Analyses at the Community, Population, and Individual

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Analyses at the Community, Population, and Individual ANA FRANCISCA TIBÚRCIA AMORIM FERREIRA E FERREIRA ANALYSES AT THE COMMUNITY, POPULATION, AND INDIVIDUAL LEVELS FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF SOUTH AMERICAN LEAF BLIGHT AND OF ITS ETIOLOGICAL AGENT, Pseudocercospora ulei Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitopatologia, para obtenção do título de Doctor Scientiae. VIÇOSA MINAS GERAIS – BRASIL 2018 Ficha catalográfica preparada pela Biblioteca Central da Universidade Federal de Viçosa - Câmpus Viçosa T Ferreira, Ana Francisca Tibúrcia Amorim Ferreira e, 1989- F383a Analyses at the community, population, and individual 2018 levels for better understanding of South American Leaf Blight and of its etiological agent, Pseudocercospora ulei / Ana Francisca Tibúrcia Amorim Ferreira e Ferreira. – Viçosa, MG, 2018. ix, 168 f. : il. (algumas color.) ; 29 cm. Texto em inglês. Inclui anexos. Orientador: Eduardo Seiti Gomide Mizubuti. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Inclui bibliografia. 1. Mal das folhas da seringueira. 2. Seringueira - Doenças e pragas. 3. Melanina. I. Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Departamento de Fitopatologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitopatologia. II. Título. CDD 22. ed. 633.895294 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS À Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em especial ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitopatologia, por todo o suporte e infraestrutura disponibilizados na condução dos experimentos. Ao Prof. Eduardo Mizubuti, por toda a dedicação, suporte e ensinamentos. Aos professores e técnicos do Departamento de Fitopatologia (DFP), pelo suporte, ensinamentos e pelo convívio. Aos colegas e amigos do DFP e da Microbiologia, em especial Amarildo Junior, Carmem Herrera, Leticia Monteiro, Luciano Nunes, Orlando, Rita, Sérgio e Josenilda, pela amizade e momentos de descontração. Aos colegas do Laboratório de Biologia de População de Fitopatógenos, em especial a Cristhian, Izabel e Taciana pela amizade, auxílio e convívio. Ao Pablo Alvarez, pela amizade, convívio e desafios enfrentados juntos durante o doutorado. Ao Braz Tavares, pelas colaborações e suporte. Ao Lucas Magalhães, pelo incentivo e amizade. À Anna Carolina, Laís Bentes, Lays Helena e Elisângela Farias, pela amizade e incentivo durante o doutorado. Aos meus familiares, pelo amor, incentivo e compreensão. À CAPES pela concessão da bolsa de estudos. ii Aos meu pais, Graça e Humberto (in memorian), dedico. “Aos índios e aos caboclos que enfretam(ram) a solidão, as doenças e todas as dificuldades da selva Amazônica, na exploração da seringueira e de outras riquezas, e mantendo nossas fronteiras para o bem de outros e que raramente são (foram) lembrados.” Luadir Gasparotto iii SUMMARY ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... vi RESUMO......................................................................................................... viii GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................... 6 Microbiome of Hevea brasiliensis ............................................................... 6 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ 7 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 9 MATERIAL AND METHODS ........................................................................... 13 Sampling site of Hevea brasiliensis .......................................................... 13 Sample processing and DNA extraction ................................................... 13 Illumina high-throughput sequencing ....................................................... 14 Sequence processing ................................................................................. 15 Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 16 RESULTS......................................................................................................... 18 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................... 27 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. 34 REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 35 FIGURE LEGENDS ......................................................................................... 44 FIGURES AND TABLES ................................................................................. 46 SUPPORTING INFORMATION ....................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 2 ..................................................................................................... 72 Genetic variability and evolution of putative effector genes of Pseudocercospora ulei in Amazonian and Non-Amazonian populations of the pathogen ............................................................................................... 72 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... 73 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 75 MATERIAL AND METHODS ........................................................................... 78 Sampling and isolation of P. ulei ............................................................... 78 DNA extraction and sequencing ................................................................ 78 DNA polymorphism ..................................................................................... 81 Recombination and mutation analysis ...................................................... 81 Selection analysis ....................................................................................... 82 RESULTS......................................................................................................... 83 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................... 87 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................. 92 REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 93 FIGURE LEGEND ............................................................................................ 98 FIGURES AND TABLES ................................................................................. 99 CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................... 120 The dark side of Pseudocercospora ulei ................................................ 120 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... 121 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 123 MATERIAL AND METHODS ......................................................................... 127 Selection of isolate and cultivation ......................................................... 127 Melanin extraction ..................................................................................... 127 Mass spectrometry ................................................................................... 128 FT-IR spectroscopy ................................................................................... 128 Histochemical assay of carbohydrates on P. ulei stromata .................. 129 Inhibition of melanization ......................................................................... 129 Genes involved with 1,8-DHN biosynthesis in P. ulei ............................ 130 RESULTS....................................................................................................... 131 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................. 136 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................ 142 REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 143 FIGURE LEGENDS ....................................................................................... 150 FIGURES AND TABLES ............................................................................... 153 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................... 168 v ABSTRACT FERREIRA, Ana Francisca Tibúrcia Amorim Ferreira e, D.Sc., Universidade Federal de Viçosa, June, 2018. Analyses at the community, population, and individual levels for better understanding of South American Leaf Blight and of its etiological agent, Pseudocercospora ulei. Adviser: Eduardo Seiti Gomide Mizubuti. Pseudocercospora ulei causes the most devastating disease of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), South American leaf blight (SALB). Wild populations of H. brasiliensis from different river basins in the Amazon region have variable resistance levels to SALB, and the most resistant genotypes were found in the western Amazon, including the Brazilian state of Acre. Based on the premise that the plant microbiome can directly influence the plant-pathogen interactions and contribute to disease-resistance,
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