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One Nation but Two Cities Christianity and the Conservative Party

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One Nation but Two Cities Christianity and the Conservative Party One Nation but Two Cities Christianity and the Conservative Party Joshua Hordern About the author Copyright © 2010 by The British and Foreign Dr Joshua Hordern is a Research Fellow Bible Society and Joshua Hordern at Wolfson College, Cambridge and is The moral rights of the author have been Associate Director of the Kirby Laing asserted. Institute for Christian Ethics. Josh lectures All rights reserved. No part of this publication and writes on medical, sexual and political may be reproduced, stored or transmitted ethics. He is married to Claire. in any form or by any means, electronic or Acknowledgements mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, The author thanks Julia Capps, Brian without permission in writing from the copyright Griffiths and Christopher Orton for reading owner. This book is sold subject to the condition earlier versions of this text and offering that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, valuable comments. Any errors and failings be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated remain the author’s own. without the copyright holder’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which this is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent publisher. Unless otherwise indicated Scripture quotations are taken from The Holy Bible, English Standard Version® (ESV®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-0-564-04736-9 This edition published in 2010 by The British and Foreign Bible Society Typeset by Bible Society Resources Ltd Design by CatchyMonkey Design Printed in the UK Bible Society Stonehill Green, Westlea, Swindon SN5 7DG Charity Registration No. 232759 Visit biblesociety.org.uk contents Series foreword 1 Introduction 4 Conservatism and political theology 5 Questions of conservation and acts of judgement 7 Notes 10 PArt I: BrItish PolItIcAl conservAtism 11 An illustrative history from John Wycliffe to David Willetts 13 Time and terminology 13 Political ‘conservatism’ before the Conservative Party 14 The Conservative Party 18 Notes 32 PArt II: three ArterIeS of the conservAtIve heArt 37 trust 39 The meaning of ‘trust’ 39 Trust, politics and Christian faith 45 Notes 52 Society, state and religion 54 Society and the state 54 The British constitution 65 Christian liberty and social trust 69 Notes 72 Business, society and trust 74 Business and civil society 74 Notes 81 conclusion 82 Notes 85 Bibliography 86 Series foreword The Bible speaks to politics because God is Presently, the public role of religion in the interested in government – the right public UK is both expanding and deepening. At ordering of our relational priorities. But the same time, it is attracting fierce criticism what about party politics? Political parties from increasingly assertive secularists. This are often tribal. Commanding our loyalty, makes the need for fresh insight on how they can often be places that both express Christianity relates to British parties an and suppress religious identity. Whether urgent priority. we like it or not, political parties dominate politics in the UK and are set to do so The first phase of the project concentrates for the foreseeable future. As collegiate on the three largest parties – Conservative, enterprises, they have traditionally provided Labour, and Liberal Democrat – but our a political focus for joining broad sets of hope is that a later phase will engage other ideas around a unifying theme or common parties as well, and from all four nations vision for society. In recent years, as the of the UK. This phase has developed with inspiration of great political ideals has the invaluable help of the three Christian waned, they have become more complex party political groups within the parties and even contradictory vehicles for concerned – the Conservative Christian representation. This offers new challenges Fellowship (CCF), the Christian Socialist and opportunities for Christian engagement Movement (CSM) and the Liberal Democrat in politics. Christian Forum (LDCF). Special thanks are due to Elizabeth Berridge (CCF), This is one of three publications – extended Andy Flannagan (CSM), and Zoe Dixon essays – representing the first phase of the (LCDF). We are immensely grateful for their Partisan project – a developing resource enthusiasm for the project, for their advice on Christianity and British political parties as it took shape, and for their assistance initiated and funded by the Bible Society, in disseminating these first fruits. We and produced and delivered in partnership should make it clear, however, that while with the Kirby Laing Institute for Christian these three organisations generously Ethics (KLICE). The aim of the project is to offered their moral and practical support stimulate new and robust Christian political for the preparation of these essays, the reflection within British political parties. It opinions expressed in them are the authors’ has been launched at a paradoxical time. alone and do not represent the official 1 One Nation but Two Cities Series foreword stances of the organisations concerned nor rose to the demanding challenges of our of the parties to which they are affiliated commission. (nor of the project’s two institutional sponsors). Our hope is that the Partisan project will bring fresh theological depth, self- These essays are offered as a part of a awareness, and critical potential to conversation that has been going on conversations already under way about the for many years among party political contribution of Christian faith to British Christians. As ‘critical friends’ of the party politics. The essays leave no doubt parties, the authors were each asked to that Christianity has made notable – at address the role of Christianity within times perhaps even decisive – contributions them. We commissioned Joshua Hordern, to the thinking and practice of the parties. Paul Bickley and Stephen Backhouse to At the same time, they proceed from the engage – appreciatively but frankly – with recognition that today these contributions the history, theology and broad policy are not only ignored by many, but also often orientations of the party traditions to which resisted or derided by some voices within they were assigned. We invited them to the parties. Among the latter are those identify the characteristic historical and who still subscribe to the discredited – yet contemporary ‘gifts’ given by the Christian surprisingly tenacious – social-scientific faith to the party tradition in question, myth that modernisation necessarily (and but also to employ insights from Christian rightly) brings with it the privatisation of political theology to confront the party’s religion and the secularisation of the public vulnerabilities or Achilles’ heels where they square. The Partisan project sets itself found them. Within those broad parameters squarely against that myth and seeks to the authors were given freedom to develop underline the legitimacy of a wide variety their arguments as they saw fit, with their of faith-based contributions to political own preferred emphases, and in their own debate, within an open democratic forum in distinctive idioms. Importantly, the books which robust political parties will continue seek to be discursive, not definitive. Each to play an indispensable role. offers a particular (theological) reading of the history and contemporary condition of No one involved in the project – least of the political party concerned, in recognition all the authors themselves – pretends that that there are, of course, other equally these essays are anything more than one legitimate and necessary readings. We modest contribution to a debate that needs are very grateful to the authors for the to take place at many levels and to involve intelligence and dedication with which they a wide range of participants – and not only Christians. Yet, given the widespread 2 One Nation but Two Cities Series foreword popular disillusionment with and disengagement from party politics – indeed from the whole political process – in recent years, the ‘convictional health’ of parties is of vital concern for our entire parliamentary democracy. Everyone involved in this project would ccfwebsite.com share the conviction that, as an ancient prophet warned another nation in crisis, ‘where there is no vision, the people perish’ (Proverbs 29.18, AV). We hope that these essays stimulate new thinking about the thecsm.org.uk urgent need for, and the desirable contents of, new political visions shaped by a primary Christian identity and biblical worldview. We hope too that they will offer food for the journey for those already working within British political parties, and inspire others to consider entering the party political fray ldcf.net themselves as a constructive, honourable and missional arena of authentic Christian citizenship – for the common good of the whole nation. David Landrum (Senior Parliamentary Officer, Bible Society) biblesociety.org.uk Jonathan Chaplin (Director, KLICE) klice.co.uk 3 Introduction Introduction As the 2010 UK general election approached, the conservative Party was beginning to be perceived as a party which would govern in the interests of all. the country turned bluer on election night but not blue enough for an outright conservative government. the coalition naturally raised questions about what the conservatives and liberal Democrats
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