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Hcsupplement2014.Pdf Historický časopis, 62, Supplement, 2014 C O N T E N T S A r t i c l e s H u d á č e k, Pavol: The Legal Position of Widows in Medieval Hungary up to 1222 and the Question of Dower ............................................................... 3 L y s ý, Miroslav: “Cuiuscumque nationis homines, Saxones videlicet, Hungarii, Sclaui seu alii.” Ethnicity reflected in the Rules of Law and Official Documents of Medieval Hungary................................................... 41 F a b r i c i u s, Miroslav: The Formation of the Czechoslovak Economy (1918 – 1920)....................................................................................................... 59 H a l l o n, Ľudovít: The Influence of Germany on Capital Transfers in the Insurance Business of Slovakia 1939 – 1942 ............................................ 79 Č e r n á k, Tomáš: Viliam Široký and Július Ďuriš – Family Origin, Social Relations and Beginnings of their Work in the Communist Movement.............. 109 R e v i e w s D v o ř á k o v á, Daniela: Barbara of Cilly. The black queen.. The life story of the Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1391 – 1451).(Ján Lukačka) ........................................................ 141 D u c h o ň o v á, Diana: The Palatine Nicholas Esterházy and his Court.. Society, norms, everyday rituals.(Frederik Federmayer) .................................... 142 K o l l á r o v á, Ivona: Free publisher, thinking reader..The typographic medium in the reign of Joseph II..(Tomáš Janura) ............................................................ 145 K o v á č, Dušan at al.: Soundings into Slovak history in the long 19th century (Elena Mannová)............................................................................. 147 M i c h á l e k, Slavomír - L o n d á k, Miroslav: Gustáv Husák..The power of politics.. A politician of power.(Ivan Kamenec) ................................................................ 152 L o n d á k, Miroslav - M i c h á l e k, Slavomír at al.: Twenty years of the independent Slovak Republic..Singularity and discontinuity in historical development. (Stanislav Sikora) ................................................................................................ 155 Historický časopis, 62, Supplement, 2014 Historický časopis VOLuME 62, 2014, SuPPLEMENT art I C L es THE LEGAL POSITION OF WIDOWS IN MEDIEVAL HuNGARY uP TO 1222 AND THE QuESTION OF DOWER PAVOL H u DÁČEK HuDÁČEK, Pavol..The Legal Position of Widows in Medieval Hungary up to 1222 and the Question of Dower. Historický časopis, 2014, 62, Supplement, pp. 3-39, Bratislava. In this study, the author is concerned with the position of widows in medieval society. He considers the development of basic ideas about their position on the basis of the decrees of Frankish synods and Early Medieval laws. The main part of the work is devoted to widows in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary during the earliest period from the 11th century to the issuing of the Golden Bull in 1222. The subject of this is the position of widows according to the individual points of the Hungarian law codes of St. Stephen, St. Ladislav and Koloman. The main question is the claim of widows to property and the gradual changes in this area up to the beginning of the 13th century. The main emphasis is placed on the search for the beginnings of the dowry as property, which the woman kept after the death of her husband. The study includes a detailed analysis of the wills of important women, widows, but also widowers. Evidence of the property rights of widows and the first indications of the existence of the dower are sought in these documents. Medieval Kingdom of Hungary. Early medieval laws. Medieval property rights. Widows. Dower. Medieval wills. Important women. Like in any other past age, medieval society was significantly differentiated.1 However, women are usually forgotten when describing it. Apart from the social or legal position of individual groups in the population, most historians have concentrated their attention on men. until recently, not enough attention was devoted to women. However, apart from interest in noblemen, burghers, the clergy or intellectuals, some historians are now also considering the question of the position of women in the past. In spite of the fact that their position was not the same in different cultures and historical periods, they were. 1 CONSTABLE, Giles. The Orders of Society in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. In BERMAN, H. Constance (ed.). Medieval Religion. New York, London : Routledge, 2005, p. 62. ISBN 0415316863; BARDSLEY, Sandy. Women’s Roles in the Middle Ages. Westport, London : Greenwood Press, 2007, p. 40-41. ISBN 0313336350; MITCHELL, E. Linda. Family Life in the Middle Ages. Westport, London : Greenwood Press, 2007, p. 15, 21. ISBN 031333630X; ARNOLD, John. Gender and Sexuality. In . LANSING, Carol - ENGLISH, D. Edward. (eds.). A Companion to the Medieval World. Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, p. 164-165. ISBN 9781405109222. 3 Historický časopis, 62, Supplement, 2014 almost always in a subordinate position. Therefore, they were always perceived in rela- tion to men as daughters, wives, mothers or widows.2 In the Middle Ages,3 as in earlier periods, women were regarded as the weaker sex (infirmitas, fragilitas). Precisely for this reason, they needed to be more consistently pro- tected in a society where men played a more important role and had a stronger position in comparison with women.4 As a result, the idea still prevails that the Middle Ages was a period shaped mainly by male activity. Therefore, until recently historians usually only described the heroic deeds and destinies of important men. However, medieval sources offer a large amount of interesting information about exceptional women and widows. Some of them played an important role in medieval society beside their men, or often also without them. With their activities and independent actions, they proved that in pur- suing their interests, they were no worse than their husbands, fathers or brothers. In connection with the important position of some women in medieval society, one of the main research questions is the position of widows. The historiographic approach known as gender history has been concerned with this problem for some time. It does not strive only to specially study the history of women, but rather to analyse the mutual relations between men and women in the framework of a particular society.6 Increased 2 MACLEAN, Simon. Queenship, Nunneries and Royal Widowhood in Carolingian Europe. In Past & Pre- sent, 2003, year 52, no. 178, p. 10-11. ISSN 1477-464X; BARDSLEY, ref. 1, p. 2-11, 91-92; ARNOLD, ref. 1, p. 164-165. Considerable attention was already devoted to widows in Antiquity, when Roman law shaped their position. On this see: GRuBBS, E. Judith. Women and the Law in the Roman Empire : A Sourcebook on Marriage, Divorce and Widowhood. London, New York : Routledge, 2002, p. 16-23. ISBN 0415152410; GRuBBS, E. Judith. Abduction Marriage in Antiquity : A Law of Constantine (CTh IX. 24. I) and Its Social Context. In The Journal of Roman Studies, 1989, year 79, p. 70-74, 77-78. ISSN 0075-4358. 3 For general infomation on medieval women see the basic work: DuBY, Georges - PERROT, Michelle (eds.) Geschichte der Frauen II. : Mittelalter. Frankfurt; New York : Campus Verlag, 1993, 582 p. ISBN 3593349114. 4 GREEN, H. Dennis. Women and Marriage in German Medieval Romance. Cambridge : Cambridge uni- versity Press, 2009, p. 21-24. ISBN 9780521513357; ROSENTHAL, T. Joel. Widows. In SCHAuS, Mar- garet (ed.). Women and Gender in Medieval Europe : An Encyklopedia. New York; London : Routledge, 2006, p. 832. ISBN 10-0415969441; CRISPIN, Philip. Scandal, Malice and the Kingdom of the Bazoche. In HARPER, April – PROCTOR, Caroline (eds.). Medieval Sexuality : A Casebook. New York; London : Routledge, 2008, p. 159-161. ISBN 9780812240696; GOETZ, Hans-Werner. Frauenbild und weibliche Lebensgestaltung im fränkischen Reich. In GOETZ, Hans-Werner (ed.). Weibliche Lebensgestaltung im frühen Mittelalter. Köln; Wien : Böhlau Verlag, 1991, p. 11-12, 36-37. ISBN 3412081906. 5 STAFFORD, Pauline. Emma : The Powers of the Queen in the Eleventh Century. In DuGGAN, Anne (ed.). Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe. Woodbridge : The Boydell Press, 1995, p. 12, 17-20. ISBN 0851156576; BREMMER, H. Rolf Jr. Widows in Anglo-Saxon England. In BREMMER, Jan - BOSCH, van den Lourens (eds.). Between Poverty and the Pyre: Moments in the History of Widowhood.. London; New York : Routledge, 1995, s. 58-59. ISBN 0415083702; d´AVRAY, David. Medieval Mar- riage : Symbolism and Society. Oxford : Oxford university Press, 2005, p. 80-82. ISBN 100199239789; BOuCHARD, B. Constance. “Those of My Blood” : Constructing Noble Families in Medieval Francia.. Philadelphia : university of Pennsylvania Press, 2001, p. 80, 88. ISBN 0812235908; MACLEAN, Simon. Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century : Charles the Fat and end of the Carolingian Empire.. Cambridge : Cambridge university Press, 2003, s. 50-53, 92. ISBN 1380511055225; GOETZ, ref. 4, . p. 23-29. 6 For a review of widows from earliest times see: BREMMER, N. Jan. Pauper or Patroness : The Widow in the Early Christian Church. In BREMMER, Jan - BOSCH, van den Lourens (eds.). Between Po- 4 Pavol Hudáček The Legal Position of Widows in Medieval Hungary interest in widows (domina relicta, mulier relicta, matrona, vidua) in recent European historiography offers a good possibility for deeper insight into their real lives. If we want to define the position of widows by starting from the beginning, we must immediately state as an introduction that two very widespread views on their position exist. The first derives from the traditional ideas formulated in the heads of medieval scho- lars. In their view, widows, as women without male protection, assistance and supervi- sion, were in an unenviable position. The majority lived in poverty, had difficulty obtai- ning enough of the basic necessities of life and if this was not enough, they were often threatened and sexually assaulted by men. The Middle Ages was a period strongly shaped by Christianity.
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