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THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY of AMERICA Franciscan Missionary THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA Franciscan Missionary Theory and Practice in Eighteenth-Century New Spain: The Propaganda Fide Friars in the Texas Missions, 1690-1821 A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of History School of Arts and Sciences Of The Catholic University of America In partial fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright All Rights Reserved By Jay T. Harrison Washington, D.C. 2012 Franciscan Missionary Theory and Practice in Eighteenth-Century New Spain: The Propaganda Fide Friars in the Texas Missions, 1690-1821 Jay T. Harrison, Ph.D. Director: James D. Riley, Ph.D. The Franciscan missions in Texas were an important element in the larger colonial story of the region before 1820. But while all narrative histories of colonial Texas since the 1820s addressed the missions, recent scholarship downplayed the importance of the Spanish presence in favor of a greater emphasis on the indigenous polities that controlled the region, and those polities’ role in restricting Spanish settlement. Even traditional narrative accounts, moreover, subjected the missionary himself to stereotypes and little further examination. This study fills these lacunae by looking at the formation, expectations, and lived experiences of these missionaries on New Spain’s frontier, and how their preparation influenced the missions’ outcomes. The curriculum and the socialization offered by Propaganda Fide colleges at Querétaro and Guadalupe de Zacatecas were critical to the formation and expectations of the friars sent to Texas. Archival evidence indicates that the collegiate Franciscans intended for both frontier and domestic missions prepared to be missionaries to a Catholic faithful perceived to need another period of evangelization. They were to be skilled preachers trained in moral theology who measured the success of their work by the sacramental actions their efforts produced in the target population. This orientation combined with a strong connection in their minds to the legacy of Observant Franciscan methods in central Mexico in earlier centuries while they experimented with an evolving missiology in Texas. Finally, their preparation reflected the idea that evangelization and colonization were connected and that they functioned as part of the advance of Spanish civilization. As self-perceived elites within their order, the missionaries pursued new conversions in Texas with the expected cooperation of the state. Texas presented diverse indigenous cultures which the friars struggled to address in effective ways. Their greatest successes occurred with hunter-gatherers near the San Antonio River and on the coast. But the friars’ sacramental, parish-oriented approach coupled with the diversity of the target peoples led to the failure of most Texas missions. Despite this, the Texas missionaries maintained a consistent rhetoric of purpose that defined failures in uniquely Franciscan terms as trials to be suffered while persevering to desired ends. This dissertation by Jay T. Harrison fulfills the dissertation requirement for the doctoral degree in History approved by James D. Riley, Ph.D., as Director, and by Thomas M. Cohen, Ph.D., and Jason Sharples, Ph.D. as Readers. ____________________________________ James D. Riley, Ph.D., Director ____________________________________ Thomas M. Cohen, Ph.D., Reader ____________________________________ Jason Sharples, Ph.D., Reader ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ………………………………………………………….…...……….....…iv List of Maps ………………….…………………...………………....………………........v Abbreviations ………………….……………………………………………………........vi Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………...…vii Chapter 1: Introduction and Context ..…………...……………………………....….….....1 Chapter 2: Social Origins, Formation, and Intellectual Influences ………..........….........45 Chapter 3: Friars’ Expectations, Pastoral Conceptions, and Rhetoric of Purpose….......108 Chapter 4: Franciscan Perceptions of Indians and Indigenous Culture...……......…......157 Chapter 5: Interactions with Frontier Institutions, Settlers, and Quotidian Concerns.....196 Chapter 6: Conclusion.............……………………………………………...………......245 Appendix: Missionary Friars in Texas, 1690-1834 ……...………………………….....272 Bibliography ……...……………………………………………………………............281 iii LIST OF TABLES Classification and Number of Volumes from 1735 Guadalupe college inventory………75 Appendix: Missionary Friars in Texas, 1690-1834…..………………………………...272 iv LIST OF MAPS Missions and Presidios of Spanish Texas…………………………………..…………...32 v Abbreviations The following abbreviations appear in citations throughout the dissertation. ACQ Archivo del Colegio de la Santa Cruz de Querétaro, Archivo de la Provincia Franciscana de San Pedro y San Pablo de Michoacán, Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico ACZ Archivo del Colegio de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Zacatecas, microfilm series, Old Spanish Missions Historical Research Collection, Center for Mexican American Studies, Our Lady of the Lake University, San Antonio, Texas AGN Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico City BA Béxar Archives, Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin (manuscript and microfilm collections) Bancroft-Civezza Civezza Collection, Pontificio Ateneo Antonianum, Archivo General OFM. Microfilm of the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, AAFH Microfilm, BANC MSS 2005/262. BNAF Biblioteca Nacional de México, Fondo Reservado, Colección Archivo Franciscano BNFF Biblioteca Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Fondo Franciscano CAT Catholic Archives of Texas, Diocese of Austin OSMHRL Old Spanish Missions Historical Research Library, Center for Mexican American Studies, Our Lady of the Lake University, San Antonio, Texas UTCAH Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin vi Acknowledgements It is with pleasure that I acknowledge the support I received while researching and writing this dissertation. Many persons provided research assistance, financial support, encouragement, and workplaces over the years since this project began. I regret that I cannot properly acknowledge or repay all who helped me in this endeavor. I am grateful for the investment made in my formation as an historian by the history faculty at the Catholic University of America. From my M.A. advisor, Robert A. Schneider, and my dissertation director, James D. Riley, I received consistent guidance from two accomplished historians whose examples will continue to inform my approach to history and academic endeavors. Thomas M. Cohen challenged my thinking and writing of the cultural history of early modern religion, and he helped me navigate my research efforts in Mexico and nearer to home. I thank Jason Sharples and Owen Stanwood for their perspectives on the broader view of early North American history. I recognize a debt to Nelson Minnich and Leslie Woodcock Tentler for their respective inputs into my understanding of Catholicism and religious history before and after the period of my study. To the rest of the faculty I extend thanks for many pleasant years in the department. The Academy of American Franciscan History and its director, Jeffrey M. Burns, provided both research funds and opportunities to present my scholarship at conferences over the last several years. The Academy’s doctoral fellowship award made possible my work in various Mexican archives. The cooperation and support of the Academy’s collaborators in Mexico opened doors while I was abroad. I especially thank Francisco vii Morales, OFM, for his assistance and interest in my research during a particularly busy season of his own work. I received helpful assistance from the staffs of several archives and research libraries including the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress; the Bancroft Library, Berkeley; the Flora Lamson Hewlett Library of the Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley; the Academy of American Franciscan History collection at the Washington Theological Union’s O’Toole Library; the Briscoe Center for American History and the Nettie Lee Benson Library, University of Texas at Austin; the Biblioteca Nacional de México; the Biblioteca Nacional de Antropología e Historia (BNAH), Mexico City; and the Biblioteca Conventual under the care of BNAH staff at the Guadalupe college site in Zacatecas. Ana María Ruiz Marín, the archivist of the Archivo Histórico de la Provincia Franciscana de San Pedro y San Pablo de Michoacán and Paco Mejía of the Biblioteca Franciscana in San Pedro Cholula each enabled fruitful visits to their respective archives and libraries. In Texas, I thank María Eva Flores, CDP, and her student assistants at the Center for Mexican American Studies of Our Lady of the Lake University in San Antonio for their help with the Old Spanish Missions Historical Research Collection; I appreciate also the assistance rendered by Susan Eason and Eric Hartmann at the Catholic Archives of Texas in Austin. It has been a pleasure to teach at Hood College in recent years. Emilie Amt and the history department provided a stimulating environment and a quiet office in which to write these chapters. Ken Fried and my Fairfield colleagues have been patient with, and supportive of, the historian in their program management office these past years. viii To parents, siblings, parents-in-law, and other relatives I say thank you for supporting my family during this long process. My parents, Jerry and Evelyn Harrison, helped to fund my foreign travel in 2009. I remember my maternal grandparents, Tom and Mary Skinner
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