Who Rules India? a Few Notes on the Hindu Right

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Palabras estrategia. su en que ocupan lugar yel hindú derecha la de planes los en relevancia su explicaré yelección, pensamiento de libertad yla religiosas minorías las contra instigados casos dos en me centraré Finalmente nueve décadas. de a lo largo estructura su de desarrollo del como así hindú, extremismo del histórica semblanza una Haré plazo. largo a otras yaquellas inmediatas poder, consecuencias sus este de alcance el indica artículo mi de parte primera La país. el en político juego del reglas las en cambios de serie una traído con ha Esto gobierno federal. el ostentar de Unión, la de además buen estados de número un controla 2014 en India en poder actualidad al la yen llegó hindú derecha extrema La Resumen Keywords direction. broad their and Right Hindu of the agenda larger the to relevance their explain and try finally will choice.I and thought lective col and of individual freedom against and minorities religious against violent crimes hate of sites twospecific on focus will I part, final the In decades. over nine agenda ideological its and strategies mobilisational its to explore Right Far Hindu of the distinctiveness, tural struc the unpack evolution, and historical the outline Iwill implications. long term and consequences immediate range, their indicate briefly will article of my part first the and andvalues, norms political in and polity Indian in changes ranging wide and to significant led has This Centre. atthe coalition ruling the leading as well as states of regional number 2014, in India it alarge in power atpresent, controls state and, captured extremism Hindu Abstract Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses Estudios de Canaria Revista clave : BJP, Dalits, Extremism, Hindutva, Love Jihad, RSS. Jihad, Love Hindutva, : BJP, Extremism, Dalits, : BJP, Dalits, Extremismo, Hindutva, Jihad matrimonial, RSS. matrimonial, Jihad Hindutva, : BJP, Extremismo, Dalits, NOTES AFEW INDIA? RULES WHO DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2018.76.16DOI: Jahawarlal Nehru University, Nehru Delhi Jahawarlal ON THE HINDU RIGHT HINDU ON THE Tanika Sarkar , 76; April 2018, pp. 223-239; ISSN: e-2530-8335 2018, ISSN: pp. 223-239; , 76; April - - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 223-239 223 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 223-239 224 parties of their own. of their parties clout —level without or political national strong Pakistan: were in non Muslims indeed, —as, minority numerical quently, were to reduced asmall India in Muslims Conse 1947 in to Pakistan. partitioned migrated numbers of Muslims when large Muslims. and Hindus between love against violence sites: violence over critical cow, the on especially, two and focusing, events, current to shift then Iwill it dissemination. wide allows and empowers latter and the ates substanti The formerclearly one-dimensional. and thin is ideology their as deft and innovative as intricate, are two first The apparatus. ideological and structure tional number of Hindus. of number some of as Hindutva’shappens world enter of religious alarge imperatives the view winning an absolute majority of Parliamentary seats. absolute an majority of Parliamentary winning of the Minorities. the of 2.3%. are 14.23% Christians are and Muslims population, Indian openly. subverted and mocked now being is which pledge enshrined a constitutionally bloc. alarge as Modi for voted Hindus 30% power. About unlimited almost Modi Minister Prime giving staggering, 2014been in however has victory of scale The ing. grow steadily are numbers their and well as states regional several over ruled has The BJP 2004. and Indians. authentic only the as of Hindus community the represent to claims which nationalism authoritarian an embodies and faith religious as Hinduism ent from differ It later. is this discuss We will nationhood. of Indian essence cultural the to it referred that proclaimed ideology of redefining secular, multicultural India as India multicultural secular, of ideology redefining proclaimed Muslims), non (especially a towards Hindus and antagonism of activating history long single-minded their and is from other parties— it apart sets which BJP —that Party, (BJP) “Hindutva” representing from 2014, overwhelming Janata it roots, became when Bharatiya the historical deep they have lagged far behind rich segments of upper and dominant caste Hindus. of caste segments upper rich dominant and behind far have lagged they propriates the mantle of representing India, since it claims to represent It Hindus. it since claims of India, propriates representing mantle the erstwhile riots into virtual pogroms by the 1980s. by pogroms the 2007). (Vanayak into riots virtual erstwhile turning as a result, radically changed communities religious between Conflicts Hindu nation. Hindu A few words about the present context, to begin with. Colonial India was was India Colonial words with. about presentA few the to context, begin I will begin with a brief discussion of their discursive strategies, organiza strategies, discursive of their a brief discussion with begin I will 5 4 3 2 1 on Built momentous and India. in now is unfolding strange Something Given the staggering numerical preponderance of Hindus, Hindutva ap preponderance Hindutva of Hindus, numerical Given staggering the

This is abundantly demonstrated by the 2011 Sachar Committee Report on the Status the Status on Report Committee 2011the by Sachar demonstrated abundantly is This total 79.80% of the overwhelming an constitute 2011 Hindus the to Census, According BJP. bythe But it is not always and compromised, been often has secularism practice, In 1998 between Centre the at government coalition BJP-ledanother been earlier has There 1923 claimed in which byV.D coined aterm Savarkar designation, self their is Hindutva 3 In the process, a significant restructuring of the Hindu faith also also theHindufaith of restructuring asignificant process, the In 4 In social, economic, educational and professional terms, too, terms, professional and economic, educational social, In 1 or Hindu extremism, captured state power, state captured or Hindu extremism, I 2 The unique hallmark of the of uniquehallmark The Hindu Rashtra Hindu Rashtra or or - - - - 5 - -

between Pakistan and the graveyard. the and Pakistan between choose must who destroyers, temple of Babur,” inveterate hence “children as propaganda Sangh in characterized were Muslims Indian present-day process, 1992. the in In demolished was mosque 1986historic 1992. The and between (RSS), Sangh Sevak Swayam BJP-Rashtriya bythe assisted ably VHP, bythe undertaken was riots, numerous with accompanied campaign, Abloody place. its in a mosque and building figure, asacred and warrior amythological Ram, of Lord birthplace supposed skillful blending of a few carefully-edited truths, half-truths and blatant misinforma blatant and half-truths truths, carefully-edited blending of afew skillful or unilateral. self, how no matter Hindutva ruthless the by subsequentinflicted upon offences bestowed all are benediction mation and the enemy, to ascribed always thereby,and, is offence legiti everlasting Inaugural mould. that in Self the of Other, the recast then and image aserviceable construct step, therefore,first is The to game. own at his Muslim to imagined worst the as so cruel, lustful— fanatical, of enemy the infinitely be —to image the in themselves told, on are present-day moreover, Hindus vengeance Muslims. to refashion perpetual targets. primary the however, 2) ch Muslims, al. et remain (Basu liberals cosmopolitan and Christians “foreign,” and Muslims, anti-national them with along calls (VHP) Hindu Parishad The Vishva solidarities. international of their nation to because the traitors as repression, of colonial and branded are despite record imperialism rich of anti their half million Hindus and Sikhs had become refugees, the Muslims outnumbering others considerably. others outnumbering Muslims the refugees, become had Sikhs and Hindus million half maintained that Hindus were the sole victims (Sumit Sarkar 1983: (Sumit Sarkar were sole Hindus the victims that maintained always have forces Hindutva sides, both on wereequal precisely casualties Though and suspicion. of fear bitter, alegacy memories,lasting try, leaving hate-filled and homes coun from their and millions displacing and thousands killing Muslims: and nationalism. and majoritarianism nation, and between community religious between excellence force par thenationalist as flaunts itself numerous and continuous terror attacks by “Islamicist “forces. by“Islamicist attacks terror continuous and numerous with Muslims, locked in mortal combat with Hindu deities and heroes. Hindu deities combat and with mortal in locked Muslims, with equated demons “history,” are their In mythological journals. and textbooks new with and universities, and institutions of research takeover products, media —with cow. of sacred the abductors of Hindu women killers and of temples, wreckers as dynasties: imperial Muslim for even medieval and terrorists, for rioters, in Partition contemporary to stand made are Muslims wherein Indian more recently, attacks, terror and, independentKashmir, kingdom of the the erstwhile possession over of conflicts Pakistan, with wars Several atrocities. of memories Muslim histories and manufacture foment and determinedly anger they peace, with to overcome hostility of trying What gives the discourse its persuasiveness is a judicious and extremely a judicious extremely is and its persuasiveness discourse the gives What then demands Hindutva awesome enemy an figure, constructed Having Partition, moreover, was achieved amidst horrific violence between Hindus Hindus violence horrific between Partition, moreover, amidst achieved was The difference between history and myths is being painstakingly erased erased painstakingly being is myths and history between difference The 8 7 6

The medieval emperor Babur was accused —without any foundation— of destroying the destroying of foundation— any —without accused was Babur emperor medieval The In Punjab, in the north, for instance, by March 1948, six million Muslims and four and a and four and Muslims million 1948, six byMarch instance, for north, the in Punjab, In The last large scale attack was in 2008, at Mumbai. Interestingly, Pakistan faces far more far faces Pakistan Interestingly, at Mumbai. 2008, in was attack scale large last The 7 are inserted into a seamless narrative of Islamophobia: narrative into a seamless inserted are , closing down the necessary gap gap necessary the down , closing 434). 8 6 Leftists, Leftists, Instead Instead - - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 223-239 225 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 223-239 226 C. Jaffrelot, ed, 2005; al. et 2005; ed, Basu T. Jaffrelot, C. from multiple vulnerabilities— hardly offer convincing grounds for violent attacks. violent forgrounds convincing offer attacks. hardly from multiple vulnerabilities— —suffering present-daysince Muslims Indian contestedof battlefield meanings, violence here now. and therefore Hindutva’s is weapon, History averitable critical people about convinces for need produced the is which “histories,” a toxic mixture manufactured residue up the with stitching and parts, uncomfortable those excising By well. as Muslims raped and killed Hindus many though even riots, partition during Hindus rape and kill Or, did Muslims many tyrannical. sometimes and emperorsemperors, ancient Hindu including ones, too were some despotic Mughal all andlike lend the mosaic it validate credibility.entire to instance, For suffices say, they what in information that of valid nuggets afew just tion. are there Since the supreme leader of the Sangh in 1940. From the beginning, they adopted 1940. in supreme a“catch they the leader of Sangh the From beginning, the became M.S. Golwalkar when significantly expanded K.B. Hedgewar, by up first leaders. its present top ranking all almost and BJP prime minister apast have been So message. of RSS the teaching to fulltime and to celibacy mitted for aPracharak along he member was, time, —indeed, RSS an been always has 2005). NarendraModi (Jaffrelot Minister frontsPrime different between and within time, from time to differences despite complexthe some organism, factional multiple and front-membershipsimultaneous coherence integration on bestows and combine (Vanayal 1990). (Vanayal combine multifaceted of policies mammoth, the fronts. It general the oversees to several belong simultaneously members can and training, provide ideological combat and 2005). (Jaffrelot fronts founded RSS. have by been the mass important All unknown. yet as numbers being and scope legion, full their truly are which and sub-affiliates affiliates own fronts have their Mass resident immense. is Hindus 2012). Sarkar among(Tanika households within reach non- global influence Their who have enormous domestic priests train and ascetics, and heads religious leading of conclaves conduct annual India—, North in temple chain largest temples —the complex of Mandir Dharm control the They Sanatan direction. a long that way in gone have,indeed, They rubric. Hindutva under the temples priests and lishments, estab Hindu sects, global and major Indian all (formed 1964) in to unify aspires 1925). founded in (RSS, Sangh front the The religious Hinduor Vishwa Parishad Sevak Swayam body, apex by the complex, Rashtriya calibrated the institutional The in BJP Founded 1980 The Sangh has been working for ninety-two years, since since set years, 1925. forninety-two been working has Shakhas, TheSangh 10 9 The RSS trains leaders for all these fronts these at shakhas all for leaders trains RSS The

Its predecessor, the Bharatiya Jana Sangh was formed in 1951. in formed was Sangh Jana Bharatiya the predecessor, Its On the structure of this most complex combine, see the excellent collection of essays in in of essays collection excellent the see combine, complex most of this structure the On 10 The structure has overlapping parts and the system of system the and overlappinghas parts Thestructure , 1993. , 9 is the electoral wing of a much larger and older and of amuch larger wing electoral the is II or daily meetings which which meetings or daily , com , - - tions with admirable clarity: admirable with tions external threat to actualize unity. Hatred is foundational to the nation. to the unity. foundational is Hatred to actualize threat external to Hindu society, an internal power needs lines to mask wants A Hindu nation that 2007: 91-92). unites” (Jaffrelot as well as ofpressure a common separates Hatred foe. weld people the into into non-self. can nations as anation and astate with Nothing a conflict much so of conscious as itself Self makes “Nothing he invoked Muslim. the on common blood. based ties, family primeval share notwithstanding— inequalities —gross he said Hindus, All of blood castes. among mixing and have long by miscegenation superseded been divisions that He Hindus. claimed among divisions refer to caste and them with to reckon had power. Savarkar to brahmanical challenges protests and “lower” caste by were rocked India when western southern at and atime written was iconic text territories. This rightful their to retain of Hindu and struggles invasions Muslim solely of consists history Indian that said Is AHindu Who ?HeHindutva: also of 1923 tract seminal his in clearly it very down laid of Sangh, the guru ideological nation to (T. the al et hence, dangerous, and, Basu alien, rendered are centuries— for many of country the part —a Christians and Muslims territories. one At stroke, Indian within of contained worship alone places are their it. change ever can nothing and characteristic, Muslim apparently, history.throughout ingrained Antagonism, an is Hindus to destroy trying exploiting conquering, and presented who as are Muslims against hatred Second, heroes. of virtuous acommunity as Hindus and knowledge, and of world source of religion civilization all, greatest the pride: as Hinduism peer group to play with. Parents were attracted by the shakha by the grouppeer Parents to play were with. attracted a combat training, cum physical and by acombination games of opentracted air were at or “purest” the caste— initially, only brahmans and, urban class, middle upper Very caste, —mostly to them perspective. young” who boys them young came officials. From his exile at the Andaman Cellular Jail, however, Cellular he piteously appealed Andaman the at exile his From officials. on British violent in attacks participated had Savarkar life, hierarchy. early his In statement.used In 1938,In second spelt supremo out implica of the Sangh, Golwalkar, the metaphorBut the not even of Hindu to unity. blood procure enough was So of because Hindus land the is India that taught are they else, all Above Hindu First, basis. on lessons adaily three Once into fold, the learn boys But a new danger threatened to undermine the pursuit of unity- with- of pursuit unity- the to undermine threatened But danger anew reprinted much profusely and this retracted ever constituent has No Sangh 3) ch (Golwalkar citizen’snot even rights. no privileges... deserving nothing, claiming nation, Hindu to the subordinated wholly country the in (non-Hindus) ‘they stay was may India for lesson The Nazi profit and by...’ to learn Hindustan in for us lesson them... a good study and see for ourselves we can when present, actual the too, in that, and Germany modern in vindicated boldly been have Nation idea of the constituents the here... all manifested been has highest pride at its Race races... semitic of the country the by her purging world the shocked Germany culture, its and To nation of the purity up the keep . ch. 1).. ch. V.D. Savarkar, discipline. - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 223-239 227 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 223-239 228 in homes, alerting women to the dangerous enemy and preparing them to assist to assist them enemy preparing women and dangerous to the homes,in alerting campaigns whisper run post-bellum in US, they Klan women Klux ofLike Ku the structure. Sangh the within location their precise to identify difficult somewhat (T. confident motivated and politically Sarkar 1995: trained, and 181-215). is It battered womenbattered ground. on that help for or legal avoid they counselling and responsibility their is domestic peace womenthat advise to They not love byto is and parents. divorce, sanctioned that 1999; Tyagi 2017). hostile is which domesticity a conservative home, At practice they 1995; 1996; Butalia and (T. T. Bachhetta messages Sarkar and values Sarkar Sangh oriented have to firmly be to pre-school their infants all, Above at workplaces. and of family, circles neighbours kin-group, informal in news current “interpret” and world. 1999, In RSS the to discuss is a member preeminent told their task me that role, asubordinate and at home in and of domesticity, guardians to male obedience broaderidentity, the values never however challenged empowering to themselves, homes. But their new in the respect and some them gave self-esteem that mission shakha, the in found arelease they backgrounds, social patriarchal orthodox and from extremely Coming families. from RSS largely drawn women, —minded to like formed to provide training was Samiti) identical trasevika sub branches (Jaffrelot 2005: 3-5). 2005: (Jaffrelot branches sub million volunteers. were there 33,758 Bymillion 2004, By 1989, mark. 1million the crossed were there 25,000 shakhas amsevaks Hindu anger. volunteers or1948, swayamsevaks to 600,000 grew they 1939, In support base. sured 500 members and RSS were there 40,000 most as their now even remain which classes, middle urban caste, dominant and to upper restricted for spread, largely quite But was some social terms. the time, geographical in as as well impressive,in quantitative was effectively.pen Growth hap “nation can making” that after Only agenda. expansion amolecular advance, shakhas in shaping repression. repression. moments of at British, peak even colonial under the under a ban of never coming the alone dubiousdistinction has RSS The RSS. the repressionexercised against never groups, they political among training of armed wary extremely Otherwise appreciated this. rulers British attacks. angry butt of the very who are missionaries enabler of an Christian as Empire —except for Mughal the reserved is that fervor 2007: word he kept and his (Jaffrelot released 91-92). He was to India. from Ireland stretches Empire” which of“Aryan British the the devoutly serve and he could, as best as he would oppose Hindu-Muslim unity released, if promised that, He Empire the was. how see he necessary could Khilafatists, Muslim colonial anti with hand in British, hand the movement amass against begun had Gandhi that error. his Now he since realized asecond chance to authorities British to him give At the same time, they do create a new woman at shakhas woman do anew create they time, same the At The RSS is an all-male organization, butin organization, all-male 1936an a women’sis RSS The (Rash branch Members were meant to undergo a full scale physical and ideological re ideological and physical scale Members were afull to undergo meant the like anything with Sangh by the criticized rarely is imperialism British Shakhas . This was RSS “man making” —a step —a step,by person personby making” RSS “man was . This jumped from 10,000 1977 in to1979, 13,000 in sway and shakhas a public role, and a political a public role, apolitical and and 48,329 and as partition had inflamed inflamed had partition as : physically strong strong physically : upshakhas shakhas and 1.5 and . In . In or or - - - - - Tanika Sarkar, Thomas Blom Hansen, and Kiran Saxena in Jaffrelot 2005. in Jaffrelot Saxena Kiran and Hansen, Blom Thomas Sarkar, Tanika interest of their duties towards the nation and the community. the nation and the dutiesinterest towards of their the in should promoted, be eschewed be must concept the of rights and subaltern conflicts, harmony, or caste social not and class order maintained, that be must shakhas unions, trade Schools, of withheld. other is schools apparatus educational full the and myths, and gods the worship Hinduof teach they mostly numbers. Significantly, large very in them up among set have been one with teacher— weekly meet which Vidyalays —Ekal schools tribals forRSS To them. education among influence, counter Christian have done which schools mission much to spread mobility, from Christian apart upward to any means the lacking and grabs, corporate land through pauperized and evicted often marginalized, people or indigenous —extremely attention to tribals pay special they of Ashrams, Vanvasi With Vikas achain activities. afew just name —to of country), non-governmental the Army, lawyers in schools and chain media largest the education (they slums, run urban tribals, and peasants teachers, and students unions, trade activities, cultural and leisure establishments, religious among world cells fronts and into of everyday founding Hindus: the lives, cultural and brutalized. already thus, women her are, like Hindutva that breeds milieu a within expectations and values not ason. Thesocial and she a daughter is though even her at birth he not did kill because adores him “only he her since duty.” was father doing with his Shelie. not is angry Rather, she aminor hot red for her only seven telling when with iron— her she was —branded tortured how physically he had proudly father recalls Her VHP Muslims. against huge anger them, has who trains Prachi, avoid schoolmates. they pulously Muslim how scru saying and Muslims: against them use can when they asking and guns documentary combative. Nisha Pahuja and more militaristic markedly is VHP,the training the (Blee 1991). men reprisals. in their women’s among other On hand, the of branches largest democracy. Democracy,largest rights, however, citizenship on conditional equal is world’s the as known hitherto a country across values, cultural and polity, ethical in arrogance. cultural and only hatred to propagate areas: remote in difficult often and rewards, with meager tirelessly,works commitment, mostly selflessly, with total that over base enormous penetrated have along been by cadre of an period time, times, and society, theirand spaces pores civil of capillaries to. close even The very The Sangh combine has sent down roots into all spheres of social, political political spheressentcombine all into social, of roots has down TheSangh 11 economy in and changes sweeping and dramatic unleashed Modi’s victory come has what therefore,no party other combineachieved has, TheSangh

For the various branches of the Sangh combine, see articles by Jaffrelot, Manjari Katju, Katju, Manjari byJaffrelot, articles see combine, Sangh of the branches various For the The World Before (2013) upHer Before The picking World girls VHP young shows very and other institutions preach a single social message: message: social asingle preach other institutions and III 11 -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 223-239 229 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 223-239 230 three examples, relatively “mild” as they are, show that the split is an imagined one. imagined split the an show is that are, they as “mild” relatively examples, three Our order of poor in the capital. to livelihood help and multinational for land the safeguards environmental and social existing undermined substantially has Modi as view happy toto endorse investors Hindutva-modern. corporate are Global this apparently, has, given way Hindutva-archaic credit-worthiness. global a growing investment, and of embrace development, global economic and reforms eager an led to many rapes and mutilations. and rapes many to led and days few ina Muslims 2000 about off finished that 2002 in Gujarat Modi-ruled in aggression genocidal and groups, tribal local of converting suspected he was as Orissa, in sons small his and Staines worker, Graham social 1998 in Australian of an alive burning the being ones tragic most the Christians: and Muslims Indian against violence majoritarian of 1992. a heightening saw The 1990s in accomplished bloodily was mission The country. the over all pogroms Muslim anti huge amid undertaken was figure, sacred Hindu and hero epic an Ram, to atemple build and of Ayodhya town as well as of medical science becomes possible in the name of Karma possible name science the becomes in of medical as well as of pain to dismissal bow made before acruel Hindu legend, are and facts historical supreme of woman, agood as markers valorized emphatically are inviolate chastity alone. to Self-immolation belongs Hindus India and that insists Hindutva whereas ideology and their own rationalism and atheism would to profoundly be atheism repugnant and rationalism own their and ideology Hindutva of critical highly were all responsibility,that but it significant disclaims is 2015, September, in August, in 2017. Lankesh, Kalburgi, Gauri M.M. and The BJP 2013, February, 2015, in August, in Pansare, Govind Dabholkar, killed Narendra superstition, of 2013, since history: or popular distortions assassinated for attacking old, have been very and young awoman, men and atheists, and rationalists ists, journal critical 2009). Chatterjee Four 2008; of distinguished state siege (Mathur a in Orissa in for years camps who were makeshift forced to in live of Christians and on custodial killings see Harsh Mander 2007. Mander Harsh see killings on custodial and had embodied violent embodied had past, intolerance the in substantiated (Khan and Haksar, 2016). Haksar, and (Khan substantiated not be could they when later decades released to be —only conspiracy of terrorist charges on unfounded Muslims of innocent imprisonments frequent the discuss 13 12 of thousands of eviction nuns, rapes into Igo burnings, church Nor will forces. armed and paramilitary by police, “encounterthe killings” or altogether, East North the in and Kashmir in for decades obtained have which of emergency” “states out leave the Iwill intimidation. sinister and violence cious of fero consists usually fare news daily our because innocuous events these I call These facts give the lie to a persistent global myth: that even if Hindutva Hindutva if even that thelie global myth: givepersistentto a facts These

On the recent extra judicial killings of Muslim youths in “encounters” with the police police the with “encounters” in youths of Muslim killings judicial extra recent the On From 1986, a nationwide campaign to demolish a 16 demolish to campaign From 1986, a nationwide IV 12 now, under Modi, it represents th century mosque in the northern northern the in mosque century 13 . I will also not also Iwill - - made offensive statements about his family and his real intentions. real his and family offensivestatements aboutmade his suicide on despair, he In 17 committed liberties. January, 2016.civil Thegovernment of defence in protests in Vemula, stoppedRohith fellowship for engaging his had student, Dalit promising University extremely of poor and Hyderabad, ayoung, for civil liberties, are branded as “anti national,” and charged with sedition. with “anti national,” as branded charged are and liberties, for civil Hindutva ideas. Hindutva affiliates. Marauding mobs call themselves cow protectorsthemselves rakshaks. orGau call mobs Marauding affiliates. of VHP, the youth wing VHP, the is the which or other Dal Bajrang the Sangh: have gone up September. since Numbers West BJP— by in the and —now ruled Bengal. Assam in well: as parts into now eastern are spreading But these Jharkhand. and Pradesh, Uttar of Haryana, the in BJP-ruled mostly states eating: beef or killing cowthe of on pretext floggings, many and rapes two murders four and to thirty leading Muslims, against all almost or Love Romeo Jihads. called so and vigilantism cow of activism: recent Hindutva sites particular on two focusing instead, happenings everyday and banal, ordinary, The Indian Express Indian The See cameras. TV before of andParliament a Member BJP lawyers by flogged was One student bail. noware out on they and inadequate evidence the found Court High Delhi The slogans. national anti- shouting were they prove to that videos doctored of 2016 help clearly the on 9February, with cattle for hide. All have become pretexts for lynching. Panic is now so great that now that is Panic great so for lynching. have become pretexts for All hide. cattle skinning of sick cattle, or dead disposal trade, depend on cattle livelihood subaltern of for Layers hide. cows dead skinning in engaged poor leatherworkers, are Dalits espouses. formally India which secularism full qualified have always are not prohibited— offensive products, to Muslims, piggery —as sided restrictions The one eating. beef against restrictions under religious are nor Christians Muslims and neither ritual annual sacred is a sacrifice cow on otherFor hand, the Muslims, respectability. social to gain over them years have the imitated of castes” “lower segments Large a mother holy:figure. as as cow the who regard Hindus upper caste produce reprisals. noticeable evidence state approval. Nor state and visual did were, of public they as sure not did killers, But deter the that media. social the in widely andcirculated live one filmed been have sometimes this as such Lynchings (“Citizens” station police way to 2017). the the public all in beaten and naked half July in 2016 iron rods up cow. with adead then paraded were They for skinning were youths beaten Dalit seven terms, successive BJP by the for three Gujarat, ruled state of theAt western in Una and publiclyhumiliated. “oppressed”) are flogged means which name by this themselves (they peopletouchable call or Dalits caste About 94% of the killings are attributed to groups directly affiliated to the to affiliated to attributed groups directly are About 94% of killings the 2015Between September and 2017, 24 have there recorded been attacks, hate 15 14 16 Many Muslims are farmers, cattle traders or breeders, while segments of segments or breeders, while traders cattle farmers, are Muslims Many it offensive is to because states Indian prohibited is several eating in Beef

This happened to students of Jawaharlal Nehru University, a premier Central university university Central a premier University, Nehru of Jawaharlal students to happened This On Gauri Lankesh’s writings on Hindutva, see Khalid 2017. Khalid see on Hindutva, writings Lankesh’s Gauri On “Rohith ” 2017. ” “Rohith , 10 February to 30 March issues, 2016. Also Lawrence Liang 2016. Liang Lawrence 2016. Also issues, March 30 to , 10 February 14 Young people who campaign for social and environmental justice, justice, environmental and Young for social people who campaign 16 I will discuss discuss Iwill 15 At the the At Un -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 223-239 231 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 223-239 232 or international importance whatever. importance or international no national it has saying plea, the dismissed Court High Haryana Punjab and the murder, the investigate of Bureau Investigation Central the that demanded family thebereavedWhen flogged. brutally also was relative His aMuslim. he was because simply on Hindus professional a train, by middle-class, to death knifed then and a15anybody. old year, boy, Khan, Junaid Muslim June In year this abused was without possible any offence business, to own about going their Muslims, are they because just killed, are beef— consuming of carrying/trafficking/ accused even or mobs. gangs criminal work the of unaccountable as anonymous, this dismisses or India— from in protests reportage media from global under pressure —when holy the party cow. saving are ruling The they Hindus, of many eyes the in and eyes, own their in mission: under areligious cloaked is bloodlust time, same the At pastime. intoxicating an becomes of helpless victims lynching unchecked and hatred between religious communities. religious between hatred tablished. es be can facts before lynched the then and eating of beef accused product often is of meat kind any of slaughter. found cow with intending AMuslim accused be they - lest purposes forcommercial cattle theeatcrop, up they when transport fields or from their out or of to cattle drive sickdead cows, stray to dispose fear Muslims Hazloom Ansari and others in May 2016. in others about and feet submitits drags Thepolice Ansari Hazloom of openly, silenced and lynching the happened threatened in as are survivors and June in 2015. Khan murder the Witnesses of Akhlaq happened after as terms: easy on on bail release assailants allowing there, drafted wrongly or are stations at police not sometimes accepted are families or their by survivors Reports Information First consensus. operate wide mobs on clearly avery May 2017, July in 2017 street on abusy (“Citizens”). Ansari Lynch Alimuddin and in on ahighway killed was help. No to his one Pehlua crowded came train. Khan on killed was Khan Junaid media. by the to everybody known made are and roads, opaque. of changes nature the to keep wants and transformation systemic seismic introduces when regime anew “shock —used doctrine” (2008) calls Naomi Klein what is daily. This forming keeps “new another yet normal” as normalized gets ones greater today, infringement by far past norms yesterday, the and surpassed is intolerable an seemed violation of What democratic-human picture. of total the understanding, open up considered endlessly, or afull any response even blocking a“newup of enormously, violence normal.” called be may areas what New creating against beef consumption. See Radha and Amar Sarkar 2016. Sarkar Amar and Radha See consumption. beef against The tolerance threshold for communalized for threshold tolerance The —not whenMuslims cow of collapses leaf protectionfig The sometimes There is terrifying police silence, even active complicity, evenactive police silence, in BJP-ruledstates. Thereis terrifying and crowdedon daylight, in happenhighways broad these Significantly, 18 17

17 New laws, however, are changing the situation. A wave of new rules appeared in 2015, in appeared rules of new Awave situation. the changing however, are laws, New From colonial times, the term “communalism” in India has indicated ethnic strife and and strife ethnic indicated has India in “communalism” term the times, From colonial So-called cow protectors make a good picking out of raids and extortion, extortion, out and of picking a good raids protectors cow make So-called 18 criminality has obviously gone has criminality - - propaganda machinery, that Muslims are politically motivated to Hindu abduct politically are Muslims machinery, that propaganda conviction, —in-law from outside. RSS A daughter rationale? the The produced by aMuslim Hindu in fold, bring the and within Hindu daughter the keep is, that the in bride”:and bring daughter thethis “save Hinduto community.call the They girls Muslim annex and attract can they of seduction that so art the in youths Dal soon. be heeded will and call no doubttheir immense is Their authority away with. done be vigilantism cow against regulations all that demanded leaders religious ics, authoritarianism, however much violence that involves. that violence much however authoritarianism, of Hindu public the majoritarian sections have accepted large as well as institutions democracy, where state we have now a stage on reached asecular based framework constitutional of established the Withoutdemonstrative. explicit overturning an open and than rather insidious, were and covert But acts the then privileged. the and violatedearlier, been have, course, thetoo,powerful norms. These of by 1). ch. Sarkar and (Basu killing cow and on beef ban 1966, in atotal to demand rioting streets out on came Delhi 1990). of VHP, the of birth ascetics aband the after Shortly (Pandey of India northern parts over several in slaughter cow clashed had Muslims Cow-communalism has, moreover, has, late old 19Cow-communalism the In roots. to stop it. join lynch-mobnot the themselves but neither do anything would they may They Hindus.many strong among it asufficiently blocks horrorabout lynching for Hindu survival. astruggle as translated gets of Muslims logic mob lynching Hindutva So, in to that. death Hindu choosing good the and Hindu beef tothe eat forcing rulers Muslim of legends past and conviction much by rumours fattened Hindu to holy ergo destroy of beings: Muslims mission it religious the is propaganda, Hindutva In of Hindus. Other the them makes -immediately involves killing cow –which beef consume Muslims that fact the that, supremely where is cow the Given by values a horizon sacred. of religious legitimized of suspicionnotfinger victim, the perpetrators. at at pointthe They beef. ate or carried Muslims slain the if assessing in engrossed gets 2016 March in July 2017 and Ansari or Alimuddin (“Citizens”).soon The media Ansari of Mazloom family the happened with as relief, at all: if gratia ex nominal of murder, a receive cases In they dream. unrealistic and compensation adistant is or alive, dead .For victims, far so appeared only one has verdict years, two in and indefinitely,on drags it trial, thereeveris a If 2016.cases. the undermines The delay 2016 August in others and March in Abbas Ibrahim and of Mustam cases the in happened as frame, time stipulated the within to magistrates sheets charge ting They demanded something else as well. They asked the VHP to train Bajrang Bajrang train VHP to the asked They as well. else something demanded They At a recent VHP-organized apex meeting of Hindu sectarian heads and ascet and heads of Hindu sectarian meeting apex arecentAt VHP-organized and values involve political of democratic avisible defiance Hate attacks Since the destruction of Muslim lives happens in the name of holy the name cow, the in happens lives of Muslim destruction the Since violence First, partly is summary. bald out from this stand things A few IV , Islam has to destroy Hinduism - a Hinduism to destroy has , Islam th century, Hindus and and century, Hindus -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 223-239 233 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 223-239 234 by the police, harass and humiliate courting couples in public, especially in small small in couples public, in especially courting humiliate and harass police, by the of women, mostly composed Romeo aided Squads, and Anti community. Self-styled may loveterror inter-evennot be which on nonmarital inflicting Brigades: Love anti- themselves calling and on motorcycles, travelling outfits, Hindu extremist couples by courting on attacks roadside organized highly cloud.are a dense There girl’s by the family. of honourwere murdered arecent Bihar, killing case in in 2017). youth, (Krishnan husband couple, aMuslim and Ateen-aged aHindu girl her, her her not to does intimidated with live allow it still ents who systematically of removed been her custody par from the she possible has If terms. strongest the in her will expressed adult who has she an is though even number of restrictions, put her has under a of her conversionpondering marriage, on validity and the still is Supreme which the far Court, So brainwashing. by Muslim achieved often are acts such that instead, alleges, were decision.court her The free own marriage conversion that and asserted repeatedly and consistently she has it, though even when her opposed parents arbitrarily marriage the annulled Court High Kerala The man. aMuslim married then and )converted to Islam Hadiya now renamed loveintercommunity 2013; have proliferated (Dixit rapidly 2014). Dixit 2014, Since police. and on to by lie made family she was attacks that ment, saying her state retracts always almost woman the Surprisingly, court, in on media. the viral go then lust of Muslim tales convert. Grisly and to elope, marry coerced was she forceto her her who, apublic to turn, that parents issue in statement, saying back the forcewoman theman, arrest force. police They accommodating a highly 1995). (Agarwal undeterred. rapes in to indulge Muslims encouraged this because said, Savarkar mistake, —a avoided strategy by nature, that chivalrous being Hindu kings, quered raped. and to enjoy past the in Hindu con queens whom India invaded they Muslims that history, arguing wrote tomes 1920s. on the medieval violence at least since Savarkar pride honour 2014; and (Dixit 2015). Bhatnagar bent all, lovercaste” Theabove is, on “pure “purest”Muslim blackening the caste. (about 1,245) Euro Rs.1 lakh from girl, doubles amount the for while abrahman For Payment, get to a Rajput hergirls. they girl, caste. apparaently, according varies Hindu elope with they if handsomely paid are boys Muslim that alleges Samiti, of leader Rashtrasevika love. Shanthakaka, community opposing cross campaigns Pradesh) for Minister, Uttar Chief made amonk, recently by Mohunt Adityanath kind. in to obliged retaliate therefore, are Hindus, to do. by other It means. aim war is Pakistan and conquest terrorists what sexual through to achieve amere for is mask aHindu woman man of Love aMuslim land. into aMuslim India turn numbers and in Hindus overtake Muslims tion, that so progeny, wombs Muslim their with popula to contaminate Muslim to add the and women honour, by love and pretending precious purity for their to destroy them: Indeed romance itself, when unsanctioned by family, is altogether under by altogether family, is itself, when romance unsanctioned Indeed born aHindu old (Akhila, who girl, was year atwenty-four arecent case, In and Usually, acouple such approach VHP her then the and parents elopes abduction communal of of Hindu Muslim womenRumours fuelled had (the or “Romeo coined “Love Jihad” Jihad” latter anti Hence name the - - - - Jawaharlal Nehru University, for sharing her interview experience with me. with experience interview her sharing for University, Nehru Jawaharlal who interviewed her 2016. in who interviewed scholar notion the to unpacked from Bhopal aresearch woman spiracy’. AVHP there is more is there to it. prelude the conundrum, to force. But logical love this in for be, must aHindu girl then old new— and content narratives, Hindutva in visceral force and great with to be, alleged are they indeed —as rapists as coded genetically men are Muslim all If Muslim. the gender, against her intense so is wrath changing easily identity and adoubled sexual occupying rapist: the and raped the sentence she same became the 2005).them’ us, now rape we raped In always must have[Muslims](Sarkar ‘They told leader me 1999: Samiti ARashtrasevika costs. saved at be all must purity female them. to dissuade try they are, they if and, to block marriages such try they agreeable, approve and not know are of they whether it. they parents If the ask they marriage, announcement intercommunity an an of find they have If to put be advance. up in that notices marriage scan to offices 1990in men registry routinely their scour that told leader us VHP ADelhi them, unnatural. therefore, is manity. between Love husband is clearly a more serious offence than the wife’sthe rape. than amore clearly offence serious is husband of “others” the if violence. expendable conjugal Harassment are sanction wishes 2017). (Nair husbands” love wife’s whereas not, the is and legitimized Force thus is the tool for harassing easy an from being apart of institution marriage the disturb to so ... others not may appear to awife rape would marital “maywhat as appear that Code. The under argued government Section 375offences theIndian Penal of not are below criminal is 15 woman rapes the Unless these of age, victims. rape years by Court High were Delhi submitted which to the rape of marital criminalization relationships. of non-heterosexual legalization the opposes which party political only Indian the uncommon. The is extremely is SuchBJP asupportive father her lodged. father that later, days were police days forced to the enter three acomplaint and, media social on splashed the was this Filmed, public in woman man. for out going aMuslim with Varshney, ABJP Membertowns. woman of Sangeeta Parliament, aDalit slapped forced to bear Muslim children, to provide slave labour to the entire family as well well as to provide entire family to children, the slave labour Muslim forced to bear she is convert. Either way, and marriage after forced to marry and abducted is girl the wherein difference, a with narrative parallel a also Thereis converted to Islam. then are them. They pretendThey and elopewith to loveHindugirls innocent seduction. in youths Muslim to train to India emissaries terrorist sends which Khaki Shorts Khaki as published later was what for material collecting were P.K. Datta, 19 He Hindu went from lust which of Muslim account into along grisly and Mohunt Adityanath said that such love is actually an ‘international con ‘international an love such actually that is said Mohunt Adityanath Hindutva claims that Hindus and Muslims do not share acommon do not hu share Muslims and Hindus that claims Hindutva for asking aBJPpetitions Government otherOn hand, the opposed affidavit 20 19

Between 1990 and 1993, I, along with Sumit Sarkar, Sambudha Sen, Tapan Basu and and Tapan Basu Sen, Sambudha Sarkar, Sumit 1990 1993, with and along I, Between I am grateful to Anshu Saluja, a PhD student at the Centre for Historical Studies, Studies, Historical for Centre the at student aPhD Saluja, Anshu to grateful I am 20 The conspiracy, she said, originates in Pakistan, in conspiracy,Pakistan, The originates she said, . - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 223-239 235 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 223-239 236 the consciousness of Hindu women. At the same time, as Imentioned as of before, time, Hindu consciousness a women.the same the At into deep sinks belief this of media, the sections large and machinery propaganda oppression, and VHP by propagated the of lies cruelty lust, atissue oftive Muslim narra visceral With and adense surveillance. her but choices perpetual own needs andloveseduction. therefore, She,is capablebetween not making differentiate of tomunity. unable foolish, rather and innocent It as Hindu represents woman the lith of absolutelith power. amono to construct regulations state and community with It family melds values. on entrenched builds from public social and thus Jihad Love opinion general. in politicians, some from even Congress RSS, Hindu Mahasabha, from the backlash producing reform of amost intense Hindu his Personal Laws, in restrictions all eradicated India, of Minister Law first the and leader Dalit great Ambedkar, B.R. Independence. only after community and caste across fold, to marry were allowed religious their from within 1872, allowed staying was Hindus, faith— their juring only by publicly communities ab and caste across couples—wherein marry could marriages form limited civil of a very Though struggle. along protracted and after do. inter-community marriages which campaigns generate political therefore, cannot marriages, unity. indivisible caste Cross organic an share Hindus rhetoric, Hindutva all in since, naming by anegative nor stigmatized ostracized do. not But, interestingly, are publicly they Hindu-Muslim marriages as penalties harsh as fetch castes non-dalit and dalit between marriages practice, In are. marriages interas community morality offence social to much an as are inter-caste marriages and normatively is endogamous, Hindu marriage texts. sacred in roots tenacious new, by words violence.a sin, are the punishable however, If idea, the old and has and crime a becomes That decisions. loversparental defied cases, both in that seems inter-community love? It love. to castigate doomed, Why, name tragic his then, use for neologism Romeo whole since is, the world,of iconic astranger is the figure have. can a that woman the bit to children least number of of the difference makes so, only at neither one atime: monogamy child nor bear polygamy will each man, bymen women different four four impregnated whether or noby are matter one that thefact overlooks arithmetic The numbers. fewer Independence, produce far after condemned reforms to Personal Hindus, monogamy byLaw their whereas, a time, at children twenty at least breeds then man polygamy. Muslim practice Each also Hindus show that Censuses though —even Personal laws under Muslim allowed is polygamy as wives, four marries apparently man Muslim Each believed. widely is which arithmetic moreover, Hindutva are, stokedeties by a strange constantly anxi Demographic cases. such in reversed get demographic calculations since man historical times. older since personality elements male of Muslim the typical projected are as Both love either or force. in fake in beginning, we have So adual countries. to Muslim of trafficked She her supposedly relatives then husband. is to male services sexual as The discourse on Love Jihad has larger political functions within the comthe within functions political larger Lovehas on discourse Jihad The only India in were legalized marriages inter-community civil Inter-caste and of love. Romeo Jihad meaning the subverts aneologism is which Jihad Love Hindu a Significantly, prohibitionsaremarries girl lowered when a Muslim - - - - - realized it nearly a century back. it acentury nearly realized had community. Savarkar seamless organic, of an semblance the preserve and intact power lines the internal keep to alien enemyessential is an of figure the ginalization, power mar and For on acommunity, basis. anew Hindus, riven by asymmetries, for gender class and of caste, values But it to renovate is hierarchical reinforce and crucial. extremely too is that alone, though citizens or Christian Muslim of Indian authoritarianism. political —or injustice and hierarchies or social majoritarianism, from religious emanating whether commands, obedient to all unquestioning, docile, Rashtra: amode of of are production Hindu reproduction citizens and of ideal campaigns Jihad Love women. therefore, anti its as sense, broadest In well men as general, in over autonomy and the over of people young marriages controls constraints and family in step preserving first Forbidding important love intercommunity avery is way. any in or state family the defy womenall whomay against used be can ploythat dangerous is a This will. her true of now remains nothing that her thoroughly so have “brainwashed” organizations Muslim on that ground the altogether of will herAgency, free possibility the denied Investigation National by the advised as Court, High Kerala therefore, the case, Hadiya the In measures. stronger requires have mentioned this abduction earlier: they after even love their court in assert number of women large still surprisingly The deeper agenda of Hindutva is not, perhaps, simply the disinheritance is disinheritance not, theperhaps, simply Hindutva agenda of The deeper it not is And discipline. women rendered alone who of are subjects family Revised paper accepted for publication: 2 February 2018 2February publication: for accepted paper Revised Reviews sent to author: 1 October 2017 1October author: to sent Reviews -

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