The Phenomenon of Suburbanisation in Szczecin and Neighbouring Communes Based on the Analysis of Voter Turnout in 2000  2015

Home , Pomerania, Stare Czarnowo, Stargard, Szczecin

Katarzyna Molska1

THE PHENOMENON OF SUBURBANISATION IN SZCZECIN AND NEIGHBOURING COMMUNES BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF VOTER TURNOUT IN 2000  2015

Keywords: Voter turnout; parliamentary, local, presidential, European parliament election; suburbanisation; mobility of people; neighbouring communes

ABSTRACT: Th e article is based on the analysis of changes in voter turnout from 2000 to 2015. It considers all types of election, including presidential, parliamentary, local, and European parliament one within the territory of West Pomerania, detailing the municipal district of Szcze- cin; Police District, with Dobra (Szczecińska) commune, Kołbaskowo and Police; and Stargard District, with Kobylanka commune. Focusing exactly on this area is no coincidence and closely relates to the mobility of people. Th e analysis enabled the formulation of the following hypothesis: communes neighbouring cities attract politically conscious human potential; and the attempt at answering the research question referring to the observed phenomenon: whether the suburbanisation in Szczecin and neighbouring communes is a fact.

A detailed analysis of the voter turnout in Szczecin allowed for observing a repeatable tendency of the suburbanisation phenomenon. It does not, however, occur spontaneously. Th e location of Szczecin with regard to its neighbouring communes is of key importance. Th e communes include: Goleniów; Police; Dobra (Szczecińska); Kołbaskowo; Stare Czarnowo, and

1 Katarzyna Molska, Institute of Political Science and European Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Szczecin, [email protected]. Th e Phenomenon of Suburbanisation in Szczecin and Neighbouring 93

Kobylanka. Th ey can be described as urban-rural and rural communes. Suburbanisation is speciﬁ ed as ‘the decentralisation of urbanised areas that relate to the migration of people on city outskirts whilst keeping a safe distance and a possibility of travelling from the place of residence to work fast’ (Małek, 2011, p. 433). Figure 1 serves to enhance the under- standing of the process through illustrating the mobility of people between Szczecin and its neighbouring communes.

Figure 1. Th e mobility of people between Szczecin and its neighbouring communes Source: own elaboration.

Th e methodological groundwork of the paper is based on a quantitative comparative method. Combining the two methods allows for systematis- ing the collected data and performing a multivariate analysis. Th e inves- tigation of voter turnout level is largely performed through the veriﬁ cation of quantiﬁ able variables (March, Stocker, 2006, p. 258). Moreover, the paper employs the process of giving subjectivity to the phenomenon, which involves relating the external features of elements and their char- acteristics to individual, partial traits, attributes and ways of perceiving reality by the knowing subject (Olechnicki, Załęcki, 2004, p. 208), and an analysis of one particular phenomenon. 94 KATARZYNA MOLSKA

Th e article is aimed at presenting the analysis of changes in voter turnout that took place on the territory of the Republic of Poland in selected years during 2000 – 2015 including the infl uence of suburbanisation on the turnout. Th e analysis enabled the formulation of the following hypothesis: cities’ neighbouring communes attract politically conscious human potential; as well as an attempt at answering the research question relating to the observed phenomenon: whether the phenomenon of suburbanisation in Szczecin and its neighbouring communes is a fact. On analysing the turnout for domestic election, it may appear that Polish society does not use the unimaginable egalitarianism of democracy, forgetting about the role of sovereigns (Krastew, 2015, p. 44). Th e act of government legitimacy constitutes an important part of social life. Unfor- tunately, surveys and reality show that voter turnout continues to be unsatisfactory. A survey conducted by Public Opinion Research Centre (Polish: CBOS) on state obligations towards citizens and vice versa points to two aspects to be observed by comparing data from 2009 to 2013. Th e percentage of individuals in whose opinion the obligations of Polish citizens towards the state entail the participation in election for the highest authorities in Poland fell by 11%. Concurrently, the number of respondents claiming to have no such obligation rose from 9% in 1999 to 21% in 2013 (CBOS, 2013, p. 5), which shows that the citizens do not believe in real infl uence on the shape of the political scene. Simultaneously, it could be inferred that a demanding attitude of the citizens towards their state has escalated. Attempts have been taken to explain voter turnout. In macro-scale, it may be explained via communitarian theory, which assumes that strong group bonds, identifying oneself with the group and a sense of community serve as contributory factors. Such statements are only justifi ed when considered subjectively (Cześnik, 2009, p. 23). According to Downs and his theory based on a rational choice, there are two major benefi ts result- ing from the participation in a vote. Th e fi rst benefi t is ‘instrumental, triggered by the particular election result and closely related to the prob- ability of casting the deciding vote’ (Cześnik, 2009, p. 32), while the second one, ‘consumer benefi t, results from fulfi lling a civic duty and acting in accordance with an internalised norm’ (Cześnik, 2009, p. 32). Th e role of Th e Phenomenon of Suburbanisation in Szczecin and Neighbouring 95 interests aimed at by individuals or small social groups on a particular territory are also of considerable signifi cance. Encouraging an individual to participate in election is largely based on creating a conviction on a subjective interest of an individual in the society. It translates into an increased interest in politics and political behav- iours, triggering a sense of empowerment in a larger group that aims for achieving individual goals (Skarżyńska, 2002, pp. 41 – 42). Th e identifi cation of actions and beliefs with the actions and beliefs of a group results from sharing basic types of underlying group con- formism (Olechnicki, Załęcki, 2004, p. 244), stemming largely from the awareness of group belongingness. Such observations can be made on small social groups functioning on urban-rural and rural territories. Th e atomised rural communities do not favour the above relations. Urban surrounding conduces alienation and escape from politics. West Pomerania constitutes a common denominator for the analysed area of 21 districts. Traditionally assumed division involves municipal and county districts, the latter ones including the districts of: Białogard, Choszczna, Drawsko, Goleniów, Gryfi ce, Gryfi no, Kamień, Kołobrzeg, Koszalin, Myślibórz, Police, Pyrzyce, Sławno, Stargard, Szczecinek, Świdwin, Wałcz, and, since 2002, Łobez. Munic- ipal districts, being cities with district rights, in this case include: Koszalin, Szczecin and Świnoujście. Communes directly adjacent to the borders of Szczecin belong to diff erent districts, with the communes of Police, Dobra (Szczecińska) and Kołbaskowo constituting a part of Police district, Stare Czarnowo commune forming a part of Gryfi no district, Kobylanka commune belonging to Stargard district, and Goleniów commune – to Goleniów district.

DATA ANALYSIS

All the types of election took place in the discussed period, i.e. presidential, local, to the Sejm and Senate (Lower and Higher House of Polish Parliament), as well as European parliament. 96 KATARZYNA MOLSKA

Th e analysis of data recorded by the National Electoral Commis- sion in Poland, population registers in separate communes and the Central Statistical Offi ce [GUS] confi rmed the trend regarding intra- province migration. Internal migrations mean changes in permanent (or temporary) residence which involve crossing the administrative border of a commune in order to settle permanently (or temporarily). Internal migration includes changes from temporary to permanent residence registration in a particular community if the preceding permanent residence registration was in a diff erent commune. In terms of urban- rural communes, migration is also seen as a change of residence between urban and rural areas of the commune. Internal migration does not account for a change of residence within one administrative unit, as this form of mobility does not entail any alterations to the population or its structure for the unit. Internal migration comprises

Figure 2. Attractiveness rate for migration in 2013 Source: Th e Statistical Offi ce in Szczecin. Population, natural mobility and migration in West Pomerania in 2013 (137). Th e Phenomenon of Suburbanisation in Szczecin and Neighbouring 97 inter-province mobility, i.e. the movement of people from one province to the others, and intra-province movement, i.e. changes in the place of residence of people within the same province. Th e term ‘infl ow’ is under- stood as a new registration for a permanent residence, while ‘outfl ow’ means registering out of a permanent residence (GUS, 2011, p. 16). Namely diverting the direction of migration, which until the turn of 2000 and 2001 had been refl ected in depopulation of rural areas. Starting with 2002, the trend reversed. Since then, cities have been depopulating in favour of urban-rural and rural areas. Furthermore, rural areas are characterised by a positive real population growth and positive net migration. In 2004 West Pomerania saw a peak in net migration curve and real population growth. Th e following years showed a rapid fall, but the bal- ance is still positive in nonurban areas, as opposed to cities (GUS, 2011, p. 16). Over the period from 2000 to 2015 the population of Szczecin fell by 9,614 inhabitants. Concurrently, the most signifi cant population growth was recorded in Dobra (Szczecińska) commune, at 11,882 people. Kołbaskowo commune saw a population growth by 4,534 inhabitants, Goleniów commune – 4,015, Kobylanka commune was chosen by 1,892 new inhabitants, and Police commune attracted 1,604 individuals. Two periods can be determined in Stare Czarnowo commune throughout the time in question: since 2000 to 2007 the population number was gradually falling, whereas from 2009 to 2015 the population regained its level from the year 2000. Clearly, each fl uctuation on the population number cannot be simply ascribed only to the change of residence. Deaths and live births within the area also impact the changes in its population number. However, as can be seen in Figure 2, the districts enjoying the greatest interest when deciding for a new direction to settle in the vicinity of Szczecin are: Police and Goleniów districts. Moreover, the directions for intra-province migration overlap the observed changes in voter turnout. Noticeably, not only Szczecin, as a city, depopulates. In Police, as a town, belonging to Police district, the number of inhabitants has also decreased over the last few years, with 34,531 people in 2000, as compared against 98 KATARZYNA MOLSKA as on Decemberas on 31 Population in the neighbouring communes of Szczecin in the election years from 2000 to 2015, 2015, of 2000 to from Szczecin in the election communes years in the neighbouring Population Table 1. 1. Table CommuneSzczecin (city) 416,657 2000Police 415,748 415,117 (Sz)*Dobra 411,900 2001 411,119Kołbaskowo 409,068 2002 407,811 7,650 CzarnowoSt. 406,307 6,280 6,935 410,245Kobylanka 2004 8,044 409,596 3,814 6,384 407,180Goleniów 7,239 8,473 407,043 2005 3,785 6,420 3,031 7,480 10,236 2006 3,797 10,827 31,757 6,612 3,075 8,047 11,630 31,924 3,782 2007 6,765 3,168 8,358 12,647 32,176 3,762 2009 6,818 14,430 32,654 3,400 8,820 3,759 15,441 33,029 7,011 2010 3,490 9,332 16,317 33,229 3,790 7,300 3,574 9,832 18,866 2011 33,577 3,814 10,100 19,532 7,447 34,090 3,709 2014 10,393 34,917 3,832 7,607 4,063 11,142 35,164 2015 3,845 7,846 11,469 4,218 35,709 3,833 35,772 7,884 4,381 3,824 4,815 4,923 Source: own elaboration based on data from stat.gov.pl from based data on elaboration own Source: Szczecińska (Sz) – Dobra *Dobra Th e Phenomenon of Suburbanisation in Szczecin and Neighbouring 99

30,9602 in 2015, which accounts for a decline by 3,558 inhabitants. Regard- less of the calculation, however, Police district itself is seen as attractive location to settle.

THE ANALYSIS OF VOTER TURNOUT FOR WEST POMERANIA BY THE NEIGHBOURING COMMUNES OF SZCZECIN. THE HIERARCHY OF THE IMPORTANCE OF ELECTION

Voter turnout results by separate election are presented below, specify- ing the years when it took place. Th e order of the election in question relates to the hierarchy established by the respondents in the survey conducted by the Centre for Public Opinion Research.

IN YOUR OPINION, HOW DO PEOPLE LIKE YOURSELF ASSESS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF ELECTION: A mean on a 10 point scale LOCAL 10% 19% 30% 38% 3% 7.09

PRESIDENTIAL 12% 20% 27% 39% 2% 6.95

PARLIAMENTARY 14% 20% 29% 33% 3% 6.62

eUROPEAN 20% 30% 23% 22% 5% 5.60 PARLIAMENT Practically Rather of little Rather Very Hard to say insigniﬁcant importance important important Points on the scale 1–2 3–5 6–8 9–10 Figure 3. Signiﬁ cance assessment for the hierarchy of the importance of election. Source: CBOS, 2010.

Presidential election is of the utmost importance for 39% of the respondents, which is reﬂ ected in the voter turnout. As presented above, head of state election entails the highest turnout compared against other

2 Excerpt from the total population in separate communities in Police commune as on 14 April 2015, issued by Police Municipal Offi ce, Citizen Aff airs Department 100 KATARZYNA MOLSKA election types. Although West Pomerania is repeatedly recorded as the province of the lowest voter turnout, the participation of eligible voters in the communes under analysis is largely comparable to the turnout at the national scale. Th e criterion of dividing provinces with regard to their voter turnout in presidential and local election involved the province being recorded three times in one of three groups. Th e groups were divided in the following way: provinces with a stable high, medium and low turnout. In terms of the presidential election that took place in 2000. 2005, 2010, and 2015, West Pomerania was each time classifi ed as a province with a stable low voter turnout, with the turnout values for 2005 and 2015 calculated via an arithmetic mean of both rounds, which did not aff ect the province’s fi nal assessment as a province of a stable low voter turnout. Local election showed a slightly diff erent tendency. At fi rst, voter turnout in West Pomerania was at a medium level. However, in 2010 the province fell to the lowest voter turnout and did not change during the last election in 2014. Since parliamentary election took place fi ve times, the criterion in its case was changed for a quadruple repeatability. Th e group of provinces with the lowest voter turnout is characterised by fl uctuations in the inhabitants’ participation in election, which is also observable in West Pomera- nia. European Parliament election involves the smallest number of con- stituencies, i.e. 13. Conducting the analysis in its assumed form required the calculation of voter turnout by 16 provinces, which was performed on the basis of data from the National Electoral Commission for Poland. With regard to European parliament election, it was necessary to consider the fact that so far it has only been possible three times to cast a vote for the eligible inhabitants. Th us, the scheme of ascribing to one of the three separate groups needed adjusting for European parliament election. Also in this case, West Pomerania was among the provinces with a stable low voter turnout. Hence, it can be stated that the group of provinces with a stable low voter turnout each time comprised three provinces, namely: Lubuskie Province, Opolskie Province, and West Pomerania Province (pkw.gov.pl). Th e Phenomenon of Suburbanisation in Szczecin and Neighbouring 101

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

Table 2. Presidential election in 2000 – 2015 in West Pomerania in selected communes and Szczecin Commune 2000 2005 1st r. 2005 2nd r. 2010 2015 1st r. 2015 2nd r. Szczecin(city) 63.44% 54.98% 55.99% 56.95% 50.34% 57.24% Police 60.74% 48.76% 50.00% 51.38% 47.16% 53.08% Dobra (Sz) 60.89% 53.18% 54.76% 61.52% 55.87% 63.40% Kołbaskowo 53.53% 46.93% 47.97% 52.06% 46.51% 53.47% St. Czarnowo 51.93% 44.62% 42.20% 45.21% 43.59% 49.87% Kobylanka 51.06% 47.18% 46.07% 56.06% 51.14% 57.76% Goleniów 60.75% 46.69% 46.77% 51.18% 44.91% 51.19% Source: own elaboration based on pkw.gov.pl.

With regard to voter turnout recorded at the scale of a province, it may be noted that participation in presidential election in the area under analysis remained at a high level. Only in 2000 the communes of Kołbaskowo, Stare Czarnowo and Kobylanka showed voter turnout below the level seen in the province, lower by 6.61%, 8.21% and 9.08% respectively. Th e other communes and Szczecin saw a voter turnout result on average by 1.32% higher. Th e 1st vote round of the year 2005 saw Stare Czarnowo and Goleniów communes not reach a result over the province’s average. On analysing the above communes and Szczecin, it can be observed that voter turnout was changing against national participation with time and alterations to the number of inhabitants. In the year 2000 only Szc- zecin reached a higher voter turnout compared with its national counter- part by 2.32%. In 2005 in both rounds the city of Szczecin was accompanied by Dobra (Szczecińska) commune with the 1st round result higher by 3.44% than the national one, and 2nd round result – by 3.77%. Comparing voter turnouts in 2010 it turned out that Szczecin and the commune of Dobra (Szczecińska) were accompanied by Kobylanka commune, with Poles participating in presidential election at the level of 55.3%, while the turnout in the communes was higher by 6.21% for Dobra (Szczecińska) and by 0.75% for Kobylanka (whose result approached the 102 KATARZYNA MOLSKA one of Szczecin). Th e election in 2015 did not bring any changes to the collation of communes that achieved a higher voter turnout compared with the national participation. Again, it were the city of Szczecin, Dobra (Szczecińska) commune and Kobylanka commune.

LOCAL ELECTION

Table 3. Local election over 2002 – 2014 in West Pomerania in selected communes and Szczecin Commune 2002 2006 2010 2014 Szczecin (city) 32.15% 42.85% 37.47% 35.35% Police 36.38% 43.00% 44.23% 41.02% Dobra (Sz) 59.91% 49.43% 52.97% 41.60% Kołbaskowo 38.97% 49.64% 52.00% 45.10% St. Czarnowo 68.69% 61.73% 66.30% 64.42% Kobylanka 61.34% 58.68% 57.45% 57.17% Goleniów 37.12% 41.38% 40.58% 38.84% Source: own elaboration based on pkw.gov.pl.

Comparing voter turnout recorded on the territory of Szczecin with voter turnout for the neighbouring communes in the province, it is nota- ble that Szczecin is each time in the group with a stable low participation, along with Goleniów and Police communes. Th e average result for Szc- zecin in all types of election with regard to the analysed period was at 36.96%, whereas the average voter turnout in West Pomerania reached 42.3%. Th e group of communes where the inhabitants’ participation in election was higher each time, comprised: Stare Czarnowo, Kobylanka and Kołbaskowo. Taking the average voter turnout, in Stare Czarnowo commune the participation was at 65.29%, which is by 22.99% more than in the province. It is worth mentioning that Stare Czarnowo commune and Kobylanka commune achieved a higher voter turnout for local election in 2000 – 2014 also in comparison with the national scale. Th e Phenomenon of Suburbanisation in Szczecin and Neighbouring 103

PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION

Table 4. Parliamentary election over 2001 – 2015 in West Pomerania in selected communes and Szczecin Commune 2001 2005 2007 2011 2015 Szczecin (city) 47.58% 45.00% 61.43% 55.37% 54.85% Police 42.44% 36.15% 54.56% 48.66% 49.85% Dobra (Sz) 40.84% 43.13% 64.52% 63.02% 61.79% Kołbaskowo 34.36% 34.37% 55.70% 49.13% 52.36% St. Czarnowo 37.78% 32.59% 47.36% 39.84% 40.86% Kobylanka 35.32% 36.12% 55.02% 51.15% 54.92% Goleniów 42.01% 35.77% 52.95% 47.13% 46.65% Source: own elaboration based on pkw.gov.pl.

Similarly to presidential election, it is possible to distinguish communes where population growth is accompanied by increased voter turnout. A stable high participation election is recorded for the city of Szczecin since 2001 to 2015, with its average level at 52.85%, compared with the province’s medium voter turnout at 44.82%. In the year 2005 Szczecin was accompanied by Dobra (Szczecińska) commune, which since the election in that year until the year 2015 did not leave the group of a stable higher voter turnout than the one in the province. Following the election in 2007 the group was joined by the communes of Kołbaskowo and Kobylanka. Stare Czarnowo commune was leading in local election voter turnout in the analysed group. Concurrently, considering the level of inhabitants’ participation in the election to the Sejm and Senate, it is easy to observe that the commune shows a minor interest in this type of election. Analys- ing the numbers, the average voter turnout since 2001 to 2015 achieved by Stare Czarnowo commune was at 39.69%, which diff ers from the result in the province by 5.13%. Comparing average voter turnout between Szczecin and the discussed commune, the diff erence is much more signifi cant, at 13.16%. 104 KATARZYNA MOLSKA

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT ELECTION

Table 5. European parliament election over 2004 – 2014 in West Pomerania in selected communes and Szczecin Commune 2004 2009 2014 Szczecin (city) 25.76% 28.58% 28.17% Police 18.81% 21.35% 22.89% Dobra (Sz) 20.43% 31.65% 30.96% Kołbaskowo 15.36% 22.16% 22.56% St. Czarnowo 13.72% 14.78% 15.86% Kobylanka 14.65% 22.02% 24.22% Goleniów 16.42% 21.29% 19.36% Source: own elaboration based on pkw.gov.pl.

As to European parliament election, only Szczecin regularly sees a high voter turnout. Considering voter turnout for separate types of election, it easily seen that European parliament election shows a fl uctuating/sinu- soidal trend. In 2004 West Pomerania reached a voter turnout at 16.86%, in 2009 – at 24.53%, and in 2014 the participation fell by 9.78%. As a consequence, the city of Szczecin recorded a voter turnout higher by 8.9%, 7.1% and 13.42% than the province respectively. Th e specifi c character of European parliament election has a distinct refl ection in its voter turnout. As a result, outside Szczecin, where, contrary to the hypothesis, the voter turnout is high enough to remain more marked than the national participation, Table 5 shows equally high results for individual election in Dobra (Szczecińska) commune. Population growth in the commune is accompanied by a positive increase in voter turnout not only for European parliament election. Analogically, in this case, in the years 2009 and 2014 the relevant voter turnout is higher than the one recorded for Szczecin, a centrally located city, being at 31.56% and 30.96% respectively to the years mentioned. Th e Phenomenon of Suburbanisation in Szczecin and Neighbouring 105

VOTER TURNOUT ANALYSIS FOR DOBRA SZCZECIŃSKA COMMUNE

Th e collation of communes showing the highest, medium and the lowest voter turnout in all types of election from 2000 to 2015 in West Pomerania, Dobra (Szczecińska) commune cannot match only the commune of Rewal, in Gryﬁ ce district (Molska, 2015, p. 118). As the commune of Dobra (Szczecińska) is oft en distinguished in voter turnout analysis, and, unlike Rewal commune, it is adjacent to Szczecin, the paper oﬀ ers its more detailed analysis in terms of the components of voter turnout.

Table 6. Th e ratio of the number of eligible voters against the number of ballots handed over in Dobra (Szczecińska) commune in all types of election over 2000 – 2015 Dobra (Szczeciń- Presidential Parliamentary Local election EU election ska) Commune election election Election year e. v.** b. h. o.* e. v. b. h .o. e. v. b. h. o. e. .v b. h. o. 2000 5,671 3,453 2001 6,007 2,453 2002 6,715 4,023 2004 7,616 1,658 2005 1st 8,274 4,400 8,228 3,549 round 2nd 8,267 4,527 round 2006 8,974 4,436 2007 9,536 6,153 2009 10,749 3,402 2010 11,296 6,949 12,001 6,357 2011 12,552 7,910 2014 14,546 6,052 14,207 4,401 2015 1st 14,826 8,283 15,060 9,304 round 2nd 14,763 9,360 round Source: own elaboration based on data from pkw.gov.pl. *b. h. o. – the number of ballots handed over / **e. v. – the number of eligible voters 106 KATARZYNA MOLSKA

Table 1 presented the population number as on 31 December for the years under analysis. Th e table above shows a collation of two values. Th e ﬁ rst one refers to the number of the inhabitants of Dobra (Szczecińska) commune that were eligible to vote, whereas the second one denotes the number of individuals who used the possibility of casting their vote during election. Along with tables 2 – 5 herein, it served as the basis for devis- ing a relation between voter turnout and changes in population number, i.e. an increase in the number of eligible voters. Over the period under analysis Dobra (Szczecińska) commune recorded a population growth at 11,882 individuals. At that time the number of inhabitants eligible to cast their vote rose by 9,389 people. Th e increase in the number of eligible voters is accompanied by a the rise in voter turnout.

SUMMARY

Th e example presented herein is consistent with the stated hypothesis. To resume: communes neighbouring cities attract politically conscious human potential. In order to fully conﬁ rm the hypothesis, it should be added that the smaller and more integrated the community, the bigger the chances for identifying oneself with the group, perceiving the common good and attempting for it, for political engagement, and, as a consequence, for political activity (Cześnik, 2009, p. 24). Th e communities that constitute the neighbourhood of a city enable an escape from strongly atomised and anonymous structures. Hence, it can be inferred that individuals who change their residence in favour of city outskirts and neighbouring communes, are more politically conscious. Th e communes of Police, Kołbaskowo, Stare Czarnowo, Kobylanka, and Goleniów also show increased voter turnout accompanying the inﬂ ow of new inhabitants. Th e most distinct changes are observable in the communities adjacent to the boundaries of Szczecin and are part of the enu- merated communes. Apart from Dobra (Szczecińska) commune, they belong to the communes of Police and Kołbaskowo. Th e Phenomenon of Suburbanisation in Szczecin and Neighbouring 107

Basing on intra-province migration, it is justiﬁ ed to consider the phenomenon of suburbanisation in Szczecin and its neighbouring communes. It may be concluded that the higher the anonymity within urban-rural and rural structure, the lower the participation of the citizens in political decisions.

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