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Germany and Russia. by S Germany and Russia. By s. D. STIRK CANADA is a long way from Germany, in the world outside. But before long a even in these days of planes and strong note of pessimism began to creep radio; and conditions in Germany itself in. This pessimism concentrated on two make it extremely difficult to find out and main themes: firstly, the uncertainty of judge exactly what is happening there Germany's political future; and secondly, since the war ended. Our newspaper and the lack of food, clothing-, anJ all kinds of broadcast reports seem for the most part consumer goods. This second aspect to remain on the surface; they provide reached its climax in the exceptionally little indication as to what is going on in severe winter of 1946-47; and as the food the hearts and minds of individual situation was made worse in many parts Germans, or they say little that is posi- of Germany by the great drought of tive and informative about the Russian the summer of 1947, it continued to do- and Communist side. I find myself rely- minate the letters of even the wisest and ing, therefore, on a careful and compara- most idealistic of Germans during the tive study of the letters I receive from months that followed. But the winter of all four zones of Germany . There is 1947-48 was mercifully mild, and the naturally great divergence in the ways spring of 1948 was early and heartening, my various correspondents write. Many with the result that the struggle to keep of them are former colleagues and stu- alive has found decreasing and less poig- dents at the University of Breslau, nant expression in letters received from where I was Lecturer in English from Germans during the last few months. 1930 to 1936. The great majority live in On the other hand, a marked revival of the three western zones, and only a few political interest accompanied the Moscow are Communists or Communist sym- Conference of Foreign Ministers in Nov- pathizers. The anti-Communists in the ember 1947. The failure of this confer- west write openly.against Russia whereas ence was a great blow to most Germans, the Anti-Communists in the Russian zone and particularly to those who look to the have to be much more careful. The West. Since that time they have never Communists both west and east of the ceased writing in pessimistic and alarmist "iron curtain" try to impress me with tones about the unhappy division of their views, or even to convert me. But Germany into two radically opposed in spite of these and other (more personal) spheres of influence, and of the inevitab- differences, it is possible to trace certain ility of war between Russia and the Wes t- main themes and trends common to them ern Powers, with Germany as the chief all. battleground During the first few mo.nths after This war psychosis has been the do- Victory-in-Europe-Day, letters from Ger- minating note in letters from the western many expressed relief that the war was zones during the past six months or so. over, gratitude that one had at least The nearer the iron curtain, the greater come through the terrible years with one's the fear of Russia. A friend in the U.S. life, and satisfaction that it was now zone writes: "We are living only sixty possible to correspond with someone kilometres from Asia, and we shall not survive the coming war." Another ex- presses the widespread feeling of being EDITOR'S NOTE : S. D . Stirk, M . A. (Oxford), Dr. phil. (B reslau), is Associate Professor of German at t he caught in a trap: "If only I could get my University of Manitoba. wife and daughter out of this! I would PUBLIC AFFAIRS 177 gladly become a waiter in the United of splitting up Germany into federal States, a shepherd in Australia, a lumber- states," i.e., the basic American and jack in Canada, a coffee-planter in Brazil British policy for Germany's political -anything to get away." reconstruction. He demanded instead a Two groups of Germans seem to me to nation-wide referendum for the setting be most likely to profit from this almost up of a unitary German state, and con- hysterical expectation of war: the Com- cluded with the words: "Our attitude is munists, and the ultra-nationalists. And clear; for us there is no question of tearing I strongly suspect that both groups are Germany apart. The German people doing all they can to promote it. and the German nation are united in "Deutschlands Stimme" (The Voice of their determination to overcome common Germany), Communist paper pub- suffering by common means." There is lished in Berlin, carried a front-page one great weakness in this vigorous and leading article on March 31, 1948, with undoubtedly effective Communist pro- the title: "Permanent world-crisis- made paganda for a united Germany, namely, in USA." The opening paragraph read: Russian recognition of the Polish claims "In the space of a few months the govern- to a frontier on the River Oder and the ment of the United States has succeeded western River Neisse. But evidence in destroying the foundations of a peace- from letters and other sources goes to ful world order laid by the Allies . Those show that behind the scenes and by means who saw in the splitting up of Germany of a whispering campaign, Germans are the first step towards the splitting up of being told that Russia might some day Europe and of the world, have been reconsider this decision, and restore some proved right." The sub-title of the paper of the eastern territories now held by the runs: "A weekly organ of the (German) Poles. people's movement for unity and a just Secondly, the prevailing war psychosis peace." Here then are two of the main in Germany would seem to be somehow directives for recent Communist propa- connected with the incipient revival of ganda to Germans: denunciation of the ultra-nationalism. According to reliable Uni-ted States, and stress on German accounts, National Socialism is as dead unity. The demand for a united Germany as Hitler; the Nazis played for high was the ever-recurring theme of the ad- stakes and lost, and as a result they are dress by Otto Grotewohl (published discredited and under a very dark cloud; under the title: "Im Kampf um Deutsch- the small minority of fanatical and land," Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1947) at the pathological Nazis which still exists is second annual conference of the so- compelled to remain underground, and called "Socialist Unity Party," which cannot hope at present for popular sup- met presumably in the autumn of 1947. port. But it would be unwise to assume (The Socialist Unity Party resulted from that the ultra-nationalist forces which the compulsory fusion of the Communist made Hitler possible are also dead. Now and Social D emocrat parties in the Rus- that the victor powers have failed to sian zone in late 1946.) Much of create a reasonably healthy and truly Grotewohl's speech was reminiscent of democratic Germany, they probably feel Goebbels, and it is indeed remarkable that their new day has dawned. The that the Communists have taken over a best prospect for such Germans is as- great deal of the familiar Nazi propa- suredly a Third World War, in which ganda. H e began by belittling the power they might this time be on the winning and influence of England and the British side. They are naturally quite pleased Commonwealth. He then "proved" that to note the dissensions between Russia the United States were out for world and the Wes tern Allies; and one can domination. He attacked "the danger picture them rubbing their hands, in 178 PUBLIC AFFAIRS the hope that they will be able to exploit years or more opposing forces and ideas the deteriorating situation in Germany have clashed. Every student of German and Europe. Here is some of the evidence literature knows the "Faust" quotation which indicates that these forces are about the two souls warring in a single again very much alive. breast. In a significant passage (p.162f.) A teacher in a high school near H eidel- in his "Reflections of an Unpolitical Man" berg writes grimly that he knows him- (1922), Thomas Mann expressed the self to be the only "democrat" on the view that Germany was the country in staff, and that he feels his days there are which the spiritual and intellectual an- numbered. A distinguished authority titheses in Europe must inevitably be on the history of German literature fought out, and that European wars writes sadly that he has no chance of a must always develop into German civil post at any University in the American wars. These words would seem to have zone, because he lacks "nationalist" special application to Germany since the (or, failing that, "Catholic") connections. Second World War. The German word The novelist Ernst Wiechert opposed the for "civil war" is "Bruderkrieg"- the Nazis from 1933 on; in 1938 he was ar- war between brothers; and already in the rested by the Gestapo and put in Buchen- "cold" war between East and West,. wald concentration camp; after the war Germans are taking sides quite apart he denounced Nazi crimes and called on from the division into zones. German all Germans to do penance and make a Communism is, moreover, much more fresh start. The threats against his than a movement of the proletariat; it life reached such a pitch during recent has its fervent intellectuals, and its months that he decided in March to leave "nationalist" support rs.
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