African American refugees crossing the AMERICAN BATTLEFIELD TRUST Rappahannock River near Remington, . Courtesy Library of Congress

11 ROAD TO 81

50 522 15 FREEDOM Loyal Quaker and Brave Slave Shenandoah Valley 9 THE AFRICAN AMERICAN EXPERIENCE Civil War Museum 37 WINCHESTER PURCELLVILLE Fighting for IN CIVIL WAR-ERA VIRGINIA Freedom Loudoun 340 Museum 7 Loudoun County LOUDOUN Emancipation Civil War Trails Site Park 522 255 Association Grounds 15 Historical Highway Marker Monument 11 81 734 340 17 Martin Information or Welcome Center Related Institution 522 Oatlands Buchanan, USCT 28 193 7 50 17 55 123 WASHINGTON, D.C. 50 ALEXANDRIA Third Baptist Galloway 1 Afro-American Methodist 295 Church PRINCESS ST 66 55 Historical Association Church 11 of Fauquier County 234 66 James 50 Freedman’s 95 15 Robinson Village House 29 495 42 66 522 55 236 N PATRICK ST N PATRICK ST N WASHINGTON KING ST 81 7 17 Manassas NBP ALEXANDRIA L’Ouverture Hospital (See Inset) and Barracks 123 Burke’s PRINCE ST Woodlawn Lyceum 263 15 Station Methodist Church MANASSAS Shiloh Baptist Church ST S PATRICK Twilight of DUKE ST 220 WASHINGTON 1 Franklin and Beulah Baptist Church WARRENTON Armfield Kitty Payne Slave Office Luray Valley 211 Alexandria Academy Museum 211 POTOMAC R IVE SPERRYVILLE 294 Dangerfield 42 234 Sister Newby 28 Caroline 229 1 ST S WASHINGTON 15

11 729

Graffiti 95 231 House 81 CHURCH ST

33 11 P Freedman’s A T Cemetery CULPEPER U 495 1 X E HARRISONBURG 17 N 3 T 95 R Newtown I V

Cemetery . E 64 360 Aquia R Landing Park CHAMBERLA Friends Asylum 15 P for Colored Orphans 33 RICHMOND O LOMBARDY S T 659 Moncure YNE A T

33 . Conway VE. 257 218 O 64 230 M 95 . . .

276 A Black History 25TH S T 340 . 84 42 231 522 FREDERICKSBURG Anthony Burns C 230 B LEIGH ST. Museum and 5TH S T 7TH S T 9TH S T O R U First African L Cultural Center Fredericksburg and I 2TH S T 3 E V Ebenezer CLAY ST. 1 V Baptist Church 29 20 Spotsylvania NMP A E of Virginia R 205 R Baptist MARSHALL ST. 250 23rd USCT at D Church Execution of Gabriel 11 Gilmore ORANGE 33 E BROAD ST. . the Alrich Farm 250 . 250 256 Farm GRACE ST. Freedman’s Bureau - .

220 MONUMENT AVE. FRANKLIN ST. 2ND S T 3RD S T Freedman’s Bank Adams-Van Lew House 17 PARK AVE. BEL 33 20TH S T E MAIN ST. VE. VIDERE ST 60 KENSINGTON A VE. E CARY ST. This map was produced STUART A 214 15 . 5 Enters Richmond in partnership with GROVE AVE. Henry Box Brown 254 608 208 American Civil 42 340 Civil War Trails, Inc. 17 War Museum . R 20 2 301 MAIN ST . 195 33 CARY ST 3 1 IVE 360 95 Richmond VE. 301 R Slave Trail 1 ELLWOOD A S Port Republic Road 22 E 250 Historic District CHARLOTTESVILLE AM 11 95 J 250 John Mercer WAYNESBORO Jefferson School Langston Birthplace 39 64 First Baptist LOUISA 81 Church 151 250 60 39 64 360 42 207 2 Holley 252 33 Graded School 13 208 Henry Box Brown 20 301 15

220 29 522 39 53 33 3 6 64 11 64 56 30 60 151 54 1 6 Gabriel’s Rebellion 17 ASHLAND 64 33 The Fields 60 6 Family 360 311 159 60 11 250 220 56 30 501 20 First Baptist Gabriel’s 60 151 Church Rebellion 295 15 6 Manakin 311 Dahlgren’s Mary Peake 13 219 Cavalry Raid Young’s Spring 43 56 711 288 RICHMOND 81 522 (See Inset) 33

147 249 60 130 60 60 33 29 150 156 273 895 17 295 C 155 24 76 H I C 13 K 26 Fort New Market A Harrison H Heights O 64 PVT. James Richmond Slave Market, 1853, from With Thackeray in America (1893) NBP M I Y 220 501 N Y R I O Daniel Gardner Old City 106 V E R R 288 K Cemetery McDowell A 45 R 42 311 Delaney 604 P 360 95 I James F. P 60 V 43 LYNCHBURG O E Appomattox Lipscomb M R Courthouse NHP 15 A USCT’s at Dutch Gap Fort Camp Davis T 199 221 T Pocahontas Virginia’s historical highway marker 11 460 460 O Historic Point 221 X program began in 1927 and has High Bridge R of Rocks Park 460 I WILLIAMSBURG 38 V 5 erectedC HESAPEAK more than 2,500 markersE 460 642 E 1 581 501 R 301 across the commonwealth. 460 FARMVILLE YORKTOWN Yorktown 83 460 24 Pocahontas Baylor’s Farm National Cemetery BAY 122 Island 31 61 100 24 Petersburg NB 238 J A M I V E Community 708 Corling’s People’s E S R R of Grove 80 419 24 Corner Memorial 47 460 Cemetery 19 PETERSBURG 460 460 220 100 153 156 17 61 221 295 Two USCT 460 16 29 501 Pamplin Historical 627 Park and National Heros 114 11 460 Big Bethel 83 67 77 122 43 Museum of the 40 10 460 15 460 52 42 360 Civil War Soldier 60 625 116 301 31 64 13 11 HAMPTON 80 R 49 (See Inset) O Elizabeth A 40 670 11 N Hobbs 221 220 O Keckley 626 35 K E ATLANTIC 23 72 63 91 R I V E R 40 99 17 James A. 1 258 59 40 Fields House OCEAN 16 42 29 619 60 46 19 52 11 15 360 47 40 8 “Make way for Liberty” James A. Fields 10 664 ALT 81 40 637 40 160 58 501 printed in 1863 137 West Point 85 Cemetery 58 40 49 138 681 258 ALT 11 58 71 264 72 See Southwest 95 ALT 19 264 165 58 Virginia on 92 HAMPTON 464 64 220 608 69 Reverse 634 13 23 91 107 100 708 Mary 351 360 58 52 92 Peake AVE 460 ALT 11 46 ROKE SGT Miles Buckhorn PEMB 58 80 221 E James 421 360 (Ridley's) 47 Dred Scott and Quarter 77 72 71 81 94 15 58 the Blow Family Hampton History 165

21 E 19 Museum 58 8 344 M 604 E 58 360 49 92 60 R 16 58 C 169 58 U 57 360 R The Cuffeytown 421 Y 168 58 B 17 Thirteen 29 LV D 58 148 Patrick Robert 35 Emancipation “Parker” Sydnor 58 Oak Seven Patriot 58 220 58 V E R 58 258 Heroes R I Nat Turner’s 58 32 70 23 58 75 N Insurrection 13 421 A 1 421 221 46 52 614 D 97 301 58 773 58 58 360 58 21 501 221 89 103 220 15 8

Fort 64 Monroe

Casemate Museum Breaking the Chains Fighting for Freedom “The Fire of Liberty in Their Hearts”

ong before the war that ended slavery, tobacco factory, “mailed” himself by train to ith freedom for all when the war ended, enslaved people were at war with the system in a wooden crate with air holes and “This finally could satisfy that confined them. They employed various Side Up” painted on the outside. He was known their desire for formal education. Even Ltactics in daily battles for freedom within the thereafter as Henry Box Brown. While he escaped on a beforeW the war, African American teachers such as confines of bondage. Far from being passive, they literal railroad, thousands of others in Virginia and Mary Peake had secretly educated enslaved people. resisted by avoiding work, occasionally rebelling elsewhere slipped away on the “virtual” Underground With the Federal occupation of in 1861, outright, and self-liberating. They used various Railroad, a network of friends and safehouses that Peake taught openly, first under a tree now called the tactics with some success, to evade work, befuddle guided them north through places like Pocahontas , and later in a building at present- enslavers, and otherwise gain small freedoms. Island, a free black village in Petersburg. Some, like day , which U.S. Army Brig. Gen. Major rebellions in Virginia included Gabriel’s Brown and Maryland native , took Samuel Chapman Armstrong founded as Hampton Conspiracy in 1800 just outside Richmond, and up the pen and published to the world the truths of Normal and Agricultural Institute on April 1, 1868. Nat Turner’s Insurrection in Southampton County slavery: illiteracy; hunger; the separation of spouses and Dozens of white teachers, such as in 1831. These events increased slaveholders’ fears, children; rapes; whippings; and limited access to Martin Buchanan, born Mennonite Jacob E. Yoder, who taught at a Freedmen’s free to a free mother and however, and hard, restrictive laws were enacted. churches. Their witness helped fuel the white abolitionist Bureau school in Lynchburg, saw their students’ hunger enslaved father, enlisted The Franklin and Armfield Slave Jail in Alexandria movement. Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom’s Cabin) for learning driven by “the fire of liberty in their hearts.” in the 2nd U.S. Colored and the Lumpkin’s Slave Jail (“Devil’s Half Acre”) was a white novelist who thinly fictionalized slavery’s Ten soldiers in their wagons near Hopewell, Virginia. Troops at age 19. African American political leaders emerged and African Burial Ground sites in Richmond help human toll in a book that reached millions. Courtesy Library of Congress Courtesy Ryan Pettit (artist) during Reconstruction. John Mercer Langston, commemorate the ordeal of enslavement. Enslaved people fought to break their chains, born free in Louisa County in 1829, became a U.S. “The First Vote” – Courtesy Library of Congress Many enslaved people successfully liberated then, through various forms of resistance, escape, and Congressman and the first president of today’s themselves using a variety of means. In 1849, Henry the written word. When the Civil War came, they were nslaved people fought for freedom by self- discipline and courage. Relegated to guarding Virginia State University. Booker T. Washington, graduated from Hampton University and served Brown, who worked in his owner’s Richmond eager to fight in uniform for their right to freedom. emancipating long before the Civil War wagon trains and depots, the men and their white born enslaved in 1856 in Franklin County, educated in the Virginia House of Delegates. Carter G. began. Assisted by effective escape routes, officers demanded to see action. The bravery of the at Hampton University and founder of ’s Woodson, born to former slaves in Buckingham Esafe houses, and conductors on what became known 54th Infantry in the attack on Fort Tuskegee Institute, advocated for education and County in 1875, pioneered today’s Black History as the , they made their way Wagner, , on July 18, 1863, helped training in trades. Attorney James A. Fields, Month and founded the present-day Journal of north. Those who remained behind did what they turn the tide. USCT regiments participated born into slavery in Hanover County in 1844, African American History. could to resist, whether through actively rebelling or in many battles thereafter, especially around The 13th, 14th, and 15th Constitutional Announcement of the 15th Amendment more passively evading tasks. After the war started, Petersburg and Richmond in 1864. They defended Amendments abolished slavery, conferred in the Evening Telegraph, Philadelphia, many escaped to Union lines longing to fight for Fort Pocahontas, in Charles City County east of March 31, 1870. – Library of Congress citizenship, and guaranteed African Americans freedom. Authorities created contraband camps, Richmond, from attack on May 24. They were the vote. Quickly, however, former Confederates including Freedman’s Village in Arlington County, badly mauled in the Battle of Crater in Petersburg suppressed political participation through to shelter families. Before President Abraham on July 30, in present-day Petersburg National intimidation and new laws, forcing many into Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on Battlefield. On September 29, USCT regiments sharecropping or tenancy to maintain white January 1, 1863, African Americans could not enlist led the successful attack on New Market Heights farmers’ control. The “Lost Cause” ideology as soldiers. The camps became recruiting grounds in the defensive line southeast of Richmond. denied the centrality of slavery to secession and when Colored Troops (USCT) Again, they suffered heavy casualties, but fourteen war, encouraged the erection of commemorative regiments were authorized in 1863. About 180,000 soldiers were awarded the for statues, and inspired Jim Crow segregation laws, African American men—roughly one-tenth of the their valor. USCT regiments were among the crushing dreams of civil and social equality. The Ku U.S. Army—served by 1865, with about 20,000 in first units to enter Richmond on the morning Klux Klan, white citizens’ councils, and lynching the U.S. Navy. of April 3, 1865. About 5,000 USCTs fought at supported those aims. Not until the Civil Rights Enslaved family in front of quarters, William F. Gaines Once they enlisted, USCTs found that Appomattox Court House before Confederate Era of the mid-twentieth century were many of the farm, Hanover Co., Va. – Courtesy Library of Congress they had to overcome whites’ doubts about their Gen. Robert E. Lee’s surrender on April 9. worst effects of segregation struck down.

Freedom’s Fortress Valor at New Market Heights

uring the night of May 23, 1861, a seceded from the Union the day before and was therefore people deeper into Confederate territory, away from nited States Colored Troops led the way on September 29, 1864, when small rowboat landed at Fort Monroe a foreign power not entitled to the benefits of the laws and Union-controlled areas, to thwart them. By early in Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Butler’s Army of the James attacked Confederate in Hampton, and three enslaved men Constitution. Cary responded that the U.S. Army was in 1865, however, Confederate authorities estimated fortifications southeast of Richmond. A Confederate position Dstepped out—Frank Baker, Shepard Mallory, and Virginia to assert that it had not in fact left the Union, and that between 61 and 70 percent of Virginia’s mature Unorth of New Market Road, atop New Market Heights, dominated the approach James Townsend. They had been constructing therefore the slaves should be returned. Butler replied that males had fled. Butler’s “contraband” policy, to Fort Harrison, a stronghold located to the west in the main Confederate Confederate fortifications at Sewell’s Point when because the men were employed in building fortifications therefore, further encouraged self-emancipation defensive line. In front of the heights, the USCTs confronted trenches along the they commandeered the boat and rowed to the to wage war, they were subject to seizure as “contraband of and became a step on the road to President Abraham road, with two lines of abatis (felled trees with their intertwined branches facing fort to escape their bondage. Union Maj. Gen. war” just as though they were weapons or other tools of a Lincoln’s eventual Emancipation Proclamation. south, as effective as barbed wire became in later wars) as well as a swamp. The Benjamin F. Butler had just taken command of foreign power. Butler therefore refused to return them. Fort Monroe, which guarded the entrance USCTs had to fight their way through these defenses, climb the Heights, and the fort the day before. He questioned the three Within three days, dozens of self-liberated men, to and the , was capture the artillery to help protect other troops attacking Fort Harrison. men and learned that they were enslaved by Col. women, and children were pouring into Fort Monroe. completed in 1834. It stands on , The USCTs started their attack just after dawn, hampered by a thick ground Charles K. Mallory, 115th Virginia Militia. On Butler put the men to work, and gave all the “contrabands,” where in 1619 the first enslaved people in colonial fog. Struggling through the swamp and abatis, many in the leading regiments were May 24, Confederate Maj. John B. Cary rode to as they were called, food and shelter. He also wrote his Virginia disembarked. Beginning in 1861, the fort cut down as the fog lifted. When their white officers were killed or wounded, USCT the picket line under a flag of truce and met with superiors for guidance and approval, which came slowly earned its nickname, Freedom’s Fortress, as a haven sergeants took command of companies, and the men retreated, reformed, and Butler. Cary told Butler that Mallory wanted but soon became official policy. Vast numbers of enslaved for self-emancipated people. Today, Fort Monroe tried again. By the time they reached the Heights, most of the Confederates had 127th Ohio Infantry, which became part of 5th U.S. Colored Troops his property returned, as was required under men and women fled to Union lines, where they lived in National Monument, as a decommissioned U.S. fled, and the USCTs secured it with little opposition. The next day, Confederate Courtesy Ohio Historical Society the United States Constitution and the Fugitive camps or “contraband villages.” Many were employed as Army post, is also a National Historic Landmark counterattacks failed, and the Federals held their positions. Fourteen USCT Slave Act. Butler pointed out that Virginia had cooks and teamsters. Many slaveholders moved enslaved and open to the public. soldiers, and two white officers, were awarded the Medal of Honor for their valor. remaining fifteen soldiers and led them forward. Beaty was born in Richmond, Sgt. Christian Fleetwood, as well as Sgt. Alfred B. Hilton and Pvt. Charles Virginia, in 1837. By 1849, he was living in , Ohio, where he became Veale, all in the 4th USCT, received Medals of Honor for rallying their comrades a wood-turner and part-time actor. He returned to Cincinnati after the war and with the national colors. Sgt. Powhatan Beaty, shown here wearing the Medal resumed acting, performing in 1884 at Ford’s Theatre to an audience that included of Honor he received on April 6, 1865, had enlisted on June 7, 1863, and became Frederick Douglass. Beaty died on December 6, 1916. first sergeant in Co. G, 5th USCT. At New Market Heights, when the officers Today, portions of the New Market Heights battlefield are protected by the were killed and the company decimated at the abatis, he took command of the , Henrico County, and the American Battlefield Trust.

USCT soldiers awarded the Medal of Honor after New Market Heights Pvt. William H. Barnes, 38th USCT Sgt. Powhatan Beaty, 5th USCT Sgt. James H. Bronson, 5th USCT Sgt. Christian A. Fleetwood, 4th USCT Pvt. James Gardiner, 38th USCT LtGen Ronald Coleman, the Sgt. James H. Harris, 38th USCT second African American to Sgt. Thomas R. Hawkins, 6th USCT achieve the three-star rank in the US Marine Corps, at the Sgt. Alfred B. Hilton, 4th USCT New Market Heights Battlefield. Sgt. Milton M. Holland, 5th USCT Courtesy Jamie Betts Photo Corp. Miles James, 36th USCT Sgt. Alexander Kelly, 6th USCT Sgt. Robert A. Pinn, 5th USCT Powhatan Beaty Sgt. Edward Ratcliff, 38th USCT Courtesy Library of Fort Monroe, ca. 2007 Pvt. Charles Veal, 4th USCT. Congress Courtesy Wikimedia Commons

This map brochure brought to you by AMERICAN BATTLEFIELD TRUST Join T Action Explore Their Stories Preservation

The American Battlefield Trust has spent more than ROAD TO 30 years at the forefront of the fight to protect some of Visit these museums, sites, and institutions to learn more. Administered by the Virginia Department of the most important landscapes in this nation’s history Afro-American Historical Association Historic Resources, the Virginia Battlefield and to help educate the public about the formative of Fauquier County Preservation Fund provides matching grants events of the country’s first century. aahafauquier.org to protect threatened battlefield land from Chief among our accomplishments is the saving Museum the Revolutionary War, , and of more than 52,000 acres in 24 states. This land acwm.org American Civil War. stretches chronologically from the Lexington Green Appomattox Courthouse National Historic Park Since its inception in 2006, this funding FREEDOM to Appomattox Court House, and geographically nps.gov/apco has helped to preserve nearly 9,000 from Minnesota to New Mexico. All told, since THE AFRICAN AMERICAN EXPERIENCE acres of battlefield land across the 1999 we have raised more than $350 million toward Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia Commonwealth, including significant Our Road to Freedom app, an extension IN CIVIL WAR-ERA VIRGINIA battlefield preservation from public and blackhistorymuseum.org acreage at the New Market Heights and of this brochure, is free on the App Store sources. Individual achievements reflect the three Second Deep Bottom battlefields where and Google Play — or in any web browser. aspects of our mission articulated in the American Booker T Washington National Monument USCT forces played critical roles. Battlefields.org/RoadToFreedom Battlefield Trust motto: Preserve. Educate. Inspire. nps.gov/bowa Museum Learn more at: fortmonroe.org/visit/casemate-museum dhr.virginia.gov/about-dhr/grants-incentives Danville Museum Members of the American Battlefield Trust’s Youth Leadership Team create preservation, education, danvillemuseum.org Participants in American Battlefield or visitation projects in their local communities. Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania Trust Annual Park Day Courtesy American Battlefield Trust National Military Park Manassas National Battlefield Park nps.gov/frsp nps.gov/mana Graffiti House Pamplin Historical Park and 250 brandystationfoundation.com National Museum of the Civil War Soldier Hampton History Museum pamplinpark.org hampton.gov/119/Hampton-History-Museum Petersburg National Battlefield 220 Loudoun Museum nps.gov/pete 64 loudounmuseum.org Shenandoah Valley Luray Valley Museum Civil War Museum LEXINGTON USCT recruiting broadside luraycaverns.com/attractions/luray-valley-museum civilwarmuseum.org Courtesy Duke University Library Lyceum 501 As you explore the African American alexandriava.gov/Lyceum experience during the Civil War in Virginia, ROANOKE 460 BEDFORD 460 share your discoveries on 460 RADFORD 24 81 122 social media with #RoadToFreedom. 11 23 Lovely Mount 52 Booker T. Washington 19 Baptist Church National Monument

221 220 29 77 ABINGDON 21 Group of “Freedmen” by canal 58 Landon Boyd Danville 421 Museum in Richmond, Virginia (left) 58 58 Courtesy Library of Congress Battlefields.org/RoadToFreedom