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Historický Č a S O P HISTORICKÝ ČASOPIS Historical Journal of the Institute of History of the SAS ISSN 0018-2575 Volume 58 * 2010 * Supplement SLOVAK ACADEMIC PRESS, spol. s r. o., Bratislava C O N T E N T S A r t i c l e s D v o ř á k o v á, Daniela: The Chronicle of Ulrich Richental as an Exceptional Source for the History of Slovakia ........................................ 3 H o l l ý, Karol: The negation of event history and historical optimism: the historical ideology of Svetozár Hurban Vajanský (1881 – 1897) ................. 23 M i c h e l a, Miroslav: Plans for Slovak autonomy in Hungarian politics 1918 – 1920 ...................................................................... 53 K l a m k o v á, Hana: The Universality of Anti-Semitism and the Uniqueness of the Holocaust: Slovakia as a Case Study ....................................................... 83 K o v á č, Dušan: The Transformation of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in the period 1989 – 1993 .................................................................................... 109 R e v i e w s D a n g l, Vojtech: Under the Banner of Emperor and King (Milan Podrimavský) .. 139 M i c h e l a, Miroslav: Under the slogan of integrity (Maroš Hertel) ...................... 142 S e g e š, Dušan: The Slovak Cross in the Politics of the Polish Eagle (Dagmar Čierna-Lantayová) ............................................... 144 L o n d á k, Miroslav – S i k o r a, Stanislav et al.: The Year 1968 and its Place in our History (Vladimír Varinský) ................................................ 148 Historický časopis VOLUME 58, 2010, SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE S THE CHRONiCLE Of ULRiCH Richental AS AN ExCEPTiONAL SOURCE fOR THE History Of SlovakiA DANiELA D vo ř á kov á DVOřáKOVá, Daniela. The Chronicle of Ulrich Richental as an Exceptional Source for the History of Slovakia. Historický časopis, 2010, 58, Supplement, pp. 3-21, Bratislava. The study is devoted to the Chronicle of the Council of Konstanz by Ulrich Richental, in which he described the events of the Church council of 1414 – 1418. The chronicle is also known from the point of view of Slovak history in relation to its mentions of the territory of Slovakia, which prove that in the 15th century, the territory of Slovakia was perceived as special and ethnically different in the frame- work of the Kingdom of Hungary. in several places, Richental mentions noblemen, whose property was located in the territory of present-day Slovakia as lords “in Windischen länden”. A closer geographical location, such as on the river Váh, is sometimes given. in Richental’s Chronicle, apart from the name “Hungary”, also called in one place “Ungerland”, we also find Slovakia designated as “Winden- land”. Richental’s mentions of Slovakia are very valuable, but so far more or less unknown in expert literature Council of Konstanz. Sigismund of Luxembourg. Ulrich Richental. Slovakia. Slovaks. Nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary. Perhaps the most important or at least the most famous church council of the Middle Ages – the Council of Konstanz – gained its name from the previously quiet and little- known, although relatively important and rich cathedral city on the shore of Lake Kon- stanz in Germany. The council brought the city permanent fame. from 1414 to 1418, Konstanz literally became the centre of Europe. On the initiative of the king and later Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg, the political and religious elite of Europe gathered here to solve the Papal schism, which had continued since 1378. Sigismund played an important role in organizing the council and bringing it to a successful conclusion. En- ding the schism and getting a new Pope elected were a great political victory for him. On the other hand, the burning of Jan Hus, which he could not prevent, in spite of the letter guaranteeing the safety of Hus, became a great personal defeat for the monarch.1 It 1 This is not changed at all by the fact that Sigismund attempted to help Hus. The Czech reformer was arrested on 28 November 1414, before Sigismund came to Konstanz. He was imprisoned in a dark cell in the Dominican monastery. As soon as he arrived in Konstanz at Christmas 1414, Sigismund showed good 3 Historický časopis, 58, Supplement, 2010 brought him almost two decades of struggle for the Czech crown, which he gained only a short time before his death in 1437. Works concerned with the Council of Konstanz can now be counted in hundreds. Contemporary eye witnesses of the council left historians rich and comprehensive infor- mation in documents, letters and chronicles. One of the most interesting testimonies is the work of a burgher of Konstanz Ulrich Richental, who gave a straight forward account of everyday life in the city during the council, of things he saw, heard or learnt directly from participants in the council. His account was based on his own notes and on sources available to him thanks to his personal contacts. He wrote the chronicle after some time, perhaps in the 1420s or at the beginning of the 1430s, which can explain many inaccuracies. The chronicle is composed of two parts. The first is a diary of the council, and the second is a sort of heraldic book, in which the author presents all the important participants in the council and their coats of arms, although these are often his own invention. The original text of Richental’s Chronicle has not survived. We know it only from later manuscript copies, divided into the established, so-called Kautzsch scheme.2 The so-called Konstanz manuscript (K) will be the most important for our study. it originated in the mid 1460s. A Slovak publication of a critical edition has appeared.3 The Chronicle of Ulrich Richental is also an important source for the history of Slo- vakia. Although it apparently tells of events far away and only indirectly connected with our history, this is not so. it is not only that the chronicle by the Konstanz burgher is full of interesting information bringing many aspects of the everyday life of the time close to us, especially in the religious sphere, or that it provides practical examples of the econo- mic thinking and economic life of a medieval city, including the development of prices and what was available in the market, as well as information useful for the now popular research into rituals and festivals or about the position of the monarch and hierarchy of medieval society. it is also important for its numerous very valuable mentions of partici- pants from the Kingdom of Hungary. Before we devote attention to them, we will look will by urging the release of Hus, when he first met the cardinals. Some of the cardinals threatened to leave the city, which would have seriously threatened Sigismund’s whole effort to call the council. in this situation, the king retreated on the matter of Hus, but insisted that he be given an airy cell by the refectory of the monastery, where Hus could receive visitors, and that he would be heard in public. for more details see: ŠMAHEL, františek. Husitská revoluce. I.-IV. (The Husite Revolution). Prague : Historický ústav AV ČR, 1993, ii., p. 274. On 21 June 1415, less than two weeks before his death, Jan Hus wrote a letter thanking King Sigismund for everything good he had done for him: “Regratior etiam regi Sigismundo de omni bono, quod mihi exhibuit.” PALACKÝ, františek. Documenta magistri Joannis Hus. Prague 1869, p. 123. However, in spite of this, the burden of guilt for the martyrdom of Master Jan Hus remains on the shoulders of Sigismund of Luxembourg in the historical consciousness. 2 KAUTZSCH, Rudolf. Die Handschriften von Ulrich Richentals Chronik des Konstanzer Konzils. In Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins, Neue folge 9, 1894, p. 443-496. 3 A critical edition and facsimile of the Konstanz manuscript was published by fEGER, Otto (ed.). Ulrich Richental. Das Konzil zu Konstanz 1414-1418. i-ii (Kommentar und Text). Konstanz: Josef Keller Ver- lag; Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 1964. The Slovak publication of the Konstanz manuscript with introductory studies and critical apparatus appeared recently: PAPSONOVá, Mária – ŠMAHEL, františek – DVO- řáKOVá, Daniela: Ulrich Richental Kostnická kronika: historické rozpravanie o meste, ktoré sa stalo stredom Európy a čo to znamenalo pre Slovákov a Čechov. (Ulrich Richental’s Chronicle: A historical account of the city that became the centre of Europe and what this meant for the Slovaks and Czechs.) Budmerice: Vydateľstvo Rak, 2009. 4 Daniela Dvořáková The Chronicle of Ulrich Richental at the influence of the Council of Konstanz on the intellectual life of Europe, including the Kingdom of Hungary. The participants in the council included representatives of all the European kings, princes, and cardinals, more than 300 bishops and high ecclesiastical dignitaries, hun- dreds of scholars from various universities. Writers, poets, important scholars and hu- manists of the time met there, and some of them went to Hungary at the end of the council with King Sigismund to continue their activity at his court. Thus, the council influenced many areas of culture, life style and education in the Kingdom of Hungary. for example, the golden age of Hungarian heraldry began with the Council of Konstanz. it is also possible to mention Sigismund’s magnificent reconstruction of his palace in Budapest, which was allegedly inspired by his travels around Western Europe at the time of the council. Apart from intellectuals and artists, he brought many craftsmen, builders, masons, goldsmiths and so on to his court. However, not only new people came to Hungary, there were also people who returned after several months or years away. Hundreds of noblemen from the Kingdom of Hunga- ry went to Konstanz with King Sigismund.
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