The Nost Intricete and Interminable Question That Has Vexed Europe F O R

Home , Southern Schleswig

The nost intricete and interminable question that has vexed Europe for two centuries end a half. James Yryce.

by xhomas Peter Christ ensen

for the uegroe of ::astar of Arts, Drr.%e ?r,iversity, , -- - -___ June, 1321. . Cont cnt s

Preface 1

Denmark and the ~olyHonan Zrnpire

Slesvie; and Holstein etcrrally united

Yhe entangling Succcssion

The -4~;alrenincof the uanieh and the Gerncn Eationelities 14

The A~peslto the Svrord and the Danish Attenpt to *?Ianisizew

The Eesurrection of Article 5 and the Plebiscite of 1920 27

AanonAix 32 Dreface

The Schles~iSg-~olsteinquestion is said to be proverbial for obscurity. James Bryce calls it tho most intricate and interminable problem which has vexed Europe for a century and a half. ?Toat historians agree that it is an exceedingly difficult problem to st~te;and, so far as h~ericantextbook ~ritersof aodern istor7 are concerned, it may be said that they have practicelly 11 failed to state it correotly. Even so accurete and scientific historian as James Harvey Bobinson makes theanazing statement bot1t Slesvig that it was no more a part of Denmark then rannover as a part of England during the Georgcs. (1) In view of these considerations, the ordinary student of istoz-y might well hesitate before he nndertakes, not only to stcte he quest ior, but to e-?lain it es well. Yet this is what has been ttempted in tho Pollomine; pages. mhile the question does involve

my intricate detrils, the broad lines of it are comperctively ensy to draw and easy to explain if the great central fact of the -uestion, the union of 9esvi~and Eolstein begiming in 1E26, is

onstantlr kept in mind. Vnder the protection of tkis ~nionthe %mans, tho ecnrcely ~ithany set purpose, succeeded in Gernan- lzing obo-~thnlf of Slesvig before 1848, nhen the great national zs well QR politisnl awakening of %rope, occurred- "is awaken-

ne nna e~~eoiallgintense in Slesvig *ich became the battle~round

f tvro nationalit ios; the Dnnieh and the Gee-an. Backed br tmo 2

empires the Germans won the appeal to the sword in 1864, temporarily tzt least, but the sentinent of the world reversed the decision part- ly in f~-vorof Denmark by the Treaty of Versailles and the Plebiscite of 1920. There were other factors which made the question so "intri- c2te and intcrminsblew: the succession, the August enburgers , the Danish kings, the unscrupulousness of Bismarck, the European situa- tion--but theunion of the duchies with the resulting "peaceful penetrction" of Slesvig by the Germans, remains the central fact and the great determining factor in the final settlement of this th01-1SFind year old dispute.

1. Robinson, Janes Harvey, ?ledieval and rlodern Tines p. 615.

Dennark and the Holy Roman Empire.

Then Caeser had forced .Iriovistns east across the Rhine, that river became the pern~nentboundary between the Roman ant3

Teuton worlds; it remained so for nearly five hundred years. Often, indeed, did the ?oman armies carry fire and sword into the Teuton forest;.s, but afvays to fa1 1 back upon their safe defenses along the

-1th the establishment of the FToly Iiomm mpire the terri- tories on both sidee of the river were united, and, when Charlemagne by fierce, relentless onslau&hts had subdued the equally fierce, relentless, blue-eyed Saxons, his Enpire tonched the bcnks of the 3lbe t keatening the independence of the Danish tribes who at that ti~ehed ?>senunited by the viking Godfred, the first great king to 1009 up in Danish

,",lcmnd h:- the conquests of Ch~rlenagne,Godfred ar,d his kin53 hiirriod to stre~gthenthe natural defenses of their south- n boundnry at a plece mere the f jor2 Sli and the Trene Siver al-

3t cut across the pninsuh of J~itlrnd. "is xas done by throwlrlg

R w~11botweon the rive:. md the fjorc? cbont 8 niles long tho onl~

few feet hieh, f orrning the fnmous 3annevirke, (:! 1. 38 cour, D~nnevirke,pp.29-59. 3annevirke is tho Danish form of Dnnnewerk, whizh i~ GerIIlen and a bettor known fom. in the :Inited Strtes. 3ru- out +A is mono~raphthe hninh f orns of 3azish hi~toricalnmes hnve been used.

"he Goclfrod built the first mall, "ueen "~n, tho !vi re of Corm, ia popalp-rly knm n in 3aniak higtorq ns the first b-ail?.er of 3~anevirke. All thnt 'luson ~hyrndid, w,cta to strongthen the w::ll of t;ocifrod. which mas lat or strengthened bg successive 3anieh queens adkings and served for a thousand years ao a bulVlark seainst southern foes of Denmark. Godfred's Dannevirke was built in 808. In 810 he was killed by one of his nen di~ringan expedition against Charlemagne. A period of disorder in Dermrk follovied. A snccessor of God- fred concluded an .armistice with Charlemagne in 810 and the next year Danish andTrenkish chiefs, twelve of each, met on the bznh of the Zider and by oath declared that henceforth the Siaer should be the boundary between the Emnire and 3enmark. So it remined over a thousand years, until Yruesio. in 1864 conquered Slesvig as far as King's Creek, which

+-r-? the boundary between Denmork and the Gemrn 3npire then unt il the ?aty of versailles, 1919, provided for a plebiscite which moved the le south, tho not more than halfway to~arpsthe EiZer. The disorder that follcm ed the death of Godfred naturally &ened the defensive strength of Dennark end invited attack. Thrn

3 in~tirrti_,-n of n flyit ive Llanieh zhief at the court of Bneror

ri3 the ?ious, m i~~.rorialarng of $r.wm ad .'.botrites, (~levs)

; R15, ir.vn+..ad cTutlr.r,tl, croesecl Soc3freZ1s S)~rr_eTrlrker.rd m-rched

7 ~~thfor seven aay~dthout effecting aw defeat of the 3enish c~Ic?~s,

I;.' o, avnri nf, thnt time, wore strms or, t'le sea. 3eving rezed the mtr:-, ;onla' arnr returned.

The emvcror vgns won nt log~erhe~~.dswith tho Ahotrite~. :hi5 once nride then nllies of the 9mes and both inv~dedthe ir.?er izl

fitor:. in 817, tko ver:? little v:ns ~.cco~~lished.(1) ~58~ in

nnrk continnoil d71rin&the ninth centurr hut tko weak Ccrolin~lms

m ra not nhk to tn'm ndv:.ntego of it. ~qe?,id or continue6 to be

hotintlrtq, tho the enrthen defenses of Godfred rere netlectod. 1. fin Cour, Ynnnevfrjm, p. G3. In the first half of the tenth centuly , Dennark again became a etrora md united country under Gorn the Elder, and Dannevirke was greatly

strengthened by his Queen Thpra Dannebod, or "Denar*rks Bod", who has

ever since been adored in Danish song and story. The wsll of Thyra was built on Goafredts wall; unlike the latter it was nade of granite bowlders. It r~csnot quite so long, but higher and wider.

The circumstance that mde the rebuilding of Dannevirke im~erative must hvs been the reorganizatior, of the =oly Romn Empire 3er Otto I. There was, hoi~ever,no inmediete danger of a Saxon vasion for the son of Gorm, liarold Sluetooth, raided the country slstein) south of the EiOer &a ruled it until Tmpemr Otto I1 led am.y aa,~ainstTarold, who had to take refuge behind the Dannevirks. to, in '374, either forced a passage of the mall itself or marched

3 army to the eastern end of it and crossed the Sli, and, cttacking ,ldr~rear, defeated him. (1) (1). Srzce, The Voly ?o?nm En~ire,Tote 3,p. 553,sap th~tLlecrg the 'FoT...ler and 3tto ths Great slrbdced tho Om ish kings early in the ninth centuq. "idunking sap that qenq concpcred Dan- .. . regem eorun nonine Chnuben, etc. In the old Reichnow annel, this Danish kine; is called "rex ITordmmnom". The Scm.dinavian schola~~s,Storn, Stoenstmp, "'imer ~.ndLaCcur h ave ~aaeit quite certain that Chnub~ as not Xing of Demark but perha9s of Jnst the olii Danish ci tg Sliestorp, Slesvi E; or Pedeby (it is known under various runes. Todq it is the $crmn cit~EchlesVf~. ) "eib~zll rnil S~ahheve reached similar conclue ions. Otto the Great, v&o died 973, did not rnslre aw raid into 3enmark. Yia son Ctto 11. raided Tenmark in 974 without paraanent result s. The locat ion of the czstle he built "in his Finibusn is not knm~. It is a much-mooted question as it becrs on the wolitical ~tntusaf Slasvif: in the tenth century. The ?oichnor-~nnelcivas 931 8s the dote of tk. 2s raid. It; iP not c onsi derod SE! oorrect ns mid~&ingwho @ves 974. During these troubled centuries Slavic tribes, notably the ~ds,pressed farther west along the Baltic, burning and plundering

f~reast as Xoletein. They remained a nmace to the peace of both :ony and Demark for more thm tmo centuries. They pm hably des- ~yedthe oldest important comrcial tom in Denmark, viz., Slesvie;

,, I-Tedeby on the Sli. In 1043 they sv-ffered a severe reverse in the great battle on Zyrskov Reath north of Drinnevirke . The Slavic invasion destroyed whp-tever shadoxy imperial claims .t may have recained to t errit ori es north or south of the Eider, tho

ry mere not officislly relinquished until 1028, en Conrad I1 and cte of Denmark and England agreed that the Eider again should be tk ~ndarybetween tho Empire and Denlaark.

The Holy Eiornm %per ors, however, may have retained a certain shn~dovfy supremacy over the DaniPh monarchy. In tho twelfth centuq~

!era1 of the Danbh kings dl d homage to than. The last of these Tirq Valdermr the Great, vtho becam the vessal of mrorTreder- Yarberoesa. The terns of the vossalnce ,..hov.ever , Rere quite vague the king never follo: ed the enperor in Ear or 0th erwise rendered militsry ~ervioe. The eon of Valdmar, Knnd VI, refused poirt-blenk

bonclcr homn~eto Sarbnrossa and in 1154 defeated the R~Funder Duke

slov, who :*:a8 sent to enforce the hprial claims. The holx =onm

. , drors never agnin threatened the independence of Ilemrfk or attezpted love the bol~ndarybetween tho 3ani~hkingdon md the imperial doninions. The Tjder ronsinod, a9 in the da~sof Charlenwe, the northern bound-

of the Foly 3oman %pire and later of the Geman Confederat io~nntZ 1 1 . In 1424 %peror Sieisnund of the ?oly ??on~n-?ire na nrhitrator betnoen the oounts of I!olstein md the the king of Dem~.rl:decided thnt Slesvi~e3 fnr as the Tidor was n pz~rtof Dem-rk. Eaandoogen, 93-94. 1064 when Prussia and Austria pushed it north to King1e Creek. This was made possible by a union of the Danish Slesvig and the Gernan

Eolstein under which a "peaceful penetrat ionn of Slesvig b:7 the Germans took place. By this means half of Slesvig was vmn for Germany and the Germns . Slesvig and Rolatei n are "eternallyn united. "Ewich ungedelt."

Runic stones, nanes of localities, as well as the old Lstin

histories, show beyond a doubt that Slesvie, was Danish as far south :IS Dannevirke before the cinth centuq. The southern p~rtof the province, which lies between this famous wall and the Eider, was at that time not inhabited. Later it was settled by German colonists but, as elreedy shown, remained a p~lrtof the Danish kingdom. Because of the exposed location, the whole province -- or the zreater part ot it -- i 1) became a Danish "narchtr about the tine of the building of : Dsnnevirke in 808. Thc! "nargraven or leader of the troops guerding the

Kall, was at first called "JarlW(earl), lcter duke. The earls were appointed by the king end served during his pleasure.

!Lfter the introduction of feudalism these dukes beceme here-

-!itax;. x31err nnd ofter dnngcro?ls rivals of the 3anieh kings. Cne of

:heso v*Ftg 31lko Ahel, the son d valden~rthe Victorions. =e rss the Coundor of n ducal d-vnnsty the t ruled Slesvlg as a fief of DermarX, tho

:?iite indo~cndentl:, from 1252-1575. d descendant of kir_ married the

z-iet~~of Count Gcrt or Gor.h,:ir?. of T!olstein. "is marriage served to *.rnito the interests of the rn.1n-r~in both hchies ma povod the nay for

2 h%t fatr~lvn'lon of Zlosvig and !?olstsin which becane the tap-root of tie ?lcsvie;-Tol~~tein quostion of the nineteenth centurr. Tho union cane about in this way. In 1225, Coant tierhard of

:'oletein, whnclfUr.neo contemptuously niclm:med Count Gert "The 3eldn,

:*;b-ilo hin more admiring Eo!_steinors have nlwsys knor;n him sa "the Greatw,

ilflcrmo the cunrdian of hie ten-7ezir-old napho~~aldemar, tho as the 1. The bo~rndnrybetrioen Slesvif: and 3enm~rk wr,s vary definit c bof ore 1-364. hereditary duke of Slesvig. Count Gert had secured this appointment in Vitc of the opposition of the Danish King, Christopher 11, who figures in Danish history as vLing John does in 3ngl i& histoq. The anbitions Gert thereupon allied himself with certain rebellious nobles of Denmrk and drove Christoper into exile; then they deposed hi?n ond crohned the young Duke Vddemar of Slesvig king of Denmark. Count Gert for th ese "innumerable aots of generosity tonarcs the realm, king (Vddenar). and subjects of Denmtrrk" m~sinvested. with Ylesvig as a here2itary fief of the kingdom of Denmark, and King valdenar promised that Slesvig never should be incorporated with Denmark with one m=l ruling both. (1). -ormerlg both Slesvig and ~colstein had been temporarily rule d by the

3mish . kings Fero ld dluet 00th m d Vddemar the Vict ori ous ~h ile now, for the first tine, a Gernan held both pern~nentlyunited a his here- ?!itary possessions. .!Jtho Count Gert later lost his ill-gotten EaIns in slesvig, ho acqu-lred them again and his descendents never entir-ly lost their hold on Slesvig. In 1375 the lest scion of the

ouse of Abol died as duke of Slesvig, md Fr, 1386 a grar,&son of Gert

ecmc hln mr:ceEeor; he mae invsstsd with the 6.nc~L poser in ~lesvig

t tho meeting of the %cr,ish pcrlicment; in IT,-horg on the islrnd Fp.

21 3l.l~once more n connt a? Yolstein becme duke of Slesvie;. In 1459 the last dlrcct heir of Count Gert 's grmds on died

nd both 3lo~svi~and kolstein prsserl to the 9~ni~hZing Christi~mI.

lho vos hi9 fiopham. ?on Chri stim I, in 1448, beccne kin;; of _"en~=rk,

s rapcntod the rroniae made to Connt Gert in 1526 thet 'lesvig cever hould bo r~lcdby tho 'xiw of Tenmnrk or be incorporated vllth it.

hi^, of course, WIL~Elngrnnt 01,.t ed r:hen King Christ inr becme 1. Vor "storin, 375.9cnmorks ?ices 3istorie,2: 8-59 ZTr,nniibogen, 92-9:, . 2. ?Taandbogcn, 93. Vor ~i~torieC:59 - 61. duke of Slesvig and count of -~olstein,but it was o~lyha f of the promise that was broken; the other half was notA$epeated,0 n2 but confirmed when he on !larch 5, 1450, in Sibe proclaimed the "eternalw union of the dnchics (laven v~y -- dat se bliven enich tosaende llncedelt: we promise thrt thqy shall remain forever unitcd.lr (1). The words "forever unitedR became thc rallying cry of the Gcrmns four centuries hter in their attempt to wrest all of Slesvig fron Denmark; they regarded the promise

3s sacred and binding on >enmark foreyer. From 1460 up to 1064 the 3ani& kings ruled both Slesvig ma Flolstein or parts of then as counts and auks. Several divisions of the dllchiee v:ere made for the sons of the kings: or,e in 1490 and another in 1544. These parts vere again divided into several minor euchies each with its duke, but Slesvig almp remined a fief of Ten- zar;:, and Eolstein of the Holy ?onan Cn~ireand later a art of the i32rmm Confoderction. Yhe unionof the hchies also remained intact:

A.;:e FUSCC.^Z~VO 3:rIF?I Xinp confimd it (2) en+. the f;o';lerment of

'1 tho dnch's? r.:r.z ccrricd on in tho nrye of the king, as duke, :xd

r:s Dr Tor5 of thoee netty ck~kes. The nost powerfbl of these hc~l

,':-.lr.??IC~P -~:fi8the Gotto~ers. ?like k'rcderick of that honse eI1Lel"

,- ~v~r~i~r,-iilr\r in 1'58. "mrr, that time until 1721 Slesvi~r:zs

-.' v-40ncr.(!c.r,t, tllo ~~niisrcertain obli~ztionsto -'cm~.rX. Ir, 1721 the

"f3rtunc?noT v!nr onRbIcd t)13 ?7rni~kkir?~ to re-i~zornorcte :lesvi&. "lo incornorr-ttion nf 17171, to soma extent undid the ~inlocs

b' b' 1.-.7i2 nr?d IAGO. It mndo 51-osvi~cf-oln an iritcgrc.1 part of the Danish monarchy; and, it vias thought, with the same succession. Sv;e(:en, Tn&land and Frnnce became guarctntors of this arrangemmt , (1) but in spite of the incorporation Slesvig reneined for adminis- trative pnrposed united ~FtkEol~tein. 30th had a comon supreme court at Gottorp, md also some cormon 1nr.s ~hichdiffered' fron the rest of the monarshy; but the cmrts in Slesvig used 9eni& laws, while those of nolstein used ?axon.

1. Faandbogen pp. 101-104. Tho 3ni;acgl-ing Sliccessi on.

The incorporc:tion of 1721 should. have put an end to all misui~derstandin&concerning the d-ifference betx:gen the su2cession of Slesvig and the rest of the Danish monarch7. ,Iccording to the Danist lex recia, which by the incorporation uf 1721 also became the lnw of succession for Slesvig, both tho male end fenale heirs

of the ruling house of 3enmtirk would inherit Slesvig with the rest of genmark.J <1) "tie dukes of Slesvig cQled the leplits of this in question simo ell the possible heirs had not been consulted, and at the st-me tir.~edeclared that the succession for Slesvig and =el-

stein -:;rt3 iin %kc male line only by act of 1608, This act the ?lanes riecl~redillere1 since the cstatcs af the duchies hcd not appmved it.

To ntke tho succession in eccordonce v:lth the lex regie. certain,

311 possiblo cln,i:?cnts viere bought off by the Danish government. 9ae

of thcprj clnbnnxts, nova,-tiele~s, mintained that he uould be the I-egel

he! r of botl: @Icsv:~ Eolatein if tt! e male line of the rulic~hm~e

.Jf Dsnr?.n,r:r died out. ?hie R~BDnlre Chrietien ,:u~st of A1.qpstenSurc

(179';-1fSGP) vho u-or, the dsnth-bed of his f~ther had ymised hir: never to doe up their a?,-nhstic cleirns to the c?u&ies.

rn ,ho .:7q~~~ten'uur~qr3 b,n.zcd thci r prct en~i~nsupon th -ie r1d.e of rn~ccaoeior. t;.hic\ hrd b8,en cstabliehed dnring the period of S7_esvlg1s f' indopcnflcn?c? b~ cct nf 16(le, mserteci th t. this rct 'Is,d not hnon rcnanlcd h:: the i ncorporntion of 1721. The succession for

"le~vlg,tbrlrofnlre, t?~ersni2, remained ns before 1721, on17 in the

2. 7r.nn.d bogen, 98-101, fiosendol , 1,144-14C. Vor "istorie, 3,168-lG9, 21:'-.24. male 1 ine. The German Jurist Smor in 1044 wrote Die Staatserb-folza

rler !-ierzogt:?.~r,erSchloswie ~zndHolstein in which'he tried b provs this with much learning and legalistic acunen.

As the Drnish king ir_ 1044 mas tir, elderly man nit h just 'one

son, the ktor ponulur Kin& Frederick VII, who, tho mrried, hEd no children, there seemed to be some hope for the du'ke to become ruler

of both sle svig md Hostein. Re was innensely encouraged in this

by a liberal-nntionc.1 movement, which had been gaining headway since

the YapoleonLc "!are, and nore especially since 1830, uneer, the spirited leadership of Uve Lornscn. This liberal-rationel party 1 demanded r con~titution,and, at first, c closer union bet~eenSlesvig

End uolste in, and merely a p ersona union viit h 3emcrk. - Wile the uarty vies llneble to realize its idenl, its activities hastened th I introduction of district assen'ulie~with advisor3; por:ers in the &ole ~anishmonarchy. The Awakening of the Danish and Cerman Rationalities.

To Slcavig these representative bodies meant that all her people ~iouldhenceforth have a voice in deciding their own destiny; formerly thnt had been a matter mainly between the kings of Denmark and the dukes md nobles of the duchies. It mould have been quite easy for the Slesvigers to have decided their political status if they had all been Danish in speech and sppathy as far south as the old bo-mdary the Eider or even Dannevirke ; but the union of Slesvig / and Zolstein hd afforded the Gems an opportunitr of affecting a "silent penetrationw and a peaceful conquest, which by 1830 had resulted in making the southern half almost entirely German. This "silent penetration" had been accomplished by Gernvl of - f icials , doctors , lawyers, preachers, teachers ne rch ant s farmers, who, under the protection of the union, had been favored by it: government. This, tho carried on in the nme ofthe Danish king since 1721, nevertheloss, had been essentially Gemon. Slesvig had, more over, been a sort of highway for cultural novenents from the 901th. Chri~tie-nit: mil the Fefornatian !:ad first taken root there, the luttar especi .. Ilp spreadin& the uce of the Gernm laneage monz the @lesvigors. Tho development of the comon school s~stenin Slesvig, during the e- rlior part of the nineteenth century, opened the duchy to mothor wave of Gemnization, in thnt the teachers in these !?chool$ r:ore dru,,n from the south and canerally did not nniierstand Dnnish. Vndcr their inflnenoe the 9anish fanners between the cities of %chlesi.;i~:and ?lensbar&, bocme Gernan in speech, sentiment, ad natlonnl rrspirntions. The Danish government had let this "silent panctrat ionw take plnce without pr!;ot icnllr an7 opposit ion unt 5.l 1840 for the reason, that the 9anish government, since'the sintrcal~ctioc of absolut isn in 1-660 cnd up to its abolition in 1848, had given more ottention to the interests cf *;h- of the kings thm to the needs of the people.

The countrr districts in the northern helf of Slesvie; remined Danish to the core, but the cities already had forerunners of the tiean "silent penetration." These Germans in thc towns and c it ies of northern 219 svig complicated natt ers immensely during the ~exttrcrublcd century, not the least during the late Plebiscite, since they gave the impression to the outside world thet even northern Slesvig was German. T"hen the nationd consciousness of -the 3anes in north Slesvig and Denrnrrk in the 40's of the I! ineteenth centwjl, had a rebirth to- cether v: ith a denend for constitutional government, the people xere ?ot alwnye able to distinguish betnecn their orin interests and those n? th~~IIIFJ. It i~ clear - now thct it w71ld have been to the ad-

..-~ntca;;c o: th r, 9r-r,ip? people in 1848, to htve kt Eolstein t&e the r q115hcsn half of Sle svi md have ~llW.ed it to be incorporated r :th the Serrnrm Zonfedor:.t:on, no matter hm cle~rthe kin&'s and the co-zn-

-T:;'R tit10 to Slesvig, as frir eouth as th Sider, night hc-ve been.

Therr? ccro c. Unnes nt thct ti~oeven so f~r-siehted(1) ~.sto

71nderrt nn? th ig , b:~t the govcrnrrnt adnost of tk e peaple consi dercd tho propos 1 for cuch a purrender of Denmark's historic right to rll nf 7 v , inclu; ing the old beloved defenaee, Dannev ir::e, as sell- niph tr~~ron.Tho? conld hnrdl~then look at it otheraisc for self-

~lstornfnntion~Y','RFI ~t th~ttine m nnhenrd-of znethod of settling a

1. ~dr~~nsen,Historiske ,lfhnndlin~nr.4:s-10. 188 3nctrup, 9et dnnske F'olks Yistorie , 5:57. boundary disnute . The Schleswig-uolst ainors ( th e Germ~vls of '-Joletein

,and southern Schleswig) ~ithEL fea exce2tions vJerc equally zealoue in proclnirnine; the "eternal ur,ionW of the dnchies and in claining all crf

Slesvig for the nem independent Echlescrig-Zolstein, nhi-ch the31 hoped to establish, as a merflbsr of the Confederr~tion.

The main currents mc? oroso-currents in the Scklesaig-Zolstein question dl-~rinl;the 40's of last century vrsre: the Dmish government tryinc to pr peerve the v~holeaon~rchy: Dennark,Sle~vig, end TIolstein

.~ndvii11 ifi& to make concessi ons Schlesmig-Eolsteiners ; the genes in northerc Slcsvig and the Yrtional-Liberels in Ilennerlr not interested in Yolstcin and unconpronisin~ri th regard to any division of Slesvig; thc Schles'i ic-I:olsteincrs demanding independence for Schleswig Eolstoin; the .2u~xsi;enbur&er~ins ist in^ upon their right follo~ingthe ?e~thof

"rcderick VII, to rule tkis state, dlied rith the Schlesxig -FTolsteiners

Pov71'lrrr der?.?r.e?s ?ut the fiynristic clr.ir?s in the background end the

-..~c~tior,.jf nolitln,:.l tat:^^ of Sleevi~fornerl~ c ncttcr of ?rLr,ces m?

' lylomntc, KO;.. iirza30 cr, is~lleof the people , to be -f3l&*t out in the ncal.:: r~,tn't~lisb,od provincial assenblics. 30meet ings of the Slesvtg

p 7y~yi,l:r ( 1 ) i>~:c~73?r.~t 1-: r17 eu",t ing v;'r.e~:om of the re?reseztat,',res, . *TJort 5orer.ncr. fron northorn Slesvic on ::ovenber 11, 134Y -rose r.r.5

-n t;:c :;orcir cf :k P journcl of the aoscr,blr: *spoke 3aish ocd contime2

'0 :,c~c,'L~?*:ni2h." tho the offizi:al 'Innpr.~;eof the nssmSl;r heretoforo

;~ndtccn 1;ar:~:in. .;n n~~cr.1ec? made to the kinl;, r:ho, fctbrin~the c,rr.th

?f the ?chlc::r, ii;-Folstoincro , dcclciod tint only theee of the rerrcsontc-

: ivop Z\:O c0111d not 9~~2GII-PI~ ni@-t ~Aliressthe crr~~zbl:in ??zi~h..8s

1. rnah of tv!o il?lchicr \r.d its orn provinci~l ?? ~rlh1-y . most of the renresentatives of narthern Slesvig also spoge German, this was cle~rlya concession to the Sch1es;sig-Holsteiners and c slap in tho face of the Danish patriots.

But the v:rath of the Schlcswig-Eolsteiners as aroused two yeers later v~henthe king announced by proclanation that the suc- cess ion for Sla svi g and bemark was identical and perhaps that of Holstein elso. (1) Their storn of protest, reverberated fron xans parts of Gernany and ed emboldened than that thq two yecrs later

!larch 18,1648, f ollovring the death of Chri st ian Y 111, proclaimed the independence of Schlesvrig-Holstein.

1. ?&andbogen, pp. 107-108. von Treitschke , 5~575-531. - 18

The the :word and The Danish -4ttempt to "~anisizenCentral YLesvle;.

"ith the aid of Prussia, the Schlesvig-~olsteinersvdere sble to carry on a war with Denmark lasting over two y Iars (1848-1850).

pinclly., nhen Prussia had withdrawn, thg fowht alore, and lost the

last battle of t:% et Isted. This bas decisive. The victorious ~anisharmy ret71rned "ir, clorr". Slesvig novr seemed pernanently won for Denmrk.

-4 diplomtic war, however, rm~inedto be fought and wn, to make the fruits of the battle of arms secure; in this iiattle Dem& lost when she agreed to a "statu-s quo" wit h Yrxesia and signed the London Protocol of 1852. According to these agreemnts Slesvig vias to rerooin linited with Holstein and Prince Christian of Lyksborg, the later King Christian fl, was to succeed King Prederick VII. The

succes~ion rs settled b:r the London Dmtocol mas gar,nt eed by Great

Yritnin, k'.nesia, Yrussia, ,"'rmce, riomay and Sseden, ec d most of the other important Yuropean conntrifqs, except the German Confederation. (1) To extingjfsh whntever hereditar~rights the Prince of Augusten-

bore; might have, tho 3mish government paid him 6 million crowns for

his estc~tesin Slesvlg even tho he had forfeited tytm by his

participation in the rebellion of 1848-1850. Ee pmnised to reside outsfdo of tho b)nni& monarchy md not to interfere rcith its succession. (C) Thee8 matters reyc settled mith a ereat deal of aifficult~,

but the lmAcllLE0q:lostion i n Slosvic r~~sfar more diff icnlt to nr. just.

1. !?nandbogon, 113 2. Rosendnl, 1, 285- northern Slenvi E was mainly l)ani&, the southern part entirely Gmm,

while the central part VJaS beoomiq Germm in speech and sppethy

tho many of the P o~lein that port of the duchy under stood and spoke

~~ish.It was quite 8atisfc;ctory to tb Slesvigers that Danish should be the langu:-ge of the schoole,. churches, and courts of northern Sles- rig and German that of the southern part; but *-en the Denish govern- nent made both Danish and German, with Dani& predominating, the languages of the schools, churches and courts in the centre1 part, a storn of protest again arose and again reverberated from many perts, of Germany. Those uanish language laws of 1850-1E51 ITere more unwise than unjust. 'I'-.ey did not suppress the tierman language in private schools, but the;- did nrke Danish oonpulsory in public stete schoole and state churches mhere people viere ~ccustomedto German, and in mny instances t hc! c'l: nCe wna nr~decpinst tkc xi s:?e3 of tb.e people . 'L'ke 9an es in Elorth Sl~svig,el nce 1864, honever, m-.~'l_dhave sncsi dered it a boor,

if tkqv could have hod the privilege of privste instr-lction in the:r own 1nny;kzuge ~lhichthe Germans of central Slesvig ha between 1850 cnd 1864 under 9.n5sh rule (1).

The discontent aroused br the 1ang:w-ce 1~v.sfestered hopes of SeccPsion from ~onm:&rkand strenghtened the opprositi or of the Schles-

Plic- %lsteiners to all attm9t.s that Denmrk msEe to separete Slesvig from kolstoin, and consolidate it nore closely r.ith D~nncrk. yet

alleh n consolidation wne the burden of 1)znieh ~oliticsbetveen 1850

and 1862;. r'irst an ~ttemptvras n~deto unite Slesvi~;, 901stein, and '-)ennnrk in a confedoration vdth a common fpvernment and ,ret a wep~rcte ons st it^^^^ on for onch. ::'hen this failed, a movement started for a constitution for uemnrk and ylesvig end another of Holstein. ?'his 1. ~osendnl, 1::9U-297 20 in the so-called llovsmber Constitution uniting gesvi~end

~enrnark- "ddrfck VII died before he co-ild sign it, but the rational- ~,ihcTal~zorccd his SuCCe?3Or, Christian IX, to sign it on :!ovenher 19,

1863

The Tnncc b7 t5-t r?CFIanded e nztionnl sc;tlement oC the

~~litical status of Sic svig rr-th or than a dpc~stic one. Since they not only the Dm-ish half of Slesvig, but also the Gonmn, it nns not r tr'lc n~tionclsettlenrnt. They hew thet thiz fieant r!er; but since cell-nich all the inportant 5uropein countries, tho not the

Gcrmnn Conrcders4; ion, had c~provedof Zing Christ ian s accession to both Slcsvig and Ilclstein, and feelin~zsmred of the frein6liness especi~ll?of :Torr,a:r, Sweden, ?nf;lcnd, m-d ?r~nce,the7 conf ijentl:, faced the iissno .

*-,ost 7 of the German states tx!*!crein synpathy sith their "oprssseii" brethren in Ccctr3l Tlesvig EE d even rrit h t:k YretcnCer ,l~usten5ur~1.; but, cc t?r! lc?cl in; otr-to ,Pr:z??in,, hcS approve?! of tho ~ccessiocof

7in~O5rE ?ti?n L? to ''cl:zrirk ex(! the ?uch,,ics, 5imr rck co::lfi not :-ell ir.t~r~~~-r?on tl. n gcwe CI: SII:CC~R~O~. TB, hor eT7cr, SXi. ar. o?portn?i';r

:.o - e-,r,~,r%'~ pronicr, to ?r?l:si:, not to bre& tic. 1.inion of

C111.c:vi .- .PJ-.< -:oln tc?in. 1- nc:cr-c': h:; roluctmt .::~stri~,?rn?zir, :kcrefore,

(1) -;:nr?llpofi cnryf ~~Q=)I)F2% or'c~tinvr-c!cd FO~St ein and. southern

1. :'c-t;r:~y, 5:47,5. n~>isnr;rck ,;eve : czr?:i~:.: :::-:&r~ a. .-.i.- . ;:.:!(*:I ':i i-c1ccl.l t.hc constit?~tion. ?sfitsk ~01,rm-nyot-it"?-IF:- "crl ?.1.;:tit- v\ns v:i!.lFr.s.. ';a rn---l?-I_ e ...I~ _ ..I:c! co r,:>l.itnt f on, .:~tthnt it could nat b.7 ?,-r.c l-n:-::l,!.::- on :c sb.nrt ?IO~

Ctlled "fighting ea.Ee" thhn this Uanish army of 1864. 1% was deter- mined confident of it s ability to achieve victory; so the vhole countr~m aut 1lOrV;ag-?weden held back, likewise ?.ranee and ~n~md*(1) The expected and necessary foreign aid never ecne zfid the position of the 3anish arny of 40,000 amed with old muzzle- loading rifles aga inst a Germ.n army d 60,000 amed ::ith new breach- loading rif las , so on became unteneble. Tho several Germn assaults had been easily regulsed, a general retreat rias ordered Ye~ruary5th.

A deep gloom settled dorln on the Danish rrmy adpeople. The common soldier could not understand why he, &o Kas so willing to face the enemy, should dnost inmediately turn his b~ckto hin surrotmded as he was dy the nenories of Godfred end of dl the Cefenders of

3annolrirke; the cormon m8n at hone c3nld understand thet sl~cha dis- ~rucefulrctreet could havc been oraered v.it hout trerson, and even the

::inc ~kohad unr3 llinglr eipcd @-o Tovenber Constitution that bro~xht on the war, nnn su~poctodof it, t9o such suspicions were rPi thout 8113 real f ouadnt ion.

30rotrcct ir,g nrr?7 "due it self inw on "Ilount" ~;rbb#lir, northern I31 ~nvic,M ich nosition it doggec'ly he'll6 for ten Teary ~eeks. On A?ril 18, 1864, the !;ormno ct-rried itb; assa~llt. "or this feat the Pr~~~sicm kin^ gent n nessngo to his nglorions armyn thnnkix it "next to tb T,orrl of aootsw for the victoq. Some of the officers 1 3rYo0"lly Eam~nznpire, 344. 3r;ce th.inks ?=lp-nd hesi- tt,trcl bocn.ra~her stntomen and pllblic ~rjtorsthoTq5t ~~~~~k Ens in th Vrrong. The reason nnst ht:.ve bee9 thnt ~~~l~~ddisnnprove& of t 90 lmcn2Ce s in central Clesvig. ,.o,Jor ol not-,d Pnglisbon had expressed their (iisnppr~ral0" thorn otrongly. '?kc rj T.6p ~~~~~rtin snid to '?ova IR~~I~CTICC??" "l+cn Pic?tni# in 1%:lror of tho i;orntlna. 3ctrtrlll7, - I 9,'. 22 were indign~ntboccnac the CO~DBnder-inWohief , Drince Friedmioh Carl Was in the also. But the Prince Friederich Cerl could understand it that "forn a$ he said, "1 an tk Lord of Postsen met the German and Austrian troopa had won at Dannevirke and Dybb/l, Germn diplomats secured md obtained legal title to st the conferences in IdIndon and Vienna. If the Dani& people in 1864 could have under stood that half of SZesvig was Creadg lost to the Germns before the mar startea, theg mi&-t have kept the northern part. Bnt the Eider was fixed so firmly in the people's mind as the southern boundary, and thc old ~annevirkmas so dear to all , that tile Danish representatives at the peace conferences fought for all of Slesvig till all was lost. The treaty of Vienna, Clctober 31, 1864, (1)to the joy of the Schles~ig-Holst e iners, sealed the neternnl unionw of Schlesaig- Yolstein, but to their dismay the crolln jurists (2) of Prussie by only one dissent inc vote declared that King Christian IX in 1864 TES the only legal heir to both duchies. B;t the Treaty of Vienna he had transferred thnse rights to Pri~ssinand !Lustric, and 12'lstri a again, her rights to Pr'loeia by tb Treat; of Prague, 1866, (3) Prussia and Fruseic alone hmceforth, backed by her wglorious army," presided over the dest inics of ~~rneeru~~sch~lungen"Schleswi &-Solstein. 3iecarck lauf-hnd to scorn the wdpastic intri_suoswof tk DI* of ~upstenbarg (a son of Christian Aumst) and rcf:zsed to reco;nize him az ruler of the dnchica B;, w knim the best-planned diplonctic Gene ever ~le~ed in modern politics , !lo had ay~curedthe doshies for ?nssia and solved 1. Uaandbogen, 205-216 2. :~~3;:eprang,~Jordslesvi~;, 13-15 TT 3ie J.* *,-on Sy;,el, Segrazniliq des de7ltschen Eeiches. 3. Faendbogen, 257-ZI 1 the tangled Schlesv~ig-zolsteinproblem, rrhich , he jestingly declared, only two men had ever understood and of these one was dead and the other crazy 7 I

The Attm~ted Germanizati on of S1esvfe by the Frusn bns 1864-1920. I

AccOrdlne Article 59 (1) of the Treaty of Prague northern ~1esvfg given privile~eof voting on her political statna. s his article had been Il~dea Prt af the treaty at the suggestion of DnPmor TTa~olean111, actuated perhaps not entire17 by unselfish mo-

tives. It made the ll3nish Sle svigers, as well as the people in Den- mark, hopeful of a jn3t settlement of t% new boundary; perhaps the return of the whole of Borth Slesvig, which thq nos saw ;!,as really all that theg. cccording to the the or^ of the consent of the governed, hed any whistoricnright to. Sismarck rras not indisposed toward such

a plebiscite, (2) but the army, which had won all of Slesvig, balked I at giving up any part of it. In 1878 mi th the consent of Austria ad in exchtnge for !'rlss in's connivr.nce at Austria's absorption of Bosnis and Ferzegovinia, this pnrt cf the Treaty of Prague mas cencelled. (3) The Gernnns t\cn did not regerd the tre~tiesconcerning Slesvig as

sacred ns f z~merly.

::ecnrrhile tho Sernnnization of Forth Slesvig was pushed md it s peopl-o auii joct~3to nll kinds of petty persecxtions. (4) ?he teaching of Cermnn boct~me com~ulsor~in 1871 in all schools. In 1878 it as made onc of the nodi~lgsof instruction and in 1888 9mish r;as exclnded ~'to~othr~except for tw lessons a week Danish Sible history- Pflvr:te schools \v;Oro entirely forbidden . In 1864. 121 lo&ri&eS had 1. Fnandbo~on, 270 2. :!rtc!ceprmg, 17-29. 3. Torrier, S~OS~C* 4.7-r-ming, !bvm icm. ~ournt~lof SOCiolor~r. 31: 299-335. ~cnishservices, in 1906 only 26. German services were sometimes introduced at request of a single official. ~t became a calpeble offenRe to sine Dmich Patriotic songs even of' a quite innocent nature. ~hcuse of the old Dmish name for Slesvie;, south ~utland was forbidden. Danish Singers* players lecturers Fere denied admission to the province- zed white fcol0rs of the Danish flag) were under teboo; it is even said thet the Geman officials sco-;:led at red acd ~ihite 3attle. 3ut those subjected to the most savwe persecutions rjere the optmts. hcco~dingto Article 19 of the Treaty of peace at Vienna,

1864, (1$ all Slesvigers who emigrated to Denmark betmeen 1864 and 1870 night rmain 3anish citizens ma yet retain their rights as native-born Slcsvi&ers, even upon thei r return to Slesvig from Den- geri:. 3eck'lclr~n of these Optmte who returned to S3.esvig Kere witdut the treaty ri,:!ts of their ~armts;and, therefore, politi- cdly "honeln-s" cs they nore na9t;hor citizezs of 9enrrzirk. rhere I citizenshin i? obtainncl b:- birth or naturr.lization a? in the 'Jnited Stctes , nor of Gemmy (Ele~vlg)where the children's citizezsj ip is I dotnrminod b7 the: of thei.: prenta. ::my of these Optants eid their

~hil~dr~n,fig v,oll r.3 mnv ycnist.! eub jects ;.ere ezuled bet7 een 1898 and 1907. In tho lnttcr ycl;r an ngreenent ers nade bet~eo-.3eracrk and ?r;losin, nonli~tiwthe gpt~tsto become ?rui~sinnsubjects. This nCreamor,t sut~stnntinllga victory for thc 3wes in :!orth slesvig QR it incrlncod t\o ir rotin6 strength. Bzforr? 1878 mq (60,000)

Sle~~i~o~~hnd oni(;mted; but, when Article 5 had been C:ance'lled, they 57-65, 7

I stayed at and fou&t for their soil, their language, cnlt71re, and nationelit~* PersiatenCy that they even vion convests from the German v!ho cmc 'Xlder the 8p ecia proteeti on of the "uapim

The forced Gern'2lization af north Slespig thns failed. German ~~lonizrrtionwas Sporadic and unimportant. The uncompmnisirg atti- tude of the &o~ernmeptofficials, with a few exceptions especially among the ministers of the state church, simoly served as a constant

reminder to tb pe07le that tkiey .,;ere rulcd 'og conquerors. The harsher methods "mssia usca, the stronger and more freqnent rrere the expressions

of ~ppathyfor the Slcsvigers by proninent nen and oonen in rll the

Scandinavian coilntries. Occa~sionallytoo R Geman scholar mnld voice the sarie sent iyents, but th e great mass of highly trained, scientific Germans rere ined inperviaus to sense, cornon o r ot her~:ise, in the

matter of Zorth ";lovi&. fl)So the policy of force i:as contlr,ued.

"'ket tho P~IFk~d tt:Xcr,,the army couldhold. Che Germn ni~isterof

t3c gogncl, ;:'lo, in .~.ls-:,cr to c stntenent tr a 3cnish collenpe that

4.7cnr! !Jnr.ce ?-rnrs still pri;.;ing fur th e return of I'orth ~lesvi~,replied:

"Ju~tprrrg or,. -olve ,cot th e cmnon." aptly "summod ap the sssen for ;err?!:ny. 1. ProZessor -:ens gelbruch in Preuss iche Jehrbucher 1833. . "e kusnrrcction of Article 5 tile Plebiscite of 1920.

'"hen the "lorld " hr broke out, there ria8 a compact body of more than 160,000 II3nc3 [tho necrly all Pmssicc ci tizens) in r!orth Slecvig: nell or~~nizedin free chnrchls, cduczti anal , politi o:xl cred;t.~acid:et .- - hoping const that a reunion rith Dennark sometime md somekoa night be possibl-0. Of these 160,000 there ivere 30,000 who had to fight for the oppressors against their benefactors, the Allies, beckuse they felt bound by their flag-oath as Prussiar, sol? iers. rot less thm 6000 .;:ere killed or died of disease and th .e ~oidthe suprerze srcrifice -- for vhat? - --~enmrk--of which they viers spiritmly a part. numrous desertions fron T:orth Slc svi & to cvcde military service micht have been the canse of tiernray's makin& mot her n3e1&imwout of genmnrk. Yhcn the Germans killed Art iclo 5 in 1878, they confidently de-

3lnrcd that the7 hr;? r,r;,?.e an end of ~21kor-'es of llorth Slese g bazed or, th c Yrenty of ?rn;as. Yh.: 5:'7_ecsv.'_,rerspro:.ezted t3at tiq belleved in the rl:~,lrrcction olf the dead. I?rticle 5 difi arise k-3 m. tl e semz

YP-I~~YI~i?: too;: nl:.ce i mciiic-.tely bcf ore the eicning of the .',mi~tice or. I'ornnhcr 1R, l:~lt?..:t a neet in6 of t?e Zeichrte-5, Yctober 25, the

bn:ar tkc q-.lc-:j on of ::orth ~lcsvigonly) in r.:corbm:e ~5thArticle 5 of th. ,;rprit:: 0: Tr:.pc. .'rid tho crplnnro of the 3eichrt:.~. perficillcr- 7

On next d'b7 ur*Solf, the minister of foreign azfairP, the the -presented renlzr sf government. ~t nas a curt deniel of aoS right under irti3Lc 5, but it admitted th0.t Lorth Slsevig in eccordunce uit.1 "'ilson's Ponrtecn points night aemnd a plebiscite, meant the same ps carrging out ,irtick 5,

Cn r3'rcmber 16, 3000 Slesvigers met at "Pol&hjem,n Aabenraa and adopf ad resol~tion a& inf, for a reunion v.3 th uemark of the part of s:'l esvic which lotcr bsccme Lmom as the First ?one. Thi~resolnt;.lon

nos sent b the Danish govermenf together 13th a request frolr the minister of forei~naffeirs of the Gem Republic , to the effect that

Tenmnrk should make th c Danish Sle svigers' an d Denmerkls wishes known concerning l!orth Slesvig to the Yeaoe Conference at versailles. This

co1.m inicat ion was joyfully receive& b;. the 3~niskgovernment. (1)

The ?eace Conference did not meet for fcur ani! a hblf montks,

thue f~itr'PC both 9c.cer cnci crcnme anple time for diecussing nethofis of can? 4cti.;:: of :'lciiieci-t+e. 'I'hc Gormm Slesvigers cshd for an "en bloc"

vote of tk c;holc province rh ich ~0.~16tken easi 13 be ron for Cer~ny

elr,cr: ti:c no?-~l::t$on ~f :!orth Slesvig me5 only about one thirfi of th

whole pr~vdnzo. 3nn i~hemansi onists wf611ea d f$. d1 the patriotic associ at ionfi OF :rr. novirke , but forrettine thet Denmark since 1864

hod b,:s~-.e;lor ri~itto :!orth ~1eavi.gon the 2en;inent nationp-liw

0f the prtonle, e~r,+n+edslcsvig ns for ~32thas the historic

Ojdfrod 6 Thyme w his nDannevirk~! ::ovenetn o xed ~tron~eno~?

to e~ndp- oFac riole;-ti on to tho pence ~onferen2e confusir4 the

CoUn~pln(-,j- the roeubr i* dola~ntlonmnsisti~ of 110th nenblrs 1 .V(ldmc nf "m t okol 8f !-!i&~d3~~~~rtio*n~~ yorqm dlin~su?.vnl&. 56-57 ?, it irk

I 29 from the 3mish political Parties and the politicd societies in slesVi~,as "011 3s experts in the llorth Slesvig question. As thie speci&l delegation lmrked somewhat secretly, tho terns of the Peace Isreaty Kith Smesvie; vraa a surprise to De-,rk. In socordance with advice of the regular delegation there smld be toting "en bloc" north of a line dram from a point on P1asbn.g Fjord, a fen miles north of the city. of Flensburg, to point on the Forth Sea a few niles to the southvest of T$nder. This was the First Zone. In harmony mith the r*&uler delegati on's reconmendat ions, a belt south of rlirst Zone, the Second Zone, would vote for or against reunion benuark by townships ; bat contrary to those recommendations a

?bird '/,or,c 17~sestablished south of the Second Zone, where voting vjould

8120 be "en bloc". The Third "one reached ss far south as DannevFrBe.

~11mm md voqor! of at 1 east 20 years of age ilorn in sle rvig including those r,ho h~dbeen expelled by the German authorities, were grsnted the ri~i~tto to. 'rnfortunatel;. the r;ords "and having their hones in the zmos where t hoir vcltaa are castn had been left out after "born in

Slesv'if:." (1)Cy thi3 03i~tPion the tiornan votes rere greatly ixnre&.ed, since many c::ilrlren of former tiermcn officials could- pclifg under the requironent of "born in :leevigw. Pinfl ly the Treaty provided for the withdrawt-il of thc Cer~r,civil and militaq authorities and the ap- poin'i!-.cnt of nlliafi mmission to t&e charge of the edninistrrtion

0' 0' the cli,ff~r~r,tzones during the plebiscite. 93' n vote & 124 to 30 the Dcrish parliament expressed itself aen:nst +1.0 yhiyd "m yjhoro there cere veq few ~hosp0lro gmish, tho

it KLEI rmorod mcny would vote for Demerk bncsnse df ec~nmic 1. TTor~nord,3cnmrk Crn 1864, 109-110: 30

considerati On* m;aY Germans ol so OFposen theestablishment of the yhird :one, it @asnithdrann fmm th plebiscite.

First 'One voted On 10, 1919. Imedietelg before the

,lecti on. the voters Leame (Vaelgaf orenineen) in Sle Slig published a

touching appeal to the Danish Slesvigers of that zone: "~l~~~i~~~~!

The day has come, are going home. Fhat a generation has believe& in; ~hatour f~thwshuvo fowt for. and what our mothers have ;:ept

aria ~rnyedfor; the hope that has carried our mns thru mar and death,

corn true. They ,-lave sivcn -m #e key to the locked door on which

we have hocked a half century -- but ae must open it 0urselves.w They aid by7 vote of 72,431 to 25, 329. rot less than 882

votes i:ore declared illega and rejected. In the cities there were,

however, Ger mu! najoriti es , in -l'bnder, Aabenraa, and ~bnderbur~,but the

largest city Padcrslev voted 3anish b: 52u8 to 3271.

The Second Zone voted on Ilarch 14th. The result 7-as a victor;.

for Cermray, dB, Clr3 votoc? cgakst reunion with gemark and onlp 1*,@14

7otecl in fnv~rof it. 30olebiscfte in thi~zoce Fas EL clegr ?roof of t::c t"ronnne of t\c X~FLof :r.?.?.?eneen, the 3,n.nisfi nenber of the

';?rran 3~icl:str 6 fron ::orth Slasvi~,~nd his colleac~esin ascertaini~g

t+o tr*lo nhti0nt:l houndqrr RO fnr as it cmld be cletcnined betveen

lennfirk m. d ocrrp ny. 3 8s outhern bomdary of First Zone. rhich they

had f i:c(:d tip s~~ch, the lntcr -o]-lied Cormissi on soncti oned as the jnst

noti onnl b ., ,lnfinr in nccoracnce ri th tll R vr in~i?leof self -determineti On* ,111 j-rrir-nindod Dooplenorth and sonti! d tP e neT 1 ine heve rpesons

0-m re joicln~* ffhora nrs ptill .*.ne~ uder Gorrm mle* but there

'll~ocicrmnns snbjrct to Ten~nrk~ it id.r:ornsW is rcs71y the victor for she hnn hlln hnr title to tnlf of. Slesac a?~r~~~~bS mrlav '!la ?nrtlaJ' so 'hi9 hlr cr!r iynlg ~pnishn thonsnnd SO8'3 a&'*

1 'pt ic!: ne~ , lpaa than contun.nyo nonn?-yk h. s ycncer ir:.c r in >rios I 7 31 I

of psat achievements disa~pointmrnts , bnt she has won back 160.000 I 1 of her children, who fevi short Years €go, were thon&t to be in the I ,ternel bondage of their OPPressW 0. --These ere indeed dage oi dreams

come true.

Long before the 'for Tar the great Dm ish author it y on the Schles- rig-~oletein west1on, A-3.. ~breenaen, thus voiced the hope of De-rk for the return of Slesvig: "The ages as well as the minds of

chan&e;Vle cannot CeEtSe hoping that the unhappy fste of Dmish Sles- once v~illbe mitiznted, ana that the decision to divide Slesvig be-

tween nenmark and Germany which failed in 1864, once may be attained as an ult imnt e c oncl~zsion in the everchanging hist my of that country. Then it must be a ~ledeeof lasting peace and good ~11between %he kindred

people north and sarfh of the netiona bomdarr, vh ich the evolution of countries has set, and upon which re are not cdled to sit in judpnt ." 32 -~

I1PPXrn~

1 The Z~OSof Sle8vig. I

present Danish nmee- 1. Slesvig. I

1 2. ~dnaerjyllrmd.

present Gernan name. I

I 1. Schleswig.

I The ~~s~iansforbade by law the nse of the Danish rime sbnder-

jylland after 1864. The Danish Slesvigers then nsed two horizontal bars, l one follow ing th e ot her instead.

Older Forne of ~bnderj~lland. 1. Zr.6 hrce iutlandh--9acish. 2. ?:m&ner 1utlt:ndh n Z. Ev.~n8erjutland n 4. Zyndre Ailland w ti. :under datll.cnt w C . Sude r- Jutlrnd ~armn. 7 Zud-Juthd w

Older Pome of Sle evi c. 1. Slcsr.iak. 2. Zlosw~k. 3. Fleoe~~;:oh. 4. Slosui~. 5. 5lec~ocik. ~Inderj~llendia the older rrm ma dill dear to ~mbhhearts. It i€! Ued nore in genm~rkthen 3lasvlg both for patriotic md re8Bons. ~losvt~mas 0rigifl~11~the nnns of the oldest lar~ertom in

'leavie m d Llsnm rk. Clause from Constitutio Valdenariana separnt ing Sle svig from Denmark,June 7, 1326:

"Tho South Jutlend ahall likewise never become united nith the rodm wd-crmn of Denmark nor be incorporated nit h it so that

is lord of both." Haandbogen, p. 92. Excerpt from the Pro~lamation of Ribe . narch 5, 1460. Ye .Christ ian. King of 3enmrk, etc.. .. . testify that the venerable prelates, the dread nobility, the honorable cities and inhabitants of the dukedom Slesvi& and the County Rolstein.. .. have elected ns duke in slesvig and count of Bolstein .. .. . not as king of Denmark, but became of the estcem in which our person is held by the inhabitants of the countries; and these countries are not to be inherited by our children or re1 tives, but just r-s we have been elected, so ther and their descendents. ve pronise to keep the peace with all mr power in these countries e3d thet they ahdl rswin eternally united. Raandbo.-en, p. 95.

Gottorp, r!~2, 1658, showing that even during the t be that a prt of Sle evi was indeyendont , it was unr er obl ieations to Demerk: "?iirthermore it is llnderatood that the dukedom Slesvig, entire or in p~rt,in not to be di eposed of to the hurt of . Prederik I11 of 3anmcrk) tho orown, or our ~lcce88or~." Excerpt from the "Patent of Incorporation," ,?u~lst22, 1721. "9ec~uneof the tsecty of peace between us lnrederik IF' of

Dennnrk) md the kine of Sv;;edon (whon the dnke d Gottorp had helped) whioh by the of he^ bean slened ma ratifies, and because of the form1 eolsm gunrmtba of the mediotiw kiWY for and our royal n~le of the whole dukedon of anC~08sorsto poreesa forever quietly the The Duke accepted the above incorporation: n~ promise for ad heirs mccessora. . . that I will ackno~,ledgeand ,,,ider his royal majesty of Denmark.. .. our only sovareign,to~c.orJin~ lex regia w Eaandbo~en,p?. 103-104. ~rticle V of the Treaty of Prague, Awst 23, 1866. "Tho mperor of Austria cedes to the King of Prwsia all hi8 ,,pired rights to Slesvig and Eolstein by the 'I'reaty of Peace in vienns, October 30, 1864, with the reservation tht the people in the

I northern districts of Slesvig are to be united mith 3emarh if they by an election freely express theneelves in favor of it .- primary SOt-IrOes

Copenhagen, 1901 11Ianuel hiatorlqne de la question Slesvig, translation of Haandbogen. French Copenhagen, 1906. ans sen-~drremdlle, H. Po, Lecture in the periodical Askov Laerlinge, pp. 1-18. Copenhagen, 1919.

Hansen und Jessen, Quellen zur Geschichte des Bistums Schles- wig. Kiel, 1904. ans sen-l?#rren#lle, A. P., Graensesp#rgsmaalet . Copenhagen, 1920. Larsen, corsaae , Allen and others, Ant i-slesvigholst enske Frag- menter. Also German version. Copenhagen, 1848-1851.

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