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Kopi Fra DBC Webarkiv Kopi fra DBC Webarkiv Kopi af: Slaget om slaget ved Dybbøl - Den danske pressemodtagelse af 1864 Dette materiale er lagret i henhold til aftale mellem DBC og udgiveren. www.dbc.dk e-mail: [email protected] 7/3/2017 www.kosmorama.org/Artikler/Slaget­om­Slaget­ved­Dybboel.aspx DU ER HER: KOSMORAMA | TIDSSKRIFT FOR FILMFORSKNING OG FILMKULTUR / ARTIKLER / SLAGET OM SLAGET VED DYBBØL SLAGET OM SLAGET VED DYBBØL – DEN DANSKE PRESSEMODTAGELSE AF 1864 17 NOVEMBER 2015 / ERIK HEDLING PEER REVIEWED Hvad var det dog, der skete i de uger, hvor Ole Bornedals 1864 blev vist i Danmark? Serien, der er skandinavisk filmhistories dyreste filmproduktion nogensinde, udløste intet mindre end en pressestorm. Artikelbunken på billedet nedenfor viser de over 800 interviews, kommentarer og anmeldelser, de store dagblade skrev om serien. Kosmorama har bedt filmprofessor ved Lunds Universitet Erik Hedling, der har været velsignet med ukendskab til den danske debat, om at grave sig gennem bunken og tage bestik af balladen om 1864 og serien selv. 800+ avisudklip med interviews, kommentarer og anmeldelser, som de store dagblade bragte om serien 1864. Fra DFI Bibliotekets udklipssamling. 1. Introduktion 1.1 Baggrund Det var under et konferencebesøg i Prag i den sidste del af juni 2013, at jeg første gang hørte om produktionen af en tv­serie om de dramatiske begivenheder under Anden Slesvigske Krig (1864) mellem Danmark og det Tyske Forbund, repræsenteret ved dets to mest magtfulde medlemmer Prøjsen og Østrig. Under konferencen var Prag ved at kvæles af en hedebølge med temperaturer op over 40 grader. Sammen med min kollega, Casper Tybjerg fra Københavns Universitet, var jeg flygtet fra den stegende sol ind i en kølig tjekkisk ølstue. Casper Tybjerg kunne fortælle, at danskerne var i gang med en tv­serie om krigen og det berømte slag ved Dybbøl, og at optagelserne foregik lige uden for Prag, mens vi sad i ølstuen. Han fortalte også, at den danske presse flød over med artikler om optagelserne, og hvordan skuespillere og statister besvimede af solstik af at filme krigsscener i tykke, uldne uniformer som dem, der blev båret af danske og prøjsiske soldater i 1860’erne. Som både historieinteresseret og en stor fan af dansk film og tv blev jeg fascineret og var med ét sat tilbage til et turistbesøg ved Dybbøl i Sønderjylland for mere end 40 år siden. Og store forventninger til tv­serien begyndte at spire i mig for at sige det mildt. Mere end et år senere, i efteråret 2014, hørte jeg fra danske kolleger, at serien nu blev sendt på dansk tv. Til min overraskelse kunne jeg fornemme negative vibrationer; serien var ikke værdsat blandt dem, jeg talte med. Jeg fik at vide, at en voldsom pressedebat rasede, et faktum, jeg også havde opdaget via nogle smånotitser i den svenske presse om den barske kritik af 1864. Jeg vidste også, at den svenske kanal TV4 havde bidraget til finansieringen af serien, og at den i sidste ende ville blive vist på svensk tv. Det skete i juni og juli 2015, uden at serien påkaldte sig nævneværdig kritisk opmærksomhed. Faktisk blev den eneste mere omfattende anmeldelse på kultursiderne i nogen svensk avis under visningen af serien leveret af mig selv (Hedling, 2015a). Redaktøren af dette tidsskrift spurgte, om jeg ville være interesseret i at foretage en undersøgelse af fænomenet 1864. Som ‘neutral’ svensker ville jeg ikke abonnere på bestemte holdninger i forhold til dansk politik og den verserende diskussion, antog han, hvilket er, tror jeg, en rimelig antagelse. Jeg accepterede opgaven med det samme af ren og skær nysgerrighed, selv om jeg ikke kan hævde at være helt neutral eller ‘objektiv’. Jeg foretrækker bestemte æstetiske former, jeg har en opfattelse af historien, og jeg abonnerer på politiske holdninger. Men de har ikke rigtig noget med Danmark at gøre, hverken i særdeleshed eller i almindelighed. Jeg er bare interesseret i dansk kultur, selv om det eneste akademiske arbejde med direkte forbindelse til Danmark, jeg har udført, omhandlede den svenske modtagelse af filmen Flammen og Citronen (Ole Christian Madsen, 2008). Diskussionen af den blev nødvendigvis kort, da filmen aldrig blev vist i svenske biografer (Hedling, 2015b: 33­46). Som regelmæssig filmkritiker for svenske aviser, eksempelvis Svenska Dagbladet og Sydsvenska Dagbladet, har jeg derudover skrevet flere artikler om dansk film efter Lars von Triers indtog. I denne artikel vil jeg undersøge både tv­serien 1864 og den betændte danske pressemodtagelse af den. Jeg har set alle episoder af serien på Blu­ray Disc igen og igen, og jeg har læst stort set alle de artikler om 1864, der er offentliggjort i danske aviser – i hvert fald i alle dagblade med national dækning – fra 2010­2014. Den første artikel dukkede op allerede i juni 2010 (Krasnik, 2010), endnu før det blev besluttet at producere serien, og den seneste i mit undersøgelseskorpus er fra december 2014 (Bo, 2014a), et par uger efter den sidste episode af serien blev transmitteret (serien blev vist på DR1 fra 12. oktober til 30. november, 2014). Et par artikler er dukket op senere, men jeg havde brug for at etablere en præcis afgrænsning af min undersøgelse ­ antallet af synspunkter på serien i pressen i den angivne periode var ganske overvældende. Med få undtagelser (eksempelvis to artikler i Weekendavisen), har jeg, som nævnt, kun læst artiklerne i de store, landsdækkende dagblade: Berlingske, Politiken, Morgenavisen Jyllands­ Posten, B.T., Ekstra­Bladet, Kristeligt Dagblad, og Information. Det skal bemærkes, at samtidig med at debatten rasede i trykpressen, var der en beslægtet og omfattende diskussion på de sociale medier. Jeg har af forskellige grunde set bort fra dette udbrud på internettet, og i stedet koncentreret mig om pressen, hvor artikler generelt gennemgår en redaktionel kvalitetskontrol. Dette betyder ikke automatisk, at de er mere interessante end de forskellige reaktioner på Facebook eller Twitter, hvor 1864 blev målet for, hvad Trine­Maria Kristensen i et interview kalder ‘hate watching’ (Giese og Stilling, 2014). Men jeg er ikke nogen stor bruger af sociale medier, så jeg føler, at min kompetence her er for begrænset, og materialet fra den trykte presse er også noget af en mundfuld – ifølge bibliotekarerne på Det Danske http://www.kosmorama.org/Artikler/Slaget­om­Slaget­ved­Dybboel.aspx 1/27 7/3/2017 www.kosmorama.org/Artikler/Slaget­om­Slaget­ved­Dybboel.aspx for begrænset, og materialet fra den trykte presse er også noget af en mundfuld – ifølge bibliotekarerne på Det Danske Filminstitut omfatter materialet mere end 800 artikler – nok til en undersøgelse af dette format. Så min undersøgelse dækker derfor kun en del af modtagelsen, men nok også den del, der (stadig) sandsynligvis er mest relevant i den brede offentlighed. En ting kan gøres klart fra start: Næsten alle kommentatorer er enige om, at begivenhederne i 1864 stadig har væsentlig betydning for Danmark og danskerne. Krigen resulterede i, at Danmark mistede en tredjedel af sit territorium og befolkningstallet faldt fra 2,6 til 1,6 million mennesker. Ifølge en artikel om sagen (Müller, 2014), var Danmark før 1864 et mellemstort multikulturelt europæisk imperium, som foruden det danske fastland også talte de nordtyske hertugdømmer, Island, Færøerne, Grønland og kolonier i Vestindien. Danmark besad også en af Europas største flåder. Efter 1864 blev Danmark opfattet som en lille nation. Men nye sociale og kulturelle betydninger blev snart konstrueret: at være lille var noget godt, det store ondt, en mentalitet der ifølge flere forskere stadig er fremherskende. │Se indholdsfortegnelse│ 1.2 Undersøgelsens omfang og opbygning Jeg er en filmforsker, der ind imellem specialiserer mig i, hvordan film repræsenterer historie. Og det er netop det, jeg vil analysere her, både fra et historisk, ideologisk/politisk og æstetisk perspektiv. Så i det følgende vil jeg se på de forskellige fortolkninger af serien, diskutere dem kritisk og trække på mit kendskab til andre film og tv­serier. Historie vil være en vigtig del af diskussionen, da jeg ser den danske debat som et udtryk for forskellige opfattelser af historien, forskellige historiske forståelser og endda som en kamp om fortolkningsretten til historien. Selv om jeg har læst mange bøger om dansk historie i den relevante periode – 1840’erne til 1860’erne – kan jeg af indlysende årsager ikke gå i polemik med eksperter i dansk historie, hvoraf en hel del var involveret i debatten om 1864, hvad angår spørgsmål af historisk karakter – bortset fra på nogle få mindre punkter. Men jeg kan diskutere den måde, de anvender deres viden om historie til at forstå, hvordan en fiktiv tv­serie fungerer. Tilsvarende vil jeg ikke gå ind i politiske diskussioner, som angår Danmarks indre politiske anliggender, selv om serien blev rasende angrebet af flere prominente danske politikere, da den blev vist. Men jeg kan kommentere på disse politikeres forståelse af en dramatisk repræsentation af Danmark på TV. Med hensyn til de forskellige æstetiske vurderinger af serien, det mest omtalte aspekt af modtagelsen, kan jeg, som jeg ser det, kommentere på hvad som helst. Udover mit analytiske ærinde håber jeg at kunne beskrive produktionen af serien, som historien blev fortalt i pressen, samt selve modtagelsen i detaljer. Der er tale om en rent kvalitativ undersøgelse – jeg vil ikke tælle artikler og holdninger eller transformere mine fortolkninger af dem kvantitativt. Undersøgelsen falder i otte dele. Efter denne introduktion (1), følger en oversigt over de historiske begivenheder, som serien er baseret på (2), dvs. Anden Slesvigske Krig i 1864, og dens baggrund og konsekvenser, for jeg har brug for en sammenhængende beskrivelse at henvise til i forhold til de historiske spørgsmål, 1864 rejser. Dette er på ingen måde den letteste del, da der er divergerende meninger om, hvordan historien udfoldede sig, og hændelsernes række­ og årsagsfølge er ikke umiddelbart forståelig for udenforstående. Derfor har jeg besluttet at basere dette oversigtsafsnit på to historikere, der generelt har fået stor ros for deres arbejde: Rasmus Glenthøj (2014a) og Tom Buk­Swienty (2008, 2010).
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