maine ness and mutual curiosity between the raoes, tribes, and the even more destructive rav but in almost every voyage from the time of ages of the great plague. This disease, a Champlain onward there was bloodshed, or the horribly fatal pestilence among the Indian~ threat of it. Massaohusetts was a partiou swept away the major portion of the abun larly dangerouB area in whioh to trade, and dant population from Portland to Cape Cod, had not disease oonquered the hostile tribes and made possible the settlement of Massa on that coast it seems almost inoonceivable ohusetts. It was probably a European dis that the Pilgrims could have survived their ease to which the English were immune, for enmity. The justly famous peace of Massasoit Vines reported that although he and his was the expedient of a helpless remnant of associates "lay in the oabbins" with the the Wampanoags in defending themselves suffering savages," not one of them ever against neighboring tribes to the southward felt their heads to ake while ~hey stayed whom the plague had not attaoked. there." It was at its height in the winter of 1615-1616, and we may judge of its se The narratives of the early explorers verity in Massaohusetts by the faot that here so briefly outlined oontain much mater Squanto, arriving back at Plymouth in 1619, ial worthy of thoughtfUl interest to New found all his people dead. England arohaeologists. If any light is to be thrown on the Indian history of the The last voyage of whioh we have a plague-swept areas, it oan only be through good ohroniole was that of Thomas Dermer in study of these ohronioles. Those of us who 1619. While in Newfoundland in 1618 he have attempted to find oolonial records of ran aoross 8quanto, who,after being rescued village sites in these ooastal areas have by Spanish friars,had made his way to Lon almost invariably failed, but the explorers don and there lived for a year or more in logbooks often fill the gap. In the limited the household of John 8lany, an officer in area whioh I have studied on the South Shore the Newfoundland Company. At length he had of Massaohusetts Bay, the corrsspondenoe of reaohed Newfoundland, and Dermer determined the explorers' descriptions With the looa to use his servioes as a pilot andinter tions of known village sites is so definite preter in a voyage of disoovery in New as to lead me to the belief that almost all England. of these villages were flourishing in the early 1600's. I am oonvinoed that there is Dermer passed from Monhegan southward information scattered am6ng these narratives along the ooast, where he found some "an whioh, intelligently applied to some looal tient Plantations, not long since populous or tribal or cultural problem, may push now utterly void, in other places a rem aside the barriers to a more oomplete under nant remaining but not free of sioknesse." standing of New England archaeology. He arrived at Plymouth, "finding all dead II , and travelled a day's journey westward to Bibliography "NummastaquytII , from which he dispatohed a messenger a day's journey further west, to The Voyage of Giovanni da Verrazano, "Poconaokit", which we know as llassassoit's 1524 village on the Taunton River. Here he res Originally translated into English by cuea a oaptive Frenohman who had been ship Richard Hakluyt in his "Divers Voyages," wrecked in Massachusetts Bay, and he re 1582. oorded that he later saved another at Reprinted in "Sailors Narratives of Voy "Mastachuset". At a plaoe oalled Sawahqua ages along the New England Coast 1524 tooke, whioh sounds like the Saoo Bay area, 1624," by George Parker Winship, Boston, Squanto was allowed to remain with his 1905, Houghton, Mifflin & Company. friends. Dermer now returned to Monhegan Limited to 440 oopies. to arrange for sending his larger vessel to Virginia, and himself prooeeded down the (2) The Voyage of Andre Thevet, 1556 ooast in a pinnaoe. Suffering near ship- Originally pUblished in "La Cosmographie 24 MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY: BULLETIN ll Universelle , by Andre Thevet, Paris, Collections of the Mass. Historical 1575. Society, 4th Series, Vol.l, Boston, Reprinted in IIHistory of the Discovery 1849. Also reprinted by the Hakluyt of Maine,1I by J.G. Kohl, Portland, 1869 Society, 1849. Maine Historical Society. (8) The Voyage of Henry Hudson, 1609 The Voyage of Bartholomew Gosnold, 1602 The Journal of the voyage was kept by There are two similar narratives of Robert Juet. Originally printed in the this voyage: 3rd Volume of "Purchas His Pilgrimes," 1. "A Briefe and true Relation of the London, 1625. Discoverie of the North part of Reprinted by Winship, and also to be Virginia," etc; by John Brereton, found in "Narratives of New Netherland, London, 1602. Reprinted in Win 1609-1664," edited by J. Franklin Jame ship's volume quoted above, and in son, N.Y., 1909, Charles Scribner's. IIEarly English and French Voyages," edited by Henry S. Burrage, II Orig (9) The Voyage of Edward Harlow, 1611 inal Narratives of Early American "The Generall Historie of Virginia", History,1I Scribner's, 1932. by Capt. John Smith, London, 1624, 2. "Old South Leaflets," Boston, n.d. p.204 contains all that we know of this (1920), Old South Association. voyage. Volume 5 contains Gabriel Arch~ erls narrative of the Gosnold (lO)The Voyage of Pierre Biard, 1611 and the Voyage. Jesuit Colony at Mount Desert, 1613. "Relation de la Nouvelle France," by The Voyage of Martin Pring, 1603 P. Biard, Lyons, 1616. Pring's own narrative, written for Most of this has never been translated Richard Hakluyt, was originally pub although many quotations are found in lished in Volume 4 of "Purohas His Pil Francis Parkman's, "Pioneers of Franoe grimes," London, 1625. in the New World, Boston, 1885, Little Reprinted in Winship's volume quoted Brown & Company, and in Alexander above, also in Burrage. Brown's "Genesis of the U.S.," Houghton Mifflin, 1890. (5) The Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604-1606. (ll)The Voyage of Adriaen Block, 1614. Champlain's own narratives were orig Excerpts from the works of Johannes de inally pUblished in France. Laet, originally pUblished in 1624. Re An excellent translation into English printed in "Narratives of New Nether was made by Dr. Charles P. OtiS, and land," see (8). pUblished by the Prince Sooiety, Boston, 1878. (12)The Voyage of Captain John Smith, London Only the 1605 voyage appears in Winship 1614. as above. . "A Description of New England," by A less satisfactory but more easily Captain John Smith, London, 1616. Re available translation is that by Annie printed in full in Edward Arber's, N. Bourne, N.Y., 1906, A.S. Barnes & Co. "Works of Captain John Smith," English Also in "Voyages of Champlain," edited Scholar's Library edition, Birmingham, by W.L. Grant, "Original Narratives of 1884. Winship reprints only half of the Early Amerioan History," Scribner's, text. 1907. (13)The Intermediate Voyages of Hobson, (6) The Voyage of George Waymouth, 1605 Vines, Hawkins, etc; 1614-1618. "A true Relation of the most prosperous Best source is Smith's "Generall Histor voyage made this present yeare 1605, by ie," see (9). Captaine George Waymouth, in the Dis covery of the land of Virginia," by (14)The Voyage of Thomas Dermer, 1619. James Rosier, London, 1605. Reprinted Originally published in the 4th Volume in Winship as above, and in Burrage. of "Purchas His Pilgrimes," 1625. Reprinted in Winship. (7) The Popham or Sagadahoc Colony on the Kennebeo, 1607 There are two narratives, both fragmen COhasset, Mass. tary: October, 1940. 1. The "Lambeth Manuscript," printed in Volume 4 of the Gorges Society Publioations , Portland, 1892. Winship reprints this version, which is the less complete of the two, as does Burrage. 2. "The Second Book of the First Deo ade of the Historie of Travaille into Virginia Britannia, II by Will iam Strachey, Reprinted in #/3 #2------'------'"------.-:;;;----""- This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2010 Massachusetts Archaeological Society. A STONE PAVEMENT AT ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS Arthur K. Hofmann Site M/12/43, located in Andover, privileged might stand, or whether a lodge Essex County, Massachusetts, is an undis or dwelling had at some time been built turbed prehistoric site at which the writer over it? Was this structure used in connec has been conducting excavations since May, tion with a sweat lodge? Who can answer 1939. Although it will require much more these questions with reasonable assurance time to complete excavation of this site, that his statements are in'truth faots? and to prepare a final report, it seems Was the pavement oonstructed for commercial wise to pUblish this paper at the present purposes, for the drying by air and sun of time. It is hoped that this preliminary meat, fish, hides, or grain? These ques report of a strange find may be of some ar tions the writer cannot answer, nor has he chaeological value. been able to learn the answers from pub lished sources. Late in August, 1940, a very curious stone pavement was uncovered. Although re The pavement was constructed at ground ports of some so-called stone pavements level, as ground level existed at the time have been published, none of them, so far the site was occupied. It was built upon a as the writer has been able to discover, bed of white sand, with the bottom of the are similar to the one that has come to stones exactly at the level at which stone light at Ballardvale, in the town of Ando implements, charcoal, potsherds, and great ver. The only record of a stone structure quantities of chips and flakes are found. resembling that at Ballardvale which has The highest part of the structure, the out come to the writer's attention is in "An side rim, is but one or two inches below the Algonkian Village Site near Levanna, New present ground level, making the total depth York," by William A. Ritchie, Research of the pavement about ten inches. The Records of the Rochester Municipal Museum, stones of which it is built consist entirely No.1, 1928. While the pavement at Levanna of sharp angular ones, placed very close to resembles in some respects the one that was gether, there being very little or no earth found at Andover, the latter is symmetrical between them. But a single round pebble while the former is not. shaped stone was used in the entire struc ture. The stones show very little evidence The Ballardvale pavement is a very of the extensive use of fire, although they curious yet carefully built structure. The do have the appearance of being fire-cracke~ writer will leave to others a determination very little evidence of ash or charcoal was of the purpose for which it was constructed. found upon the pavement. Much evidence of That it was built by man, there is not the extensive weathering ie, however, apparent. slightest dOUbt; that it was· constructed by the prehistorio people who once occupied The entire work seems to have been con this site s~ems almost oertain, yet we have structed all at one time, although there are no definite evidence that this is so. Its two distinct units, apparently purposely de situation almost in the center of an Indian signed and built into the complete Whole. sits that has never been disturbed, where Both units comprising the pavement are dish stone implements, potsherds in abundance, or saucer shaped, the larger unit having a deer bone, charcoal, and chips and flakes depth of about five inches, the smaller, by the thousands are to be found in the about three. The substance removed from ths ground all around it, would seem to be am top surface of the structure consisted of a ple proof of its Indian authorship. Still very fine black powder which had the appear stronger proof is indioated by the fact ance of being decayed vegetable matter which that there is not a single bit of evidenoe, had accumulated there over a period of un absolutely none, of oontaot between the in told years. In this accumulation an oak habitants of this site and the white man. tree had sprouted and grown, its roots work ing their way down the cracks between the A very puzzling faot, established in stones. Beneath the stone work, pure white, uncovering this stone structure, was that undiscolored sand exists, there being no nowhere within four feet of the outside gradation from loam to sand. That the build edge of the pavement was any Indian eviden -ers had a very definite idea in mind when oe disoovered. Not a single chip, flake, constructing the platform is obvious. The potsherd , or implement lay within the zone entire work is extre~ely symmetrical, very directly abutting the pavement itself. carefully constructed, and could not have Everywhere just outside this zone, however, been built in a haphazard way, but must have the ground yielded Indian evidenoe in great been traced upon the ground before the actu- abundance. Who oan state whether this was al building started. . beoause the Indians considered the pavement sacred and would therefore allow nothing The work of excavating was very care earthly to oome near it, whether it was fully executed, great care being taken not some sacramental rostrum where only the to disturb a single stone. The entire pave- 25 / 26 YASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY: BULLETIN ment was then carefully and thoroughly In shape, the pavement somewhat re cleaned with a stiff brush, after which sembles a kidney, or the outline of a pump the remainder of the fine black material kin. It measures 7 feet l~ inches aoross, was blown away with a l~rge bellows. Mr. by 6 feet 2t inohes from the base to the Douglas S. Byers, of the Robert S. Peabody plaoe where the pumpkin's stem would be. The Foundation for Archaeology at Phillips Acad smaller unit of the pavement (in the upper emy, Andover, visited the site with the left hand part of the photograph) is three writer on October 4, 1940, taking the ao to four inohes higher than the larger, or companying photograph, and examining the main unit. Botri sections are high on the site. These photographs, as well as the rim, and are dish shaped. writer's collection of artifacts from this site are now in the Foundation's Museum, The largest stones used in the oon securely housed and awaiting future study. struction of this strange affair are about twice the size of a man's head, while the smallest are approximately the size of a man's fist. At the close of the 1940 field season the pavement was carefully oovered with leaves and brush. Since then the entire structure has been covered over with earth, leaves and brush to preserve it for future study by any interested person. In oonolusion, the writer would weloome and be very thankful for any information or data sent him which would help to solve the use or purpose of the stone pavement de scribed in the above artiole. Any oorre spondence regarding the above matter should be addressed to the writer at P.O. Box 201, Ballardvale, Massaohusetts. Ballardvale, Mass. January, 1941. Fig.7 Applioations for membership in the Society have been received from the following: L. Cabot Briggs Dr. G.E. Leontine Dr. Elso S. Barghoorn, Jr. Yr. Ray C. Smith Yrs. Ray O. Smith Yiss Linda Smith Mrs. Margaret A. Towle