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Dissertation DISSERTATION Inculturation: Rooting the Gospel firmly in Ghanaian Culture. A Necessary Requirement for Effective Evangelization for the Catholic Church in Ghana. Verfasser Mag. Emmanuel Richard Mawusi angestrebter akademischer Grad Zur Erlangung des akademischen Doktorgrades der Theologie (Dr. Theo.) Wien, im Mail, 2009 Studenkennzahl: 0006781 Dissertationsgebiet Dogmatik Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. Bertram Stubenrauch ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my sincere thanks, gratitude and appreciation to all whose collaboration and support enabled me to complete this work. During the period of my studies and the subsequent writing of this Thesis, I was privileged to benefit from the magnanimity and benevolence of various individuals whose invaluable assistance has enabled me to complete this work. I wish to express my special thanks to Univ.Prof. Dr. Bertram Stubenrauch, of the Lehrstuhl für Dogmatik und Ökumenische Theologie, Katholisch-Theologische Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität, München, Deutschland, who directed my doctoral Thesis. I am most grateful to him for his supervision, guidance and especially for reading through the entire work and making the necessary corrections and suggestions. I am also grateful to Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Ingeborg Gerda Gabriel, Vorständin des Instituts für Sozialethik, Universität Wien, for her assessment of the entire work.. I am equally indebted to my Mag. William Bush of the Department of Social Ethic, University of Vienna for reading through the entire work and making the necessary corrections. I am grateful to Univ. Prof. Dr. Paul Zulehner, of the Pastoral Theological Faculty, University of Vienna. To all who helped in one way or the other, many thanks and gratitude. I owe special gratitude to the Archdiocese of Vienna, Stift Klosterneuburg and Afro- Asiatische Institut - Vienna (AAR ARGE) for supporting me financially during the period of my Studies at the University of Vienna. My gratitude goes to Dr. Wolfgang Jöchlinger, the former Parish Priest of St. Ägidius, Korneuburg for his kindness and encouragement. Thanks to all the Parishioners of St. Ägidius for their love and care, friendship, and all the help they offered me and the Diocese of Ho during the period of my stay in Korneuburg. Among the Parishioners, I would like to express my profound gratitude to Fam. Maria and Wilhelm Kerbl; Helmut and Monika Zehmann; Leni and Johann Fischer; Josefine and Engelbert Rodlberger; Annemarie und Rudolf Neckam; Josefine Deibl; Hermine Ernst; not forgetting Maria Wagner for their innumerable assistance during my studies. The list is endless but suffices to say thanks to all who showed me their love, care and concern. May God richly bless and reward them for their generosity and hospitality. I thank in a special way, His Lordship, Most Rev. Francis A.K. Lodonu, Bishop of Ho Diocese, Ghana, for offering me the opportunity for further studies. Finally I thank Almighty God for giving me the interest to undertake this study and for the energy and good health to sustain it. To all who read this work and derive something from it, I say thanks. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..............................................................................................i TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ii ABBREVIATIONS .........................................................................................................vi 0. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...…...........……..…………………………….1 0.1 The Nature and Aim of The Study……...............………..……………………...3 0.2 Background and Object of The Study……………...........….…………………...4 0.3 Methodology…………….…. …………………………..................……………6 0.4 Sources and Bibliography…….........…………………………….............………7 0.5 Division of The Study …………………….…………………………….............7 0.6 Conclusion……………......……………………………………………...............8 1.0 A BRIEF INSIGHT INTO THE SITUATION IN AFRICA IN THE LIGHT OF THE SYNOD OF BISHOPS FOR AFRICA 1.1 Introduction................................................................................................9 1.2 A Brief Survey of the Situation in Africa..................................................9 1.3 Africa: A Continent full of Problems......................................................10 1.3.1 The Political Situation............................................................11 1.3.2 The Economic Situation.........................................................13 1.3.3 Poverty...................................................................................14 1.3.4 Corruption..............................................................................15 1.3.5 Tension, Violence and Civil Wars.........................................16 1.3.6 Refugees and Displaced Persons...........................................17 1.4 The Religious Scenario in Africa.............................................................18 1.4.1 Proliferation of New Religious Movements..........................19 1.4.2 The Threat of Islam................................................................20 1.4.3 African Traditional Religion..................................................21 1.5 Africa: A Continent of Great Hope and Vitality......................................22 1.5.1 The Growth of Christianity....................................................23 1.5.2 Africanisation of Christianity.................................................24 1.5.3 The Prophetic Mission of the Church....................................25 1.5.4 The Church as the Voice of the Voiceless............................26 1.6 Conclusion..............................................................................................28 ii 2.0 THE EARLY MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE IN GHANA AND SOME OF THE CHALLENGES FACING THE CHURCH 2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................30 2.2 A Brief Historical Background of Ghana.....................................................30 2.3 The Early Missionary Attempt at Evangelization........................................32 2.3.1 The History of the Ghana Catholic Church...............................34 2.4 The Impact of Christianity on Ghanaian Life...............................................36 2.4.1 The Impact on Traditional Value Systems................................37 2.4.2 The Impact on Education..........................................................39 2.4.3 The Religious Impact................................................................40 2.4.4 Tribute to the Early Missionaries..............................................41 2.5 Some Challenges facing the Catholic Church in Ghana..............................42 2.5.1 Christianity in not in-depth........................................................42 2.5.2 The Need to feel at home in the Church....................................44 2.5.3 The Dichotomy in the Life of Christians...................................46 2.5.4 The Dilemma of Some Christians.............................................47 2.5.5 Proliferation of New Religious Movements..............................50 2.5.6 Superstitious Beliefs..................................................................52 2.6 Conclusion....................................................................................................55 3.0 HISTORY AND USAGE OF THE TERM INCULTURATION AND THE THEOLOGICAL MODELS FOR THE PROCESS OF INCULTURATION 3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................57 3.2 Various Terminologies..................................................................................57 3.2.1 Adaptation...................................................................................58 3.2.2 Acculturation...............................................................................59 3.2.3 Enculturation...............................................................................60 3.2.4 Contextualization.........................................................................61 3.2.5 Indigenization.............................................................................61 3.2.6 Reappraisal of the Various Terms...............................................62 3.3 A Brief History and Usage of the Term Inculturation....................................64 3.4 The Meaning and Significance of Inculturation............................................66 3.5 Theological Basis of Inculturation.................................................................71 3.5.1 Salvation and Inculturation.........................................................73 3.5.2 Redemption and Inculturation.....................................................75 3.6 Christological Basis of Inculturation...........................................................76 iii 3.6.1 The Mystery of Incarnation.........................................................76 3.6.2 The Incarnation as a Christological Model of Inculturation........77 3.6.3 The Paschal Mystery and Inculturation.......................................80 3.6.4 Inculturation under the Guidance of the Holy Spirit...................81 3.7 Conclusion...................................................................................................82 4.0 THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOME GHANAIAN CULTURAL VALUES THROUGH INCULTURATION 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................84 4.2 The Concept and Definition
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