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Vienna-Bratislava Relationships. Living Apart Together. from the Long 19Th Century up to Now.“

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Vienna-Bratislava Relationships. Living Apart Together. from the Long 19Th Century up to Now.“ MASTERARBEIT Titel der Masterarbeit „Vienna-Bratislava relationships. Living apart together. From the long 19th Century up to now.“ Verfasserin Mirjam de Klepper angestrebter akademischer Grad Master (MA) Wien, 2015 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 067 805 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Individuelles Masterstudium: Global Studies – a European Perspective Betreuerin / Betreuer: Ass.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Walter Matznetter, MSc MASTERARBEIT / MASTER THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit /Title of the master thesis Vienna-Bratislava relationships. Living apart together. From the long 19th Century up to now. Verfasser /Author Mirjam de Klepper angestrebter akademischer Grad / acadamic degree aspired Master (MA) Wien, 2015 Studienkennzahl : A 067 805 Studienrichtung: Individuelles Masterstudium: Global Studies – a European Perspective Betreuer/Supervisor: Ass.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Walter Matznetter, MSc TABLE OF CONTENT Preface 1 Chapter 1 About territoriality, borders and cities 4 1.1 The extraordinary case of Vienna and Bratislava 6 1.2 Territoriality, the example of Burgenland in the late 1940s 9 1.3 The production of space and others in the borderlands 13 1.4 Set up of this thesis 15 Chapter 2 From Pressburg to Bratislava: The development of a city's identity in the late 19th 17 and early 20th century 2.1 The basis of the Slovak nation 18 2.1.1 Ethnic awareness 18 2.1.2 Language development 19 2.2 From Pressburg to Bratislava 21 2.2.1 The people 21 2.2.2 The city's self perception 24 2.3 The Slovak road to the first Czechoslovak Republic 28 2.3.1 Conditions and hindrances 28 2.3.2 The violent international struggle for a Czechoslovakia 29 2.3.3 The new capital of Bratislava 30 2.4 Wartime 32 Chapter 3 'Die Zeit dafür und die Zeit danach': Keeping up the image of Vienna during the 34 collapse of Austria-Hungary 3.1 On Vienna and Austria 35 3.2 The creation of a myth 36 3.2.1 Events in the city 37 3.2.2 Rising tensions 38 3.3 Nostalgia for the Empire 40 Chapter 4 Austria's relationships with its eastern neigbours 44 4.1 Austrian political and economic ties to the East 44 4.1.1 Austrian political neutrality 45 4.1.2 Economic benefits of neutrality 47 4.2 The special case of Czechoslovakia 48 4.3 Czechoslovak-Austrian relationships 49 4.4 Slovak-Austrian relationships 51 4.5 Bratislava-Vienna Relationships 52 Chapter 5 After the Wall. EU accession, cross-border development and metropolitan 55 integration 5.1 Austria and the EU 55 5.1.1 The Austrian accession to the EU 55 5.1.2 Austria and the EU accession of its direct neighbours 57 5.1.3 The EU and Austrian public opinion: territoriality and the 57 meaning of space 5.2 Slovakia and the EU 59 5.2.1 Opening of the border 59 5.2.2 Slovakia's accession to the EU 61 5.2.3 Local differences and the Bratislava paradox 63 5.3 Cross-border cooperation in the Vienna-Bratislava border region 64 5..3.1 The development of the EU framework for cross-border 64 cooperation 5.3.2 Examples of cross-border cooperation in the Vienna- 66 Bratislava region 5.3.3 The development of a metropolitan region? 67 Conclusion 71 References 75 1 PREFACE For a large part of my life I never had anything to do with borders. Growing up in a small coastal town in the Netherlands, the only border I knew was the strip of sandy dunes and dikes along the coast. I occassionally went on holidays with my parents to other beaches, like those of Turkey or Greece, but that was about it. I never gave a single thought to Eastern or Central Europe. I did not know what it looked like, what happened in its history and imagined it rather grey and cloudy. In 2007, freshly graduated from high school, I moved to Dresden in Germany. Being a part of a Europeanwide exchange program, I suddenly met people from Poland, Slovenia, Romania and the Czech Republic. I was amazed to find they were lively, colourful people and upon visits to their homecountries I realized the east was not grey, and actually often quite sunny. I also came to realize that borders do play an important role for many people. For example, many of my friends were not allowed to work in Germany, where we had met. And that whilst simultaneously, many Germans visited their countries, like Poland, for cheap dental treatments. Their country's accession to the European Union (EU) did not change much about it either. Being in East-Germany and having visited the remnants of the Iron Curtain, another border came into my vision. I realized that in Germany internally people still categorized former East-Germany as a different kind of Germany than the former West-Germany. Distrustfulness, misunderstanding and a wage gap still kept them apart, even if only through jokes. Spending quite some time with people from all over the east side of the former Iron Curtain, it became clear to me that this border had left a deep imprint on the European peninsula. Economic, political and societal structures which had developed due to the different systems during the years after World War II and the developments after 1989 influenced the mind and ways of people. As this dawned upon me ever more clearer, I moved to Vienna in 2013 to write my thesis and I had become convinced that this inner breakline within the EU should be my point of focus. However, being in Vienna gave me a whole new perspective. As I had hardly ever learned anything about the region, I was again surprised to find that the history of Central Eastern Europe goes even farther back than World War II. As the Netherlands was neutral in 2 World War I, this part of European history was often conventiently skipped in my high school and I never had anything to do with it during my academic training as an anthropologist, as we focused on regions on the other side of the world. The Austrian-Hungarian Empire meant even less to me. Then, as I studied Viennese history, I understood that any history of borders in Europe should be preceded and completed by an understanding of the developments of the long 19th century. With a mind indoctrinated by anthropology, I believed that going local would make the most sense. Accordingly, I decided to make the particular border region of Vienna and Bratislava my area of focus. With that region in mind, I attempted in this thesis to bring together those three personal revelations which I experienced in the past eight years: one, that Central and Eastern- Europe is not grey, cloudy and dull, but colourful, sunny and interesting; two, that borders do matter a lot to many people; and three, that those borders, both geopolitically as in the minds of people, are deeply historically informed. In order to structure my thesis, I of course had to find an approach. Which is never easy, but when you study Global Studies, an interdisciplinary study programme run by different departments of two different universities, each with its own approach, it becomes even harder. That is why this thesis is influenced by different theories from different disciplines, but is historical in its core. I draw on Henri LeFebvre (1991) and his theory of the tripartite production of space. It gives insight in how space is perceived in different ways, and hence, indeed, how it is produced. Robert Sacks (1983) theory on territoriality then brought me one of the ways we can interpret this production of space in relation to borders. The publication 'B/ordering Spaces' by Van Houtum et al (2005) opened a wide range of other approaches as well as concrete case studies of border regions, which helped me place my research in a wider framework of current research on the matter. As I am not a trained historian and my time was limited, I have had to rely on secondary sources. Though it is relatively easy to find sources on Austria and Slovakia, it is a lot more difficult to find research on the two of them together. Even though they are so near, most publications about the entire area stem from the past ten years. However, the production flow is now steadily increasing and I am very grateful to authors Giffinger and Sohn (e.g. 2015), who together and with others have done a lot of research on the current relations between the two 3 cities, and focus specifically on the role of the border within that relationship. All in all, I aim to give an insight in the diverse workings of territoriality in the Vienna Bratislava region. We will see how the instalment and alleviation of a border can have profound consequences on city identity and perception. Furthermore, I will demonstrate the effects of the border on economic and political development in such a paradoxical situation of two national capitals sitting on the edges of the national territory. 4 Chapter 1 About territoriality, borders and cities It has been known for a while now that globalisation is not the process leading to a borderless world with freedom of movement of all the world’s inhabitants. Instead, as many argue, despite the growth of flows of finance, people and information and a seemingly increasing freedom of movement, more and more boundaries have come into existence (Wilson 2009; Van Houtum et al 2005). And those boundaries come in different shapes and sizes. On the one hand, we see that the process of the ‘awakening’ of nations and their ‘struggle’ for territorial autonomy which started in the early 19th century with revolutionary France is still ongoing.
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