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Effects of Paper Properties on Xerographic Print Quality EFFECTS OF PAPER PROPERTIES ON XEROGRAPHIC PRINT QUALITY by Siying (Sherlyn) Chen A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto © Copyright by Siying (Sherlyn) Chen (2009) EFFECTS OF PAPER PROPERTIES ON XEROGRAPHIC PRINT QUALITY Siying (Sherlyn) Chen Degree of Master of Applied Science Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto (2009) ABSTRACT The objective of this thesis is to better understand the impact of paper and printer types on xerographic print quality. To achieve this objective, commercially printed samples comprising of ten different paper substrates printed using three different xerographic printers were examined. The print quality of these samples was assessed in terms of print microgloss and its nonuniformity, print density, print and gloss mottle, print roughness, and visual ranking. This study showed that print mottle conducted by Fast Fourier Transform produced the best correlation with visual ranking at the size range of 0.1 - 1mm, while print gloss mottle was found to affect print quality regardless of the mottle size. Brightness, opacity, basis weight, gloss 75 o, and roughness of these paper substrates were found to have the most significant effect on print quality. All of the optical properties of paper included in this analysis showed a strong correlation to print quality. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my co-supervisors, Professor Ramin Farnood and Professor Ning Yan, for their continuous support, valuable advices and excellent guidance. I would like to acknowledge members of the Surface Science III Consortium and U of T pulp and paper center and forestry group for their funding and contributions to the visual ranking analysis respectively. Thanks to Carlos Quijano for his excellent and selfless guidance in PLS analysis, Neetu Chhabra for writing the print mottle MATLAB TM algorithm, and Sabina Di Risio for her help with the X-rite densinometer and countless advice in the writing and presentation of this thesis. I would also like to thank my colleagues and friends from the Pulp and Paper Centre: Stacy, Yaldah, Kieron, Pooya, Chong, Turn, Peter, and Pawel for making my 2- year program an enjoyable experience. Last but not least, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my family back in Singapore for their emotional and financial support. I would also like to thank myself for not giving up when I am faced with a harsh situation and motivating myself to continue with this project. Finally, special thanks to my good friends: Stacy, Song, Emily, Ken, and Jennifer for their continuous support and words of encouragements throughout these years and for bringing me food during the busiest period of this study (i.e. writing of this thesis). THANK YOU ALL! iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................iii TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................viii LIST OF ACRONYMS....................................................................................................xi CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION.............................................................................1 1.1 Research Approach and Structure of the Thesis...............................................2 CHAPTER 2 – BACKGROUND ..............................................................................4 2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................4 2.2 Paper.....................................................................................................................4 2.2.1 Composition, Formation, Coating, & Finishing.......................................4 2.2.2 Paper Parameters......................................................................................6 2.2.2.1 Structure & Composition .....................................................................6 2.2.2.2 Optical & Appearance of Paper...........................................................8 2.2.2.3 Electrical & Thermal Properties of Paper...........................................11 2.2.3 Impact of Paper Property on Print Quality ............................................13 2.3 Xerographic Printing..........................................................................................15 2.3.1 A Brief Overview .....................................................................................16 2.3.2 Impact of Xerographic Print Parameters on Print Quality....................19 2.4 Print Quality .......................................................................................................19 2.4.1 Objective Computation...........................................................................20 2.4.1.1 Print Gloss, Print Microgloss & its Nonuniformity...............................20 2.4.1.2 Print Density, Print Mottle & Gloss Mottle..........................................22 2.4.1.3 Surface Topography & Roughness ...................................................23 2.4.2 Subjective Quantification .......................................................................26 2.4.2.1 Visual Ranking..................................................................................26 iv 2.4.2.2 Other Attributes.................................................................................27 2.5 Conclusions and Problem Statement...............................................................29 CHAPTER 3 – EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES ................................................31 3.1 Overview.............................................................................................................31 3.2 Paper Samples ...................................................................................................31 3.3 Xerographic Printing..........................................................................................32 3.3.1 Printers & Printing Conditions...............................................................32 3.3.2 Sample Preparation ................................................................................33 3.4 Print Quality .......................................................................................................33 3.4.1 Objective Measurements........................................................................34 3.4.1.1 Print Gloss, Microgloss, & Nonuniformity Evaluation.........................34 3.4.1.2 Print Density Measurements .............................................................37 3.4.1.3 Print Mottle & Gloss Mottle Evaluation ..............................................38 3.3.1.4 Surface Topography & Roughness Assessment ...............................40 3.3.1.5 Surface Characterization: Optical Microscopy...................................46 3.4.2 Subjective Measurements: Visual Ranking Analysis ...........................48 CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......................................................50 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................50 4.2 Paper and Print Quality Review ........................................................................50 4.3 Correlation between Objective & Subjective Print Quality..............................54 4.3.1 Print Microgloss & Microgloss Nonuniformity Assessment ................54 4.3.2 Print Density Determination ...................................................................56 4.3.3 Print Mottle & Gloss Mottle Evaluation..................................................56 4.3.4 Effects of Roughness .............................................................................62 4.3.4.1 Print Roughness Parameters: RMS, Skewness, & Kurtosis ..............62 4.3.4.1 Print Mottle and Microgloss Nonuniformity Comparison ....................63 4.3.4.2 Visual Ranking Evaluation ................................................................67 4.3.5 Independence of Print Quality Measurements......................................70 4.4 Impact of Paper Properties on Print Quality ....................................................70 v 4.4.1 PLS Analysis on Visual Ranking............................................................71 4.4.2 PLS Analysis on Print Mottle..................................................................76 4.5 Printers and their Print Effects .........................................................................79 4.5.1 Comparison of Optical Images...............................................................80 CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUDING REMARKS ...........................................................85 5.1 Conclusions .......................................................................................................85 5.2 Recommendations for Future Work .................................................................86 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................87
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