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Nationalism and Separatism in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Atlantic World Niels Eichhorn University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

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Nationalism and Separatism in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Atlantic World Niels Eichhorn University of Arkansas, Fayetteville University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2013 "Up Ewig Ungedeelt" or "A House Divided": Nationalism and Separatism in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Atlantic World Niels Eichhorn University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Eichhorn, Niels, ""Up Ewig Ungedeelt" or "A House Divided": Nationalism and Separatism in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Atlantic World" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 714. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/714 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. “Up Ewig Ungedeelt” or “A House Divided”: Nationalism and Separatism in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Atlantic World “Up Ewig Ungedeelt” or “A House Divided”: Nationalism and Separatism in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Atlantic World A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Niels Eichhorn University of Louisiana at Lafayette Bachelor of Arts in History, 2006 University of Louisiana at Lafayette Master of Arts in History, 2008 May 2013 University of Arkansas Abstract My dissertation explores the experiences of a group of separatist nationalist from the Dano-German borderland with special emphasis on the 1848 uprisings in Schleswig-Holstein, the secession crisis in the United States, and the unification of Germany. Guiding this transnational narrative are three prominent members of the Schleswig-Holstein uprising: the radical nationalists Theodor Olshausen and Hans Reimer Claussen and the liberal nationalist Rudolph Schleiden. Their perceptions, actions, and writings in the years leading up to 1848 and during the first Schleswig-Holstein war (1848-1851) advance the understanding of separatist nationalism during this period in general and the Schleswig-Holstein uprising in particular. Following the failure of the Schleswig-Holstein uprising, the three men came to the United States, where the two radicals settled down as U.S. citizens and Schleiden joined them as diplomat of a German state. While they had been secessionists in Europe, they looked down on the threats of southern secessionists. Faced with the slavery-based southern nationalism, these men sided, like many Forty-Eighters, with the North against the oppression of slavery. Their decision was in disregard of the many similar arguments used by southerners against northern oppression and violations of southern constitutional rights, which mirrored those used by Forty- Eighters in Europe. During the American Civil War, Olshausen and Claussen once again relied on their radical experiences and challenged the Lincoln government during its greatest crisis, because the government had abandoned liberal principles. The three Schleswig-Holstein Forty- Eighters continued to look to their homeland and took interest in its fate. When the Schleswig- Holstein question reemerged in 1864, Schleiden and Olshausen returned to Europe. Their separatist nationalism had not suffered during their stay in the United States, despite their opposition to southern secession. They once again supported the independence of Schleswig- Holstein. This dissertation illustrates how the language of secession and nationalism was shared during the mid-nineteenth century but also how secessionist movements failed to cooperate with one another. This study shows how complex and multifaceted the experiences of Forty-Eighters were. This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council Dissertation Director: __________________________________________________________ Dr. Daniel E. Sutherland Dissertation Committee: __________________________________________________________ Dr. Randall Woods __________________________________________________________ Dr. J. Laurence Hare © 2013 by Niels Eichhorn All Rights Reserved Dissertation Duplication Release I hereby authorize the University of Arkansas Libraries to duplicate this dissertation when needed for research and/or scholarship. Agreed __________________________________________ Niels Eichhorn Refused __________________________________________ Niels Eichhorn Acknowledgments In the process of writing a dissertation, one incurs many debts. Among the most important supporters were all the people whose help in archives and libraries allowed me to bringing together the research needed for this undertaking. At the University of Arkansas, the amazing work of Beth Juhl and the tireless efforts of the Interlibrary Loan office were essential in obtaining some rare items. Similarly, I wish to thank the staff in the archives in Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck, the Landesbibliothek Kiel, and the National Archives of Great Britain. Outstanding among these many archivists was Mrs. Kornelia Küchmeister in the Landesbibliothek Kiel and Mrs. Veronika Landsiedel in the Staatsarchiv Bremen. Besides the many archivists and librarians, I also wish to thank the many colleagues and friends who have accompanied me along the way. First among them is Terry Beckenbaugh, who convinced me to pursue a Ph.D. in history and to look into the diplomatic relations of the Civil War era. Then Judy Gentry, who assisted my intellectual growth, pushing me forward in regard to connecting Civil War diplomacy and world history. Finally, my professors here at Arkansas, like Dr. Randall Woods and Dr. Laurence Hare, have aided in bringing this work together. The biggest professional thanks go to my main adviser Dr. Daniel Sutherland, who had to suffer through a series of drafts of my dissertation and go beyond his usual commenting work improving my grammar and writing. Finally thanks go to all the friends who accompanied along the way. Among them, those old and dear friends like Michael, Jitka, Wilma, and Heinz and those who were closer in Arkansas like Kevin, Aaron, Scott, and Ahmet. Fayetteville, Arkansas, May 2013 Niels Eichhorn Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. Schleswig-Holstein’s Sons ................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2. Helstat: Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein after the Congress of Vienna ........... 32 Chapter 3. Schleswig-Holstein in 1848: A Special Case ....................................................... 55 Chapter 4. The First Schleswig-Holstein War: Crushed by Great Power Diplomacy ........... 78 Chapter 5. No Amnesty and Uncertain Future..................................................................... 106 Chapter 6. Schleswig-Holsteiner in the Antebellum United States ..................................... 118 Chapter 7. Secession in North America: A Revolutionary’s Dilemma ............................... 145 Chapter 8. Civil War and Radicalism .................................................................................. 171 Chapter 9. The Second Schleswig-Holstein War and German Unification ......................... 191 Chapter 10. Memory and Memoirs ...................................................................................... 221 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 238 Abbreviations AHL Archiv der Hansestadt Lübeck AHR American Historical Review APP Christian Friese, ed., Die auswärtige Politik Preussens, 1858-1871 BFSP Great Britain, British and Foreign State Papers Bund Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Reichstages des Norddeutschen Bundes CAU Universitatsbibliothek, Christian Albrecht Universität, Kiel CB Correspondenz-Blatt (Kiel, Germany) DD Der Demokrat (Davenport) DZ Dithmarsische Zeitung (Heide, Germany) LBSH Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesbibliothek, Kiel MB Mississippi Blätter (St. Louis) NAUK National Archives, London (Kew Gardens) Reichstag Stenographische Berichte über die Verhandlungen des Deutschen Reichstages SAB Staatsarchiv Bremen SAH Staatsarchiv der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg WP Westliche Post (St. Louis) 1 Introduction In 1848, Europe was turned upside down. For three years, revolutionary movements eclipsed monarchical power before peace, stability, and monarchy were restored. A little over a decade later, the United States experienced an even worse four-year stint of secession and civil war. It was a period of major upheaval throughout the world. From Auckland to Montreal, from Richmond to Buenos Aires, from Warsaw to Nanking, revolutionary movements, separatists, nationalists, liberals, conservatives, and many other groups competed to imprint their visions on states and nations. From 1840 to 1880, the world witnessed over 140 different conflicts, many of them concentrated around the Atlantic Ocean. The revolts of 1848, the American Civil War, and the Wars of German Unification stand out and have drawn the most historical attention by historians studying the mid-nineteenth century. One group in particular participated in all three of these upheavals, the so-called Forty-Eighters. Historians have not overlooked the Forty-Eighters, revolutionaries from Europe who came to the United States. Their radicalism, democratic spirit, and desire for national unification contributed to
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