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Amphibian Characteristics, Taxonomy, and Evolution

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Amphibian Characteristics, Taxonomy, and Evolution Amphibian Characteristics, Taxonomy, and Evolution Goal of the Lecture To familiarize students with characteristics of the Class Amphibia, the diversity of extant amphibians, and the fossil record of amphibians. Reading Assignments: 1) Handouts (Zardoya and Meyer 2001, Laurin 2002) 2) Duellman and Trueb: pp. 424-443 Lecture Outline Class Amphibia Characteristics Extant Amphibia Families Amphibian Fossil Record 1 What are Amphibians? Ectothermic tetrapods that have a biphasic life cycle consisting of anamniotic eggs (often aquatic) and a terrestrial adult stage. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Amphibia (amphibios: “double life”) Subclass: Lissamphibia Orders: •Anura (frogs) •Caudata (salamanders) •Gymnophiona (caecilians) Amphibia Characteristics 1) Cutaneous Respiration •Oxygen and CO2 Transfer (moist) •Family Plethodontidae (lungless salamanders) •Gills (larvae, few adult salamanders), 2 Lungs (adults) Plethodon dorsalis 2) Skin Glands •Mucous Glands (cutaneous respiration, antibiotic properties) •Glanular Glands (toxic secretions - neurotoxins, alkaloids) ¾Paratoid Glands •Other glands (not in all species) •Nuptial •Wax Amphibia Characteristics 3) Modifications of middle and inner ear • Middle ear consists of 2 elements •Stapes (columella) •Operculum • Inner ear consists of 2 sensory epithelial patches •Papilla bassilaris (>1000 Hz) •Papilla amphibiorum (≤1000 Hz) 2 Amphibia Characteristics 4) Green Rods in Retina (excluding caecilians) •Involved in hue discrimination (433 nm = blue light) •Other Light Receptors: red rods, single and double cones 5) Focus eye by changing position of lens •Levator bulbi underlying the eye control elevation 6) Bicuspid Pedicellate Teeth •Crown (above gum), Pedicel (connected to jawbone) •New Crown Emerges from Pedicel 7) Reductions in skull bones •General trend associated with paedomorphosis (phenotypic change in which adults retain juvenile traits) Modern Orders of Amphibia •Gymnophiona (caecilians) 9% 3% 167 species Caudates Caecilians 88% Anurans Ichthyophis kohtaoensis 280 Species in U.S. (86 Species in TN) •Caudata (salamanders) •Anura (frogs) Dendrobates tinctorius 5,420 species Plethodon shermani 559 species Gymnophiona Characteristics: •Tropical Distribution •Limbless (pectoral & pelvic girdles absent) •Elongate and annulated bodies •Degenerate Eyes (covered with skin or bone) •Internal Fertilization (phallodeum) •Tentacle between eye and nostril •Left lung reduced or absent •6 Families •Some with dermal scales •Distinct skulls •Stegokrotaphic versus Zygokrotaphic 3 Gymnophiona Families: 1) Caeciliidae (Common Caecilians) 2) Ichthyophiidae (Fish Caecilians) •95 species (57%) Dermophis mexicanus •38 species (23%) •Primary Annuli •Primary Annuli w/ •Most Fossorial Secondary & Tertiary •True tail •No true tail •Stegokrotaphic Skull •Stegokrotaphic Skull •Females attend eggs Ichthyophis kohtaoensis 3) Typhlonectidae (Aquatic Caecilians) 4) Rhinatrematidae (Beaked Caecilians) •14 species (8%) •9 species (5%) •Primary Annuli •Primary Annuli w/ •No true tail Secondary & Tertiary •Zygokrotaphic Skull Grooves •Strongly Aquatic Chthonerpeton indistinctum •True tail •Viviparous •Zygokrotaphic Skull Epicrionops Gymnophiona Families: 5) Scolecomorphidae (Tropical Caecilians) 6) Uraeotyphlidae (Indian Caecilians) •6 species (4%) •5 species (3%) •Primary Annuli •Primary Annuli w/ •No true tail Secondary Grooves •Zygokrotaphic Skull •True tail •Calcified spines on •Stegokrotaphic Skull Scolecomorphus vittatus phallodea Uraeotyphlus •Some are viviparous Gymnophiona phylogeny Beaked Fish Indian Tropical Common Aquatic 4 Caudata Characteristics: •Tails and superficially segmented bodies •Mostly Temperate Distribution •Well-developed limbs (except aquatic) •Internal Fertilization (most) •Larval Development External (most) •Pheromones (mucous glands) •Lack Tympanum & Middle Ear Families: •10 Families 1) Plethodontidae (Lungless Salamanders) 2) Salamandridae (True Salamanders) •378 species (68%) •74 species (13%) •U.S. & Neo-tropics •U.S., Europe, SE Asia QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor •Cutaneous respiration •Lungs are needed to see this picture. •Nasolabial groove •Skin toxic and brightly (chemoreception) colored •Reduced skull •Free-swimming larvae •Eggs usually guarded Plethodon shermani (most) Triturus cristatus Caudata Families: 3) Hynobiidae (Asian Salamanders) 4) Ambystomatidae (Mole Salamanders) •51 species (9%) •32 species (6%) •Asia •North America •External fertilization •Highly Terrestrial (most) •Reduced lungs (some) •Primarily Winter Breeders •Aquatic courtship •Teeth are in patches Hynobius chinensis •Hydridization (J+BS) Ambystoma tigrinum 5) Proteidae (Mudpuppies & Waterdogs) 6) Sirenidae (Sirens) •6 species (1%) •4 species (0.7%) •Eastern US & Europe •Southern US (Still water) •Obligate Paedomorphic •Obligate Paedomorphic •External Fertilization •Depressed body, external (lack spermathecae) gills •Lack pelvic girdles, eye •Necturus prefer crayfish lids, pedicellate teeth Necturus maculosus •Pre-maxillary beak Siren intermedia Caudata Families: 7) Rhyacotritonidae(Torrent Salamanders) 8) Dicamptodontidae (Giant Salamanders) •4 species (0.7%) •4 species (0.7%) •Coastal Pacific NW •Coastal NW and Canada •Semi-aquatic •Large living terrestrial •No operculum or op. muscle salamanders (20 cm SVL) •Reduced Lungs •Vomerine Teeth (M) •Bright yellow abdomen Rhyacotriton kezeri •Larvae develop 2-5 yrs Dicamptodon ensatus 9) Amphiumidae (Amphiumas) 10) Cryptobranchidae (Hellbenders) •3 species (0.5%) •3 species (0.5%) •Eastern U.S. & China •SE United States •Obligate Paedomorphic •Obligate Paedomorphic •No external gills, gill slits •No external gills, gill slits •Excessive skin (respiration) •Spermatophore directly •External Fertilization deposited into spermatheca Amphiuma tridactylum •Lidless eyes, no tongue pad Cryptobranchus •Number of Toes alleganiensis 5 Caudata phylogeny Movie Anura Characteristics: •Shortened Presacral Vertebrate (usually 8) •Global Distribution Saltatorial •Ribs are reduced or absent (2nd or 4th) 2-10X BL •Presacral Vertebrae Firmly Articulated •Large Hind Limbs, No tail (except 1 family) Video •External Fertilization (usually) •Flat heads and Large Mouths (usually) •Vocal Sacs in Males (usually) •29 Families Families: 1) Leptodactylidae (Southern Frogs) 2) Hylidae (Tree Frogs) •1283 species (24%) •835 species (15%) N •Neo-tropics & subtropics •Global Distribution •Male broods eggs •Toes disks •Foam nest •Good climbers, jumpers •Tadpoles, direct dev., or •Free swimming tadpoles viviparious Eleutherodactylus coqui (most) Agalychnis callidryas Anura Families: 3) Ranidae (True Frogs) 4) Bufonidae (True Toads) •799 species (14.7%) •493 species (9%) •Global (Bufo most spp.) •Global (Africa, Asia most) •Cutaneous Glands •Well-developed legs & •Teeth nearly absent webbed feet •Bidder’s Organ •Free swimming tadpoles Rudimentary Ovary on Testes (most) Rana catesbeiana Bufo cognatus 5) Microhylidae (Narrow-mouthed Frogs) 6) Rhacophoridae (Asian Tree Frogs) •449 species (8%) •288 species (5%) •Mostly Tropical, Sub- •Africa, India, SE Asia tropical •Hanging Foam Nest •2-3 Palatal Folds •“Flying Frogs” •Breviceps Secretions • Convergent with hylids Stick to Female’s Back Gastrophryne carolinensis Rhacophorus reinwardtii 6 Anura Families: 7) Hyperoliidae (African Tree Frogs) 8) Dendrobatidae (Poison Arrow Frogs) •261 species (4.8%) •252 species (4.7%) •Central & South America •Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles •Brightly colored, toxic skin •Pupil vertically elliptical •Most very small (<1 inch) •Toe disks; brightly colored •Males wrestle for dominance •Some fold leaves over eggs Leptopelis vermiculatus •Tadpoles ride on males back Dendrobates tinctorius 9) Mantellidae (Mantellas) 10) Centrolenidae (Glass Frogs) •165 species (3%) •143 species (2.6%) •Madagascar only •Central & South America •Brightly colored, toxic skin •Transparent Skin (no ribs) •Most very small (<1 inch) •Most very small (<1 inch) •Converged Evolutionarily with •Eggs guarded Dendrobatidae by males over Mantella madagascariensis stream Centrolene prosoblepon Anura Families: Megophrys montana 11) Megophryidae (Cryptic Frogs) 12) Myobatrachidae (Water Frogs) •138 species (2.5%) •126 species (2.3%) M •Asia & Indonesia (streams) •New Guinea, Australia, and Tasmania •Leaf-like Appearance •Foam Nests in Water •Poor Jumpers •Unique egg brooding •Nocturnal •Tadpoles: Surface Foragers Brachytarsophrys carinensis •Rheobatracus (extinct) Limnodynastes dumerilii 13) Arthroleptidae (Squeakers) 14) Pipidae (Tongueless Frogs) •51 species (0.9%) •31 species (0.6%) •Africa and South America •Sub-Saharan Africa •Fully Aquatic Frogs •Previously a part of Ranidae •Webbed feet, long fingers •Direct development (some with keratinized tips tadpoles) M •Eyes dorsal and no tongue Cardioglossa aureoli Xenopus laevis Anura Families: 15) Astylosternidae (Astylosternids) 16) Discoglossidae (Disc-tongued frogs) •29 species (0.5%) •12 species (0.2%) A •Sub-Saharan Africa •Northern Africa, SW Europe •Often combined with #13 •Male carries eggs on hind legs •Differ from #13: horizontal •Females vocalize some pupils & toe discs •Toad-like (terrestrial & life •Hairy Frog Trichobatrachus robustus in burrows) Alytes obstetricans 17) Pelobatidae (Spadefoots) 18) Brachycephalidae (Pumpkin Toads) •11 species (0.2%) •11 species (0.2%) •SE Brazil •United States, Mexico, Europe and Eastern Asia •All direct development •Xeric environments •Reduced digits •Most bright orange •Explosive breeding M •B. didactylus:
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