DOCSLIB.ORG

RENEWABLE ENERGY in the ASIA PACIFIC a Legal Overview

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
RENEWABLE ENERGY in the ASIA PACIFIC a Legal Overview RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE ASIA PACIFIC A Legal Overview 3RD EDITION (with specific 2014 additions) www.dlapiper.com | 01 CONTENTS This Legal Overview was prepared mid – 2013 and has been updated in mid – 2014 where specified.* *Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................04 *Adaptation to Climate Change: Climate Legal Risk .............................................................................................08 *Australia .................................................................................................................................................................................................10 *China ......................................................................................................................................................................................................17 East Timor ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 23 India ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Indonesia ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 35 Japan ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 40 Malaysia ....................................................................................................................................................................................................47 *Maldives .................................................................................................................................................................................................53 Mongolia ..................................................................................................................................................................................................62 Myanmar ..................................................................................................................................................................................................67 New Zealand ..........................................................................................................................................................................................74 Philippines .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 80 Republic of Korea ................................................................................................................................................................................ 86 Singapore .................................................................................................................................................................................................91 Thailand ...................................................................................................................................................................................................96 Vietnam.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 102 Business environment explanatory note ................................................................................................................107 *Feed-in tariff rates comparison table (as at 15 August 2014) ......................................................................108 Key contacts ................................................................................................................................................................... 110 Our relationship firms ..................................................................................................................................................111 Our global presence ..................................................................................................................................................... 112 INTRODUCTION It is rare to find a government in the Asia Pacific region that is not willing to promote their nation’s “push for renewables” amidst an increasingly carbon constrained world. Behind closed doors, governments are well aware of the geopolitical uncertainties over fossil fuel supplies and prices as well as the self-sufficiency that comes with a strong renewables capacity. However, in 2014, only a few countries in the region have managed to marry sufficient government incentives and strong investor-inducing regulatory environments with the actual realisation of individual projects coming to market in the volumes initially contemplated. 1 October 2014 DLA Piper is proud to release an updated third edition of renewable energy targets with generous feed-in tariffs, Renewable Energy in the Asia Pacific: A Legal Overview. which are often essential for convincing renewables This edition provides a high-level but comprehensive investors to commit to a market in its initial stages. Renewable Energy Profile (Profile) for 16 countries across We have also included the rates for several European the region, namely: Australia, China, East Timor, India, countries with more established renewable energy Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Maldives, Mongolia, industries to draw comparisons and highlight the likely Myanmar, New Zealand, the Philippines, the Republic longer term direction of tariffs. of Korea, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. In each Profile, we look at the country’s business environment China – the powerhouse, but a largely closed market and electricity industry with particular emphasis on the China remains the global leader in renewable energy in current issues, laws, projects, players and trends within almost every respect. Nationally, it added an estimated the renewables industry, as well as foreign investment 100GW of new power generation capacity in 2013, considerations and on-going climate change negotiations comprised of coal (39.7GW), hydropower (30.5GW), wind post the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. (14.1GW) and solar (12GW). Throughout this period, it is estimated China spent US$54 billion on renewables. What’s new in this edition? The 2013 data underlies the sheer scale of China’s energy In mid-2014, we conducted a partial review of the third development and that even with an investment of edition of this publication. In this updated edition, we US$54 billion, new renewables capacity was only have inserted a new profile of the Maldives and following marginally higher than new coal capacity. The renewables this revised Introduction, we have included a brief article surge was heavily reliant on large-scale damming of river on climate change adaptation to complement the strong systems in China’s south, however there continues to be mitigation focus of this publication. In addition, the significant gains in solar and wind capacity too. Australian Profile has been updated as a result of the With pressing air pollution concerns and a push to important regulatory developments there and the China diversify energy supply (with oil and gas pipelines profile has been amended to keep track of the global to Russia and the Bay of Bengal through Myanmar renewables powerhouse. indicative of this), renewables investment is expected This edition also includes an updated feed-in tariff table to amount to US$1.54 trillion from 2011 to 2026. (as at 15 August 2014), which indicates the feed-in tariff Nonetheless, foreign investors have largely struggled rates (in local currency and USD) across wind, solar, to infiltrate the renewables boom in China and Chinese hydropower and geothermal energy (where available) companies are dominant in the US$100 billion solar PV in each jurisdiction. The table is a useful comparative cells manufacture market. As such, the Chinese market tool to see which governments are prepared to follow-up remains largely closed to foreign players. 04 | Renewable Energy in the Asia Pacific Opportunities in the Philippines and Japan scale, commercially financed solar plant. The 22MW plant is being developed by Bronzeoak Philippines and By contrast, the Philippines and Japan have offered more foreign investor ThomasLloyd. Nonetheless, the solar opportunities for foreign renewables developers but under sector currently has a very marginal contribution to the very different pricing structures. While the size and Philippines’ overall generating capacity. expected growth of their renewables markets are largely dwarfed by China’s booming appetite, a large number of Japan arguably has the most generous renewables opportunities have arisen for domestic and international incentive package in the region, with FiT rates sometimes developers, particularly in the solar sector. double that of the Philippines. Three years on from the Fukushima nuclear meltdown and despite grand plans In 2008, in an effort to diversify its
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Greater China: the Next Economic Superpower?
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Weidenbaum Center on the Economy, Murray Weidenbaum Publications Government, and Public Policy Contemporary Issues Series 57 2-1-1993 Greater China: The Next Economic Superpower? Murray L. Weidenbaum Washington University in St Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/mlw_papers Part of the Economics Commons, and the Public Policy Commons Recommended Citation Weidenbaum, Murray L., "Greater China: The Next Economic Superpower?", Contemporary Issues Series 57, 1993, doi:10.7936/K7DB7ZZ6. Murray Weidenbaum Publications, https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/mlw_papers/25. Weidenbaum Center on the Economy, Government, and Public Policy — Washington University in St. Louis Campus Box 1027, St. Louis, MO 63130. Other titles available in this series: 46. The Seeds ofEntrepreneurship, Dwight Lee Greater China: The 47. Capital Mobility: Challenges for Next Economic Superpower? Business and Government, Richard B. McKenzie and Dwight Lee Murray Weidenbaum 48. Business Responsibility in a World of Global Competition, I James B. Burnham 49. Small Wars, Big Defense: Living in a World ofLower Tensions, Murray Weidenbaum 50. "Earth Summit": UN Spectacle with a Cast of Thousands, Murray Weidenbaum Contemporary 51. Fiscal Pollution and the Case Issues Series 57 for Congressional Term Limits, Dwight Lee February 1993 53. Global Warming Research: Learning from NAPAP 's Mistakes, Edward S. Rubin 54. The Case for Taxing Consumption, Murray Weidenbaum 55. Japan's Growing Influence in Asia: Implications for U.S. Business, Steven B. Schlossstein 56. The Mirage of Sustainable Development, Thomas J. DiLorenzo Additional copies are available from: i Center for the Study of American Business Washington University CS1- Campus Box 1208 One Brookings Drive Center for the Study of St.
    [Show full text]
  • EU-Korea Convergence and Partnerships 10 Years After the EU-ROK FTA, in the Post Covid Era and Within the US-China Trade War
    EU-Korea convergence and partnerships 10 years after the EU-ROK FTA, in the post Covid era and within the US-China trade war Asia Centre is delighted to host a distinguished panel to discuss the current status of EU and Republic of Korea partnerships, relations and cooperation on multilateral issues and focused sectors of mutual interest. Please find some of the papers of the authors-speakers on the following pages. CHAIRS: • Lukas MANDL (chairman of the European Parliament’s Delegation for Relations with the Korean Peninsula) • Jean-François DI MEGLIO (President of Asia Centre) SPEAKERS : Panel 1 : The points of convergence within the analysis of post Covid international relations • Maximilian MAYER (University of Bonn) : introduction • Antoine BONDAZ (FRS, SciencesPo): “The Covid-19 pandemic as a great opportunity for greater EU-Korea coordinAtion And cooperAtion” • Nicola CASARINI (Istituto Affari InternAzionAli): « EU-Korea strAtegic pArtnership ten years after. Opportunities, and challenges, in the age of Covid and mounting US-China tensions » • Paul ANDRE (SciencesPo): « Is KoreA on the threshold of the G7? StrAtegic opportunities and challenges ahead in the perspective of an enlarged G7 » • René CONSOLO (French diplomAt who worked in PyongyAng): « The European Union’s Restrictive Measures against North Korea: a medium term view, beyond the current difficulties. Looking at solutions beyond the deadlock ». Transition: Elisabeth Suh (SWP): « Certain uncertainty – the cyber challeng posed by Pyongyang » Panel 2 : Future opportunities of EU-ROK cooperation in specific areas of competence and excellence • Ramon PACHECO-PARDO (King’s College): « Reassessment of the goals intended and achieved through the EU-ROK FTA » • Tereza NOVOTNA (MArie SklodowskA-Curie Fellow): « WhAt EU-ROK Partnership within the US-China Conflict? » • Brigitte DEKKER (ClingendAel Institute): « EU-ROK digital connectivity: United, we must stand.
    [Show full text]
  • Judging the East Timor Dispute: Self-Determination at the International Court of Justice, 17 Hastings Int'l & Comp
    Hastings International and Comparative Law Review Volume 17 Article 3 Number 2 Winter 1994 1-1-1994 Judging the East Timor Dispute: Self- Determination at the International Court of Justice Gerry J. Simpson Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_international_comparative_law_review Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Gerry J. Simpson, Judging the East Timor Dispute: Self-Determination at the International Court of Justice, 17 Hastings Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 323 (1994). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_international_comparative_law_review/vol17/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Judging the East Timor Dispute: Self-Determination at the International Court of Justice By Gerry J. Simpson* Table of Contents I. Introduction ............................................ 324 1E. Some Preliminary Remarks about the Case ............. 327 III. International Politics and the International Court: A Functional Dilemma .................................... 329 IV. Substantive Questions of Law .......................... 332 A. The Existence of a Right to Self-Determination...... 333 B. Beneficiaries of the Right to Self-Determination ..... 334 1. Indonesia's TerritorialIntegrity and the Principle of Uti Posseditis................................. 339 2. Enclaves in InternationalLaw .................. 342 3. Historical Ties .................................. 342 C. The Duties of Third Parties Toward Peoples Claiming a Right to Self-Determination ............. 343 V. Conclusion .............................................. 347 * Lecturer in International Law and Human Rights Law, Law Faculty, Univcrity of Melbourne, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • How the Resource Curse Affects Urban Development in East Timor
    The Sustainable City V 495 How the resource curse affects urban development in East Timor I. M. Madaleno Portuguese Tropical Research Institute, Lisbon Abstract East Timor is heavily reliant upon royalty and taxation revenues from petroleum and natural gas resources. Poor management of natural resources revenue has given ground for the nation to fall victim to the ‘resource curse’. This paper provides an overview of the country’s recent history whilst characterising its energy resources availability and case-studying a stressing and omnipresent urban problem: the persistence of internal displaced people (idps) living in refugee camps within Dili district. The objective of this contribution is to describe sample research conducted in the capital city of the first 21st century nation on Earth, so as to evaluate with empirical data how the wealth of natural resources is being used both to improve East Timorese daily lives and to regenerate the urban tissue. Keywords: resource curse, refugee camps, urban regeneration, Dili, East Timor. 1 Introduction Asian tigers – South Korea, Taiwan, Hong-Kong and Singapore – are resource- poor countries. East Timor as well as Angola, both former Portuguese colonies, are resource-rich, exhibiting poor economic growth performances and displaying high levels of poverty (see table 1). The quality of local institutions is decisive, though, for there is no curse that cannot be lifted [1, 2]. It is widely accepted that good governance and a strong juridical and institutional framework tend to minimise the ill consequences of the mineral and energy resources privilege both on common people and on political leaders. Weak administration of revenues by contrast can lead to financial resources waste and environmental constrains on grounds of political mismanagement and corruption as on easy money availability excesses.
    [Show full text]
  • Reunification of Korea: Economic Consequences from an External Point of View*
    International Studies Review Vol. 6 No. 2 (October 2005): 21-33 21 Reunification of Korea: Economic Consequences from an External Point of View* EDWARD M. GRAHAM ** Korean reunification remains an uncertainty. When and if it comes, the condition of the North Korean economy is primitive compared to the economy of South Korea. Because of massive investment needs in the North, and under plausible assumptions regarding savings rates in a unified Korea, the balance of payment of a reunified Korea is likely to deteriorate significantly in the event of reunification. Foreign direct investment could ameliorate this result, and might contribute to a more rapid catch-up of the North to the South. Keywords: Korean reunification, economic effects of Korean re­ unification, balance of payments effects of Korean reunification Originally Prepared for 2005 IKUPD Forum "Korean Reunification in Korea-US Relationship," Harvard Law School, April 9, 2005. " The author would like to thank Ted Kim, Jim Lister, Paul Karner, Marcus Noland, two persons of Korean nationality who wish to remain anonymous, and two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on an earlier draft. Direct all correspondence co Edward M. Graham, Senior Fellow, Institute for International Economics, 1750 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036-1903 USA; Tel: 1-202-454-1326; E-mail: [email protected] Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 05:49:58AM via free access 22 Reunification of Korea I. INTRODUCTION lmost all Koreans dream that the "two Koreas," the Republic of Korea A (ROK) in the south and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) in the north, reunify.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesia National Sustainable Energy Strategy Report on Enabling Environment and Technology Innovation Ecosystem for Affordable Sustainable Energy Options
    ‘Small Wind and Hybrid Systems: Opportunities and Challenges’ 11–12 October 2011 Indonesia National Sustainable Energy Strategy Report on Enabling Environment and Technology Innovation Ecosystem for Affordable Sustainable Energy Options Prepared for Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT) of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) Prepared by Mr. G.M. Pillai, Project International Consultant June 2014 1 | WISE 11–12 October 2011 <Copyright page> i 11–12 October 2011 Table of Contents List of Figures iii List of Tables iii Case Studies iii Abbreviations iv Acknowledgement vi Executive Summary vii Chapter 1 Background and Methodology 1 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Scope of Work for Designing the National Strategy Report 1 1.3 Methodology 2 Chapter 2 Introduction 5 Chapter 3 National Enabling Environment for Sustainable Energy 10 3.1 Institutional Framework for Sustainable Energy 10 3.2 Power Industry and Market Structure 11 3.3 Policies/Laws/Regulations for Sustainable Energy 12 3.4 Programme on Sustainable Energy 16 3.5 Incentives for Renewable Energy 17 3.6 Provision of Finance 20 3.7 Permits and Clearances 22 3.8 Negative Investment List 23 3.9 Opportunities and Challenges in Enabling Environment 23 Chapter 4 Analysis of Existing Sustainable Energy Business Mechanisms 26 4.1 Cinta Mekar Micro Hydro Project 26 4.2 Indonesia Domestic Biogas Programme 27 Chapter 5 Technology Innovation Ecosystem for Sustainable Energy Options 30 5.1 Research and Development 31 5.2 Academia 32 5.3 Manufacturing
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Official Parliamentary Delegation
    The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia Report of the Official Parliamentary Delegation Visit to Papua New Guinea and East Timor October – November 2008 December 2008 © Commonwealth of Australia 2008 ISBN 978-1-74229-021-8 This document was prepared by the Parliamentary Education Office and printed by the Printing and Delivery Services section of the Department of the Senate, Parliament House, Canberra. ii Contents Preface ..........................................................................................1 Membership of the Delegation ....................................................4 1 Introduction ......................................................................... 5 Objectives ............................................................................................5 Acknowledgments ...............................................................................6 Papua New Guinea – background information ...................................13 East Timor – background information .................................................16 2 Delegation visit to Papua New Guinea ................................ 21 Strengthening ties between Australian and PNG Parliaments .............21 Meetings with Government ......................................................................... 21 Parliament-to-Parliament ties ...................................................................... 23 Strongim Gavman Program .......................................................................... 23 Contemporary political, economic
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: South Korea
    This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: South Korea Volume Author/Editor: Charles R. Frank, Jr., Kwang Suk Kim and Larry E. Westphal Volume Publisher: NBER Volume ISBN: 0-87014-507-X Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/fran75-1 Publication Date: 1975 Chapter Title: Economic Growth in South Korea since World War II Chapter Author: Charles R. Frank Jr., Kwang Suk Kim, Larry E. Westphal Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c4063 Chapter pages in book: (p. 6 - 24) Chapter 2 of ti proc of it 72! cent EconomicGrowth in South put Korea sinceWorldWar II dusi deci lack nun ECONOMIC DISORGANIZATION FOLLOWING LIBERATION The Japanese occupation of Korea ended on August 15, 1945 and was sup- planted in part by a U.S. military government. The immediate postwar period was characterized by extreme economic disorganization and stagnation caused by the sudden separation of the Korean economy from the Japanese economic bloc, and by the partition of the country along the 38th parallel. — Undercolonial rule from 1910 to 1945, the Korean economy became Me highly dependent upon Japan for capital, technology, and management. Of the Ma total authorized capital of business establishments in Korea, the Japanese Ch owned approximately 94 percent, as of 1940.1 Japanese engineers and tech- nicians employed in manufacturing, construction, and public utilities in 1944 constituted about 80 percent of the total technical manpower in Korea. The Pri proportion of Korean engineers and technicians was particularly small in the Ha metal and chemical industries (11 to 12 percent).2 The relative number of Korean business establishments was very small in high-technology industries— about 10 percent in the metal and chemical industries and 25 percent in the Ce4' machinery industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Timor-Leste's Growing Engagement with the Pacific Islands Region
    110 Regionalism, Security & Cooperation in Oceania Chapter 8 Acting West, Looking East: Timor-Leste’s Growing Engagement with the Pacific Islands Region Jose Kai Lekke Sousa-Santos Executive Summary • Timor-Leste is situated geopolitically and culturally at the crossroads of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands region, and has pursued a two-pil- lared neighborhood foreign policy of “comprehensive and collective en- gagement,” which is defined by “Acting West” and “Looking East.” • Timor-Leste is seeking to integrate itself within regional governance and security structures, and institutions of both Southeast Asia and the Pa- cific Islands, thereby increasing its strategic role as a conduit for cooper- ation and collaboration between the two regions. • Timor-Leste is of increasing geostrategic importance to the Asia Pacific in view of the growing focus on the Pacific Ocean in terms of resource security and the growing competition between China and the United States. • Timor-Leste could play an increasingly significant role in regional de- fense diplomacy developments if the Melanesian Spearhead Group re- gional peacekeeping force is realized. Timor-Leste’s Engagement with the Pacific Islands Region - Santos 111 “We may be a small nation, but we are part of our inter- connected region. Our nation shares an island with Indone- sia. We are part of the fabric of Southeast Asia. And we are on the cross road of Asia and the Pacific.” 1 - Xanana Kay Rala Gusmao Introduction Timor-Leste is situated geopolitically and culturally on the crossroads of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands region and has, since achieving in- dependence in 2002, pursued a two-pillared neighborhood foreign policy of ‘Acting West’ and ‘Looking East.’ Timor-Leste claims that its geographic position secures the “half-island” state as an integral and categorical part of Southeast Asia while at the same time, acknowledging the clear links it shares with its Pacific Island neighbors to the west, particularly in the areas of development and security.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Energy Scenario and Sustainable Energy in Indonesia
    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 2316–2328 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Indonesia a,∗ a,b c M.H. Hasan , T.M.I. Mahlia , Hadi Nur a Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia c Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: The global energy consumption is likely to grow faster than the population growth. The fuel consumption Received 21 April 2011 was growing from 6630 million tons of oil equivalents (Mtoe) in 1980 to 11,163 Mtoe in 2009. This pro- Accepted 19 December 2011 jected consumption will increase 1.5% per year until 2030 and reach 16,900 Mtoe and the main drivers of this growth are mostly developing countries in Asia. Indonesia is one of the developing countries and Keywords: energy supply is an important factor for all-around development. The country’s energy consumption still Renewable energy depends on non-renewable energy such as crude oil, coal and natural gas as sources of energy. Utiliza- Sustainability tion of fossil fuel continuously contributes to huge amount of greenhouse gases emission that leads to Fossil fuel Biomass climate change. Facing such an unfavorable situation, the government of Indonesia prioritizes on energy Hydropower supply securities by diversification of energy resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Rising Tiger and Leaping Dragon: Emerging Global Dynamics and Space for Developing Countries and Least Developed Countries
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by IDS OpenDocs Rising Tiger and Leaping Dragon: Emerging Global Dynamics and Space for Developing Countries and Least Developed Countries S.K. Mohanty and Sachin Chaturvedi 1 Introduction Section 2 presents broad macroeconomic facts about The growth in resilient economy of Asia led by China and India, while Section 3 presents their China and increasingly shared by India is a process trade relations and complementarities with other attracting huge international attention. Chinese developing countries. Innovation and technology- exports of mass production items have caused related issues are discussed in Section 4. The serious concern; and some studies have predicted conclusions are drawn in the last section. that this might contribute to recession in the US (Palley 2004). In contrast to this negative 2 Emergence of Sino–Indian perspective, the focus in the Asian region has been economy: basic parameters on the opportunities for economic and financial China’s growth surge started in the late 1970s and integration and the possible strategies to tap them India’s in the early 1990s. The combined size of (Kumar 2004). The expansion of these two the Indian and Chinese economies in the early economies may be compared with the growth of 1990s was US$681bn in constant international economies in the European Union. It may be noted dollar terms in 1990 (World Bank 2005). The that integration of the European Union has collective size of their economies was larger than immensely benefited Member countries, and some the combined size of some of the smaller economies of the slow-growing economies have gained strength of Europe, such as Iceland, Luxemburg, Portugal, from the regional arrangement.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Education in Economic Development
    SESSION 2A: Development 29 The Role of Education in Economic Development: A Comparison of South Korea and Kyrgyzstan Nargiza Sakmurzaeva (Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Kyrgyzstan) Abstract Education plays a big role in the economic development of the country. No country can achieve sustainable economic development without educated human capital. Education helps people to understand themselves and world. It improves the quality of their lives and leads to broad social benefits to individuals and society. Education is a very important in raising productivity of people and promotes technological development. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the role of education in the economic development by comparing South Korea and Kyrgyzstan which are represents developed and developing countries of the world. South Korea, for example, is a highly industrialized and developed country which educational system is in the list of the best 10 systems in the world. In opposite, Kyrgyzstan is an agricultural country which economy is dominated by minerals extraction, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. As a result of the research it can be concluded that education is a compulsory and one of the major tools for development of one country. A developing country with a small economy such as Kyrgyzstan should take an example from South Korea and allocate much money from the national budget for the education. So, it is important for Kyrgyzstan to implement educational policy of developed countries within the framework of national policy. 1 Introduction “Education is the most powerful weapon you can use to change the world” Nelson Mandela.
    [Show full text]