NOTE BERWICKSHIRN O S 1 23 E FORTS.

I. NOTES ON BERWICKSHIRE FORTS, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THOSE RECENTLY DISCOVERED. By J. HEWAT CRAW, F.S.A.ScoT. Since the Eoyal Commission issued its Report on the Ancient Monument e Countth n i f sBerwicko y , several additional forts have been discovere n thadi t area. Although mos f theso t e have suffered severely at the hands of the agriculturist, it is desirable that a descrip- tion of -their features and position should be put on record. Some additional note earln o s y fortification regardee e countb th y n si yma d as supplementar e excellenth o t y t wor kCommissione donth y eb . NUMBER.—Dr Christison mentions fifty-eight Berwickshire forts in s Earlyhi Fortifications n Scotland,i with e Complanth f tenn o -sI . mission's Inventory ninety-three are reported, of which seventy-eight e figured ar n recore numbeo Th f w whico d. no r h surface evidence stil l e hundreexiston s d fivei sn an additiodi , o twenty-twt n o sites where forts are staged to have formerly been visible. To these should be added thirteen place-names which see o indicatmt e previouth e s existenc a fort f o e. This bring e totath s l numbee f on forto r o t s hundred and forty. DISTRIBUTION.—The majority of the forts in the county are to be foun eminencen o d s overlookin historio countryw tw lo e ce Th gth . passes—Lauderdal Pease th d e eBurnan l—are flanke chaia y fortsdf b n o ; another chain extends along Bunkle Edge, overlookin e Merseth ge Th . coast line, especially where the uplands approach the sea, is thickly dotted, as at Lamberton Moor, Cockburnspath, and St Abb's Head, where the Coldingham Loch group is particularly noticeable. The remoter parts of Lammermoor are sparsely dotted with forts, and the same may be said of the richer portions of the Merse, where, however, many forty havma es been destroye y cultivationb d n I . several instances fortse th occu f o n pairsi r p to , situatee th n o d opposite banks of a stream. SITUATION. — Forts may be classified according to the nature of their sites:—

groue 1Th f fort potheo d san r remain Pease th t e a s a specia Bur s nha l personal interest for Scottish archasologists. Abou hundrea t fiftd dan sheeye yearth o p grazinsag g among these forts wer ecalled la tende a d y Christisondb afterwardo wh , s became Humanity Professot a r Edinburgh University, and who all his life maintained an interest in these early remains. He grandfathee th s wa r DaviD f ro d Christison authoe th , Earlyf ro Fortifications Scotland.n i t I is possible tha e interes famile th t th f sucn o yti h matter havy esma originate thin i d s striking collection of early remains. 232: PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , APRI , 192111 L . (1) Cliff, Escarpment r Crescentico Forts e sucar s hav a h e their base resting on a slope sufficiently steep to require little or no artificial protection. The defences consist of one or more curved ramparts springing from the edge of the cliff. (2) Promontory Forts e thosar e having straigh r curveo t d defences stretched across the base of a promontory. (3) Contour Forts, circular, oval r (moro , e rarely) rectilinean i r form, are completely surrounded by ramparts. They may be subdivided:— (a) Summit Forts, from whic e grounth h l d al fall n i s directions. (b) Hillside Forts, placed on the side of a slope, almost invariably where the slope becomes steeper. (c) Marsh Forts, depending more or less -on marshy ground for their defence. (1) Cliff Forts.—There are nine of these in the county. Barn's Heugh, Coldingham (No. 80 in the Inventory), is stated by Dr Christison to be mosthe t notable examplScottisthe on e h' coast ChesterAt ^ Hill, Ayton (No. 10), a rampart of slight "dimensions running along the edge of the cliff may be of later date. At Ninewells, Chirnside (40), the a edgstee f o ep ban s beeha k n preferre e summi th a knol o f t do tl overlooking the fort. An entrance is traceable in five of these forts, t onl bu t n oneyMilni a , e Graden, Coldstream (104)t i place s i , d close to the edge of the cliff. (2) Promontory Forts.—In the nine Berwickshire examples an entrance remain e middlramparte th th n f i sf these o o d s i i no an ,t efour i tw n i : in the other two it is close to the edge of the steep slope. Blackcastle Rings, Greenlaw (171), is the best example of this type. (3) Contour Forts: (a) Summit Forts.—This class contains both .the largest numbe forty-eighr— e d finesmanth an f — to y examplef o s Berwickshire forts. Amon e highesth g t summits thus crownee ar d Tollis Hill, Lauder (1200 feet); Dabshood, Lauder (1256 feet); Longcroft, Lauder (1150 feet); Boon Hill, Legerwood (1070 feet); Cockburn Law, Duns (1066 feet); Black Hill, Earlston (1031"feet); Burncastle, Lauder (1020 feet) d Addinstonan ; , Lauder (1000 feet). (b) Hillside Forts.—These number thirty-seven n manI . y casee th s summit has been discarded as a' site in order to have the protection osteepea f e fort th sidre .f slopon o e Strikinn eo g instance f thio s s are found at Belchester, Eccles (141); and Habchester, Mordington (270). An outstanding example of the opposite principle is seen at Birkenside Hill, Legerwood (244), where the edge of a steep bank a short distance NOTE BERWICKSHIRN O S 3 23 E FORTS.

wese s beeth ha to nt discarde favoun e highesdi th f o r t ground, where the slopes offer but slight natural protection. Twelve forts in this class occupy sites wher e grounth e d falls more steepl thren yo e sides beyon e rampartsth d , thus approaching promontory type n nini ; e cases the fall is steeper on two sides; in fourteen cases it is steeper o case e sloptw th s n i e sidee belod o on nan e for; wth s similai t o t r tha onle t abovTh y rectilinea . eit r for Berwickshiren i t t Marygola , d Hill Plantation, Bunkle (20) s placei a ,hillside n a o positiod n i , f o n small natural strength. (c) Marsh Forts.—There are only two of these in the county: the recently-discovered fort at West Morriston Bog, Earlston (fig. 4), and at Leetside, Whitsome (294) r MunrD . o (Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings, p. 245), 011 the authority of the Neiv Statistical Account, vol. ii. p. 171, s classifieha e lattea lakth ds a er dwelling e remainth t bu ,s clearly sho e earthworkwth t a fortFans A f o s. , Earlston (132) e sits th i ,e additionally protected by a marsh to the north; and at Eaecleugh, Westruther (fig. 10) (recently discovered), the boggy nature of the ground to the south and east has somewhat strengthened an otherwise weak position. SIZE.—The average e hundrelengton d f threo han d e measurable forts, taken from crese inne th o crest tf ro t rampart feet5 28 . s i , Fifteen forts measure under 150 feet in diameter, forty-three are from 150 to 300 feet, thirty-four from 300 to 450 feet, eight from 450 to 600 0 feetfeetd thre75 an ., o ee t smalles Eigh th fro0 f 60 mo t t class are in the parishes of Cockburnspath and Coldingham. Earth forts average 332 feet; stone forts, 252 feet; cliff forts average 369 feet; promontory forts feet0 27 ,. MATERIAL.—Dr Christison state e sLowland th tha n i t s stone forts largely predominate; this ,e cas howeverth n Berwickshirei e t no s i , . n eighty-ninI e fort e constructioth s s sufficientlni y preserve shoo dt w that fifty-five are pure earthworks, and twenty are of stone, with no trac f excavateo e d trenches n fourteeI . n examples eart d stonan h e are mixed, the former predominating in four, the latter in ten. In Lauderdale and the west of the county there are thirty-three forts, seventeen being of earth and seven of stone. Stone has been largely employe e Coldinghath n i d m Loc he fourtee th group f O n. fortn i s e smallesth t class (unde feet0 15 f reart) o foud fou e f stonehan o ar r r ; of eleven in the two largest classes (over 450 feet) ten are of earth and one of stone,—the latter, however, on Duns Law (No. 119) is the largest e promontore countyth th l for n Al i t . d marsyan h fort e earthar s - works, otherwis e proportioeth f earthworkno stono st e forts doet no s differ in the various types. Where a fort is defended by a pure earth- 234. PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , APRI , 1921L11 .

work and by a stone rampart, the former is -placed to the outside, the fort thus having a trench as its first line of defence. ' It is possible that these earthen ramparts are a later addition to earlier stone forts, markin ga perio d when improved tools facilitate e excavatioth d f o n a trench. Evidence, however, of man's ability, even in the Bronze Age, to excavate rock, is shown in two round cairns on Dirrington Great Law, Longformacus. These, unlike the cairns of surface-gathered e stonedistrictth n e composei s ar , f smallo d , sharp-edged fragments of felstone excavated from a trench surrounding one of the cairns, and fro mquarra y adjacen other.e th o t t RAMPARTS.—The average numbe f ramparto r eartn i s h fort s twoi s , iri stone fortfor e a halfEarlston o Th td s . abouan e n on tBlac k Hill (131) is defended on its west side by no fewer than seven ramparts, chiefly of stone. At the north side of Burncastle fort, Lauder (214), there faine ar t trace fivf so e earthen ramparts. Forty-six forts appea havo t r e had not more than a single rampart. Dr Christison reports only one exampl Scotlandn ei thad an ,t uncertain f fouo , r complete rings; three complete rings are found in four of the Berwickshire forts. What at firs ramparto t tw appea e b e sometime ar so t r s found upon examina- tion to be the remains of one, the material of which has been almost entirely removed, leaving onle foundationth y s outeit t a rs edges. Examples of this are at Knock Hill, Gordon (166), and Heugh, Lauder (221). Harefaulds, Lauder (218), is unique in the county as having a regularly built wall 9 to 10 feet thick which still remains 4J feet high in parts. At Earn's Heugh, Coldingham (80), there are also traces of building, much obscured by dilapidation; signs were also seen at an entrance to Kirkton- hill fort, Channelkirk (27), during excavation by Mr Allan (History of Channelkirk, t Habchestera . 648)p d an ; , Mordington (270) e eartheth , n ramparts are stated in the first Statistical Account to have had the appearance of having been faced with stone. No sign of this feature now remains. A groove runnin rampara f o gp s founaloni to t e t Dabshooda dgth , Lauder (215), and at Raecleughhead Hill, Langton (202). The feature may have been connected wit hsuperstructura a perishabl f eo e naturen I . both instances there is a trench on each side of the rampart. At Preston- cleuch, Bunkle (21), the innermost rampart is grooved and from 2 to 5| feet lower than the middle rampart. This would strongly suggest a superstructure, as the inner rampart almost invariably commands those beyond it; the only exceptions to this rule being at Hillhouse, Channelkirk (28), Thirlstane Hill, Lauder (220) d Longcroftan , , Lauder (211). At the last-mentioned fort two ramparts converge at the south side till they hav appearance eth a singl f o e e grooved rampart. NOTES ON BERWICKSHIRE FORTS. 235 In addition to the instances already given of a trench on the inner side of a rampart, this feature, which in itself is suggestive of a stock-enclosure rather than of a defensive fort, is observable at Over Howden, Channelkirk (30), where the stock-enclosure theory is rendered more probable by this being one of two forts in the county placed on ground havin naturao n g e closlth defencesey b proximit d an ,a f o y fort in a defensive position. At Harelaw, Westruther (288), the position e e innetrencoth th f n e rrampar o hth sid f o o et e t du appear e b o t s e steepnesth e slopeth f o s. While a platform on the inner slope of a rampart is not an unusual method of protecting an entrance, it is sometimes carried along a con- siderable portio rampare th f no foro t t m defence fore parth th f t o f t eo itself. This featur seeis e at Prestoncleuchn , Bunkla to e (21)and , greater exten t Addinstona t , Lauder (213). Where a rampart passes along the face of a steep slope it is sometimes forfoune terracea difficulth f s m i o n di t I determin.o t t e whether these have been originally ramparts r terraceo , s defende constructioa y db f no more perishable material. Good examples may be seen at Hillhouse, Channelkirk (28), and Prestoncleuch. There is only one example in the county, and that uncertain, of earth being removed from a trench to form a rampart at a distance. At Wrinklaw, Longformacus (248) e outeth , r trencfee2 1 ts i hdeep , with onl ysligha t mouns inneit n e rampartro d th edge f o e nort th d ; , hen however s muc i ,adjaceno n hs higheha t d e sits trenchan rth eha s A . been interfered with, however modery b , n occupation evidence th , t no s ei conclusive. Whil n earthworki e e trencn innea th s f o rh rampar s almosi t t invariably closrampare reath n ei f ro t beyon , therdit frequentls ei n i y stone forts a level space of some width between the ramparts. Thus at Shannabank Hill, Abbe t BathanyS s (3), ther feeta spac4 d 4 s ei an f , eo at Coldingham Loch (84) the space is 40 feet. Where stone ramparts and earthen ramparts with trenches are found in the same fort, this space is found between the stone ramparts, as at Hillhouse (spaces feet)2 2 d ;3 an 6Earn' s Heugh, Coldingham (80), spac feet4 d 2 e an ; Blackchester, Lauder (216) ,instance e spacon feet 7 n e2 I t .Blackcastl a , e Rings, Grreenlaw (171), this feature is found in a pure earthwork, the space bein fee5 g3 t betwee e middlnth e rampare trence th th d f ho an t inner rampart. At Raecleughhead (200) a rampart near the foot of the steep slope to the north of the fort seems to have been intended to provide a defence against the flank of an enemy approaching up a narrow gully. The same feature is seen at Earlston Black Hill (131), where an enemy 236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 11, 1921.

moving westwards alon e nort paso gth t hford se th acrossidha t f eo s a confined area with a steep declivity beyond. VITBIFACTION.—The only Berwickshire forr whicfo t e claihth f mo vitrifaction has been put forward is Earlston Black Hill (No. 131). Hibbert, writing ove a rhundre d years ago, reporte a smald l cairn vitrifieside on e n (Archceologiao d Scotica, . 160-182) pp vol . n 186iv .I .6 much vitrified stone was stated to exist on the " old British trackway," but no appearance in the fort.1 On the occasion of the Hawick Archa3ological Society's visit in 1870 a quantity of fragments of fused t aa ' spop u porphyrte nortg dowy halth du e hil wa n hs fth no l ywa side. No recent authority has been able to find any trace of

vitrifaction2 . ENTRANCES.—In many cases the ramparts have suffered to such an extent thaentrancee th t s e tracedcannob forty-sevew n I .no t n forts, however, the stile yar l visible haln I thesf .o f e entrance e theron s ei d ,an e remaindeth n i r more than r ChristisooneD . n foun entranceo tw d s more common than oned thre an r ,fou t o unusuale no r e citeH n .a s instanc f seveo e n original entrance a fort o t s. Three Berwickshire forts havd threha e f ethemo entrancese ,on Cockbur d an , n Law, Duns (116), may have had four. In at least twelve forts the entrances numbern i o tw .e ar It is of course often difficult to determine whether an opening through the ramparts is an original entrance or not. In the better preserved instances thi s madsi ee nea cleath ty b roundinr e f oth f of g trenche th t enHabchester a f do s ,a addition I . thio nt s ther somes ei - times a low mound running round the end of the trench. This is seen t Tollia s Hill, Laude t rBlackchester a (223) d an , , Lauder (216). METHOD DEFENDINF SO ENTRANCEE GTH . (1) Entrance at the Edge of a Steep Bank.—This confined the ground whicn o e attacketh h r could manoeuvre gooA . d exampl s seei et a n the small fort at Tower Farm (W.), Cockburnspath (62); also at the south entranc t Cockbura e n Lawt BlackcastlA . e Bings e entranc_th e itself has vanished, owing doubtless to a landslide; but it has probably been e rampartsth f o e nort th d , t en hwhera e outeth e r rampart curves slightly outwards toward traca s k leadine slope t Harelawth A p .gu , Westruther (288) traca , k runs alon e slopgth e belo entere ford wth an t s promontorye poine th th f t o ta t i . (2) Hut-Circles Entrance.— e closeth o t A good exampl t Coldinghaa s ei m Loch (84), where the circle is placed between the outer and middle ramparts. At Earn's Heugh there is a circle at each side of the entrance 1 Ber. Nat. Club, v. 269. 2 Hawick Arch. Soc. Trans., 1869-74, p. 66. NOTE BERWICKSHIRN O S 7 23 E FORTS. behin innermose dth t e Coldingharampartmoro th tw f eo t A . m Loch ) ther e e 87 entrancecircleth ar ed t a grout an sCockbur A 1 .(8 p n Law alsthey oyma .have e existedtraceth e muct ar s bu ,h damaged. This featur s alsi e o foun t Staneshiea d l Hill, Duns (117)t EwieA . - side Hill, Cockburnspath (49), the cutting off of a small portion of a trench by means of a traverse has a similar effect in protecting the entrance. (3) Recessed Entrance.—A good flanking defence was obtained by curving inward norte e rampart e endth th th t sf h a o s entrancs a , t ea Cockburn Law. A development of this method, suitable especially for stone forts with a single rampart, is to continue the recurved rampart in the form of a dividing wall into, or completely across, the fort, as t Westersidea , Coldingham (83), Coldingham Loch (88), Marygold Hill, Bunkle (18)d Staneshiean , l Hill, Duns (117). (4) Hormvorks.—Here opposite th e metho bees dha n adopted, ramparts having been run forward from the entrance. Slight traces, which may have been works of this character, are seen at Barn's Heugh and Staneshiel Hill, Duns (118). From their position such works are peculiarly liable to obliteration. (5) Widening the Trench.—This method was adopted to accommodate a body of men for the defence of the entrance. Good examples are seen at Prestoncleuch (east entrance) and Cockburn Law (north entrance). (6) Platform f Defence.o —OIL e inneth r e middlslopth f o ee rampart at Prestoncleuch, at the south side of the west entrance, is a plat- form some 140 feet in length and 9 feet wide. At Addinston a similar platfor fee0 m1 t wid alss ei o placemiddle th n do e rampart. Both platforms are designed to deliver an attack on an invader's right or unprotected side. (7) Grooved Rampart.—This feature has already been, described. At Prestoncleuch it may have a special bearing on the defence of the entrance mosts i t i s conspicuoua , t thaa s t point. (8) Grooved Roadway.—At Addinston a crescentic groove, some 7 feet middlee width rathet d ea an , r ove foo1 r t deep s drawi , n wit s conhit - vexity outwards acrosentranceo tw e fort e sth th eac,f o sf immedi o h - ately in front of the innermost rampart. The feature may not belong to the original occupation of the fort, but the object would seem to have been in some way to close the entrance. (9) Oblique or Zig-zag Entrances.-—These were designed to compel the invade o expost r n attacs a flan hi eo t kk froe rampartsmth . Good examples are seen in the fine forts at Earn's Heugh, Cockburn Law, and Longcroft. It- is noticeable that when provision has been made 238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 11, 1921. for compelling the attacker to expose his flank, whether by means of hut-circles, dividing walls springing from an entrance, widening the. trench, platforms r obliquo , e entrances almoss i t i , t invariabl righs yhi t side whics compellei e h o exposedt e samTh e. principl s seei e n ni e positio th guare th f dno chambe t Edinshala r l Broch (115). (10) A similar effect is obtained by a short rampart within the fort opposite the entrance, as at Edinshall. What may be another is found e easth t t entranca Prestoncleucho et formee th convexite n I th r . s yi outwards lattee th n ri , inwards. (11) At Earlston Black Hill (131) there is some evidence of a short additional rampart having been inserted betweeen the outer and inner rampart; but the ramparts have been too much destroyed at this point to permit of a definite assertion. (12) External Mound.—Dr Christison cites Raecleughhead Hill fort, Langton (202), as an exceptional example of a mound outside the entrance as a means of defence. I am inclined to think that this mound is part of a rampart which can still be traced almost completely round the fort, and which with the trench outside it probably constituted the original fort. Later, to strengthen the fort, and possibly to suit it for enclos- ing stock, a trench was excavated within the first rampant, the earth being thrown outwards partially covering at the east side the older and lower rampart. At the new east entrance the old rampart was allowed to remain, probably as a defence; its trench, however, was filled up, and paths were cut or worn across it till it assumed the form of an isolated mound. A mound also occurs outside the west entrance at'Cockburn Law. HuT-Cmci,ES.—-These occu thirty-thren i r e forts f whico , h twenty-two e fortar s where .stone predominates eleved an , n where earth predomin- ates. No Berwickshire fort can compare with Eildon Hill fort, where Dr Christison reports some 400 hut-circles, the total number in all the Berwickshire forts being 274. Hillhouse, Channelkirk (28), contains the largest number, thirty-four. Muc e mosthth perfect examples occut a r Harefaulds, where twenttracede b r n ChristisonyD ca . , however, places the number here at eighty. One of these (fig. 1) has a wall 5 feet in height pointlarge a d on et an , a upright boulde t eaca r hdoorwaye th sid f eo . A natural cup-marking on one of these boulders has been erroneously cited as the only true cup-marking in the county.1 Mr Milne-Home states that excavations reveale flada t projecting seat-like ston thren ei e of the huts. It has also been stated that some of the huts are recessed maie th nforte n i ruinouwale th th f : o l s condition considerably obscures the original outline, but the fact that at no point is there less than 9 feet Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., . (Appendix)vi . 47 . p , 1 NOTE BERWICKSHIRN O S E FORTS. 239 oexterioe f th wal d l an walle rbetwee t facth f hu ,e o compare e nth d with 10 feet where no huts exist, leads me to believe that the circles are placed against the wall rather than in it. There is no instance in the county wher definitele b ecircla n eca y state constructee b do t ramparte th n di ; the rare instances where such a feature appears to exist may be due lateo t r excavation e usuath ; l positio s closeli n innee th rean yi f ro r rampart. Important example f hut-circleso e founar s t Earn'da s He'ugh, Edinshall, Barlston Black Hill Tollid ,an sColdinghae Hillth l al ; m Loch

Fig. 1. Hut-Circle, Harefaulds, Lauder, showing natural cup-marking on upright boulder at right side of doorway.

forts contain t Oatlea them d ean , Hill, Coldingham s foun(79)i e d,on outside the fort immediately to the north. In size hut-circles most frequently measure about 16 feet in diameter from cres foundatio e creso t th f o t n mound. They range, however, from 10 feet upwards. Therevidenco n s ei shoo larget w w ho espaa e nth builders of these circles were capable of roofing, but doubtless the larger circles were uncovered Kirktonhillt A . , Channelkirk (27) larga s ,i e circular enclosur fee9 e6 diametern i t t Tollia ; s Hill 54:e thert a on feet d s ei an ; Addinsto measuree non regularite feet6 Th s4 .e remainth e f yth o f o s last named when compared with the condition of the ramparts and of some hut-circles adjoining it which are almost obliterated, suggests a more recent date, possibl perioe th f whicyo o dt e entranchth e grooves above mentioned belong. 240 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , APRI , 192111 L .

Irregularly shaped enclosures, probabl r stockfo y , occu n fifteei r n forts; Longcrof Tollid an bestte sth Hil e examples.lar 1 e summiOnth f Cockburo t n Law, withi nstona e fort (116 whae )ar t at first appear to be two circular enclosures, measuring about 50 feet and 38 feet in diameter. From the character of these constructions I inclinem a believo dt foundatione eth thee b mo t f Bronzo s cairnse eAg , similar to those crowning' all the chief eminences in the neighbourhood. This theory is supported by there having formerly been at the summit a " stone-lined hollow " called the " Pech's Grave " (Ber. Nat. Club, vol. iii. pp. 15 and 138). The stones of the cairns were possibly utilised for building the ramparts of the fort. THE ANNEX.—Adjoinin fore gth t prope s sometimei r s foun annexn da , r additiono , most likel f lateyo havy r ma datee t beeI . n chiefly used e accommodatiofoth r f stockno a theor, y t whiccontroverteno s hi y db the fact that several examples contain hut-circles, as these are found in typical stock enclosures on Laxider Common and elsewhere. The rampart of the annex is not so strong as those of the fort, and it is usually commanded fro e rampartmth e for th tf o sitselfbese Th t .exampl e t iMarygola s d Hill, Bunkle (18). Other e founar s t Chestea d r Hill, Ayton. (10); Cockburn Law; Spottiswoode, Westruther (287); Staneshiel Hill, Duns (117); Coldingham Loch (86)Trabrownd an ; , Lauder (fig. 5); probably als t Shannabanoa k Hill, Abbe t BathanyS s Westerside(3)d an ; , Coldingham (83) a t ramparDuns A w .e west th "La t o i t:t runt ou s may either be an annex or the beginning of a black-dike similar to Herrit's Dike at Harefaulds. A similar trace is seen at Dowlaw Road, Cockburnspath (50). TRACKS LEADING TO FORTS.—At Longcrof t a hollow track commences immediately behind Longcro fe t hillfarm th d run , p an windin,u s g slightly, in the direction of the entrance to the fort. It becomes obliterated, however, some 70 yards from the entrance; at its best preserve fee 6 dfee2 1 n widt i point s d ti t deephan i tt HarefauldsA . , the well-known black-dike known as Herrit's Dike runs to the wall of e forth te soutth clos o hn entrancet e a sid f o t eDea A . n Castle,

enclosurn 1A e worth f interesyo e for tt Killmad th a liet n i s e (see Ber. Nat. Club, vol. xxi. . 206)p , which althoug parise th f Stenton hi ho Easn ni t Lothia almoss ni t within stone's-throw Berwickshire oth f e boundary e fore severath ar t n I .l hut-circles rectangulaa d an , r enclosure measuring internally 40 feet 9 inches by 14i feet, with the stony foundations of a wall 1 foot 9 inches broad, lies easwestd an t , wit easters hit abuttind nen rampare th forte n th go ,f o twhic h at this point overlooks a steep declivity. Although the remains of this enclosure are meagre, face noteworths th i t y tha fora t t bearin e suggestivgth e nam f Killmadeo e contain singla s e oriented structure associated with hut-circles e earliesTh . t churche Irelann i s e foundar n i d raths and cashels associated with hut-circles, and Dr Anderson believed that similar evidence oChristiaa f n character founmighe b t dtye amon Scottisr gou h forts (Scotland Earlyn i Christian Times, p. 93). NOTE BERWICKSHIRN O S 1 24 E FORTS. Cockburnspath (60), Blackcastle Rings d Wallace'an , s Knowe, Lauder (212), tracks run up the steep slopes towards the forts. At Kelphope Burn, Lauder (225) similaa , f latero feature r b t Wrink datea y d ema an ; - law, Longformacus (248), two tracks may be connected with one of the more recent occupation e sitet Prestoncleucth A .f so h ther sligha s ei t trac traca f eo k leadin ease th t o gentrancet . Tha t Harelawa t , West- ruther (288), has already been mentioned. At Cockburn Law there are also traces of a track running to the north entrance, and at Thirlestane, Lauder leade on , s down toward Snawdoe sth n Burn. WATER SUPPLY. — The infrequency of any attention to a supply of e watechoic s a sitth frequentl f ha n ei ro e y been remarked uponn I . onlinstanceo y tw e counte rampartth th n o si y d s see o havmt e been purposely drawn to include a water supply. At Wrinklaw there are faint indication rampare th f so t having been extende ease th t o acrosdt s a small burn, and running up the opposite bank, then curving southwards recrossind an bure gth n som fee0 et26 lower t LenneA . l Hill, Coldstream (105), the same feature occurs, the main rampart leaving the natural lin f defenceo crossind an ea shor r gfo t e oppositspacth o t e e a sid f o e small stream. At Longcroft a natural spring occurs outside the inner rampart at the north-east side of the fort; and at Belchester, Bccles (141), we also find a spring in the trench. At Edinshall water from a spring on the hillside is stated (Ber. Nat. Club, vol. ix. p. 96) to have formerly come to the fort by a cutting now destroyed. Agricultural drainage has doubtless diverted many former springs, but there can be no doubt that a large proportion of the higher forts must have been entirely without any adjacent supply of water.

RECENTLY DISCOVERED FORTS. The following twelve forts are not recorded in the Inventory. Ayton Parish. (1) Castle Dikes (fig) (A . 2).—This fort cultivateliea n si d yardfiel0 d40 s south-west of Ayton Law steading. The position, 200 feet above sea-level, is at the edge of a steep slope, and directly above the Hairy Craigs Quarry, which has cut into the area of the fort. It might be classified as inter- mediate between promontory and crescentic type, being e placeth n o d edge of a steep bank some 20 feet in height which at this point curves round parallel to the course of the Eye Water which flows below. The measurements are 350 feet east and west by 250 feet north and south. The remains of three earthen ramparts 46 feet apart are faintly visible, the outermost being placed on the crest of a slight ridge beyond which 6 1 VOL . LV . PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 11, 1921.

groune th levels di interioe th ; r slopes gently down toward steee th s p bank. At the west end the termination of the innermost rampart can be seen on the uncultivated slope; at the east end this rampart seems o havt e sprung fro m.naturaa l outcro e stee th f roc o ppn o kslope . outermose Thth f eo easd ten t rampar alss ti o traceabl slopee th n e.o (2) Castle Dikes (B).—At a distance of 66 yards to the north-east of the above-mentioned fort, and at a slightly higher level, lies a circular fort measuring 216 feet east and west by 210 feet north and south. A single rampart, much obliterated s followedha , e cresa natura th f o t l

Scale Yds. 200 0 *6 600 0 SO 100 ____I Fig . Castl2 . e Dikes Forts, Ayton.

wes e ridgnortd th an tn esoutho e fort e sideth Th h.f ssido ill-defineds ei , apparentls ha t bu e steenean edgth e yru pth f r o ebank e . th Thid san preceding fore showar t n Armstrong'no f Berwickshire,-1771o p Ma s . Carr also mentions a fort on Ayton Law as being much defaced. (A History of Coldingham Priory, 1836, p. 14.)

Channelkirk Parish. (3) Nether Hoivden (fig. 3).—O knolna l abov Edinburge eth Lauded han r road, \ mile south of Carfrae Mill, and 784 feet above sea-level. This fort is mentioned in Mr Allan's History of Channelkirk (p. 659) as having two ramparts with a trench between, the south part being in a wood. No surface indications remain, and I failed to trace the fort until the summer of 1919, when the whole course of the trench could be seen half a mile away by a thick growth of thistles. The fort, which lies wholly to the north of the strip of wood, is defended by a steep slope to the north- NOTES ON BERWICKSHIRE FORTS. 243 west, north eastd groune an south-wese , th ;th o dt levels i t t seemI . s to have been an earthwork, and measures 300 feet by 255 feet.

Coldingham Parish. (4) Burnt Chesters.—On the summit of the Gowel Hill, 1000 yards north-north-west of Howpark, and 686 feet above sea-level, are the traces of a fort measuring 126 feet north-east and south-west by 87 feet. The ground falls steeple south-westh o t y d north-easan t d moran t e

Fig. 3. Thistles reveal the course of an obliterated trench, Nether Howden Fort, Channelkirk. gradually to the north-west and south-east. The occurrence of the name on Low's map of Coldingham Common (1772) led me to examine spotthe . Earlston Parish. (5) West Morriston Bog (fig. 4).—This fort is situated 470 feet above sea-level, close to the north side of West Morriston Bog, and is very noticeable fro e Berwickshirmth e railway sotite Th e for.h th hal tf o f is defended by a natural gravelly ridge or kame, artificially improved for defence: thi continues i s d roun e nortdth h singla sid y eb e rampart formed apparentl f eartyo h taken fro e interio mforte th th .f o r This rampart and the interior have suffered from cultivation. The entrance is at the east side, at the end of the kame, which here is 13 feet above interioe forte th th .f o r From e entrancth a roaes bee ha dn formed across the bog: this, however, seems at least partially of later date. 244 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , APRIL'11, 1921. e rampar th face f o Th t t being forme f soio d l fro e interiomth r would sugges constructioa t r enclosinnfo g stock natur e sitee Th th .,f eo how -

M 4a an . i ' - * . t . » . YDSjoo Fig. 4. West Morriston Bog Fort, Earlston.

ever, and especiall e positio yth entrancee th f no , dangerou approachf so ,

seem to be conclusive proofs that this has been a fort. 1 Lauder Parish. (6) Trabrown (fig. 5).—This for s situatei t d abou fee0 98 t above sea- north-ease leveth n o l t shoulde Trabrowf ro n Hill, abou yard0 t80 s west- south-west of Trabrown steading. Irregularly oval in form, it measures feet 5 e north-wesabou th 25 ,fee 5 y b t33 t t portion being obliteratea n di quarrya singly e b woo Th d .e d an rampar f stoneo t s beesha n much damage supplo dt y materia r locafo l l field e centrwallsn th a n s eI i . oval enclosure, much hollowed out, measuring 72 feet by 55 feet; from this radiate some eight stony foundations, subdividing the fort. Two hut-circles, one of which measures 19 feet in diameter, the other 30 feet by 24 feet, lie near the east side. An entrance remains at the south- east—more may be obliterated. To the east lies an annex with traces Sinc above sens eth preso et wa tattentio y m s s beenha n drawJamer M y nsb Ballantyne, Earlston 1unrecorden a o t , d for t Huntshawa t , Earlston remainse Th . , although showina g trench several fee deptn i t h some fifty year versw agono ye positioe fainte th ,ar n Th o . s ni west end of a low ridge in the north-east corner of the Well Field, some 300 yards north-east of Huntshaw farm steadin d abou feeg0 an t68 t above sea-level. Her ovan ea l ringfee0 t27 , e traced b e trenc feet0 n bTh ca y18 .s ,almos hi t levelled e outlinth t s morebu i , e noticeable when the land is under a corn crop. NOTE BERWICKSHIRN O S E FORTS. 245

Fig. 5. Trabrown Fort, Lauder.

too « 80 70 W 50 « M » «> 0 '••••• i i •-•-'•'•' -1-1 Fig . Thirlestan6 . e Fort, Lauder. 246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 11, 192]. odoubla f e rampar distinctla s f stoneso tha t I y. marked entranct ea e easth ta rectilinea sided an , r enclosure with rounded angle fee9 3 s t by 15 feet lies east and west between the two ramparts at the north s recentlfore sidewa Th t . y discovere e Revth y . b dWin . M'Conachie, D.D., Lauder. (7) Thirlestane (fig. 6).—This forisolaten a tf o occupie dp to knol e sth l about 670 feet above sea-level, £ mile north-east of Thirlestane farm steading. It has apparently been of crescentic type, resting on the steep lef t e Snawdobanth f ko n Burn which runs som fee5 e3 t belowe th o t ; east is a hollow about 25 feet deep. The measurements are 225 feet by 90 feet. The earthen ramparts have been completely obliterated by cultivation except at the north end, where between the top of the steep bank and a wall, a space 45 feet in width, there remain three innermose th rampartsf o p whicf to o t e 17s hth ,i £ feet abov trence eth h outside it. This measurement is 1J feet more than at Addinston, where e rampart th e highestth e ar s recorde e countyth tracn A di . k leads towards the burn from the rear of the inner rampart. The fort can be seen from the Edinburgh road, 200 yards to the south.

Mertoun Parish. (8) Brotherstone (fig. 7).—A hitherto unnoticed fort occupie a strons g position on the eastern summit of Brotherstone West Hill, 871 feet above sea-level. It measures 380 feet by 237 feet, and is de- fendesoute steea th y n hb po d and rocky slope with no trace of ramparts along the top. To wese th narrota separatel wco s the fort from another rocky eminence. Two low ramparts of stone here defend the fort d continuan e alon e steeth g p grassy slope to the north, the outer being well dow slopee nth . Beyon e signar f recent o si d t cultivatione th ease d th ten t A . Fig . Brotherston7 . e Fort, Mertoun. rampart three sar numbern ei , —slight trenches have apparently existed wher e rockth e y naturf o e e grounth d permitted excavation numbern i entrancee o Th tw . .e ar s enterd lefwese e turnd Thath an th t en tt o sst a t obliquely througe hth ramparts, between which t therthia s i e poin a widet r spacee Th . entranc runease d th en st t estraigha t throug rampartse hth outee th , r NOTES ON BERWICKSHIRE FORTS. 247 of whic throws hi n forwar norte th t hda side tracA . k seem o leat s d into the interior from this entrance. Some of the large boulders out- side this entrance may have been placed there as an obstacle; if so, this is the only example of this feature in the county. Although there s bee cultivatioha o n n withi forte nth , thertraco n f hut-circless eo i . e materia'Muc th e rampart f th ho f o l s beeha s n remove e conth r -dfo structio e vicinityf wallno th n i s . (9) Clint Hill.—A fort occupies the top of the ridge 350 yards due nort f Clinho t Lodge fee0 54 t, above sea-level. Heckside Plantation here projecte nortth r fo o ht s a short distance. The fort is situate 6 yard1 d e s th eas f o t north-east corner of this projec- s bisectei tiona wird y an ,e b d fence which runs along the ridge. The slightly raised remains of a single rampar cultivaten to d land enclose an oval area measuring 282 feet east and west by 222 feet nort south d groune han Th . s di weste leveth o ,lt falls slightlo yt the north and east, and rather more abruptl southe th o yt . (10) Butchercote (fig. 8).—An ovafee4 17 l t 8 feefory b 25 tt occupie south-wese sth a f o d ten rocky promontor southe th t ya - Fig . Butchercot8 . e Fort, Mertoun. east side of Whitrig Bog, and 720 yards north by east of Butchercote farm steading; it is 520 feet above sea-level. At the south-west end, on uncultivated land, a ram- e tracede forterraca b th parf n mo n i ca t e running roun e pointh d t of the promontory. Forty feet beyond this are the remains of another terrace at a lower level. At the north-east end the remains have been almost obliterate y cultivationb d sligho Tw .t hollows fee5 4 , t apart, here seem to represent trenches.

Mordington Parish. (11) Lamberton (fig. 9).—A small earthwork 102 feet by 63 feet lies near the south extremity of Lamberton Moor, and f- mile west-north- west of Lamberton farm steading. It is situated on a promontory about 560 feet above sea-level, with a small burn some 25 feet below it to the west, and a marsh at the foot of a steep bank to the east. The ground 248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 11, 1921. rises slightle north-eastth o yt d her an ,a e singl e earthen rampart, with a trench beyond, cuts across the neck of the promontory. The rampar s continuei t d roun e wespoine dth th e f for t o th o tt sid tf o e e promontorye th easth tt a e side t t o Th tractheri n .bu f ,s o ei e

54*

Scale,. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 SO 10 0 100 \ . . . . it . i i— t t . . . i• i* Yd. Fig. Lamberto9 . n Fort, Mordington. entrance north-eastth t a s ei e stee ,e edg th clos th f p eo o bank et n I . rear of the rampart, near the entrance, is a circle 24 feet by 21 feet in diameter e for s weli Th t t . beel no preserved ns disturbeha d an , y db cultivation. It was discovered by Mr .Robert Kinghorn, F.S.A.Scot., Foulden Moorpark. Westruther Parish. (12) Raecleugh (fig. 10).—This for ta grass lien o s y slope whics hha been under cultivation, about 800 yards west-north-west of Raecleugh farm steading, and about 880 feet above sea-level. The advantage of a NOTE BERWICKSHIRN O S E FORTS. 249 slight knoll to the north has heen neglected in order, apparently, to hav protectioe eth f somewhano t boggy grounsoute southth d ho an dt - positioe east t naturallTh .no s ni ystrona g one. Thipura s i se earth- work, with two ramparts, and an intervening trench 1 foot 9 inches deep t measurei easter;e feet 0 Th 23 .fee 6 y nb t 27 s hal s obliteratedi f ; no entranc s traceableei . A.n unusual featur s tha i ee longe th t r axis

I

Decile 100 90 80 70 60 SO 40 iO JO 10 0 . i. . . i. I— I . — • . . i. i. i t Yds '9° Fig. 10. Raecleugh Fort, Westruther. of the fort lies parallel to the slope. A large boulder lies within the Statisticalw Ne e th fort n e remainI Account,th . , e state72 ar s. p t da that time (1841) to be indistinct.

SITES OB- FORTS. It is not merely on grounds of local interest, important as these may be, that it is desirable to preserve a record even of completely obliterated e fortsquestioe relationshiTh th . f o n e f on forto p o t s another and to other works such as " black dikes " (whether these are now visible or may in the future be brought to light) demands the preserva- l sucal tio f ho n records. Being mor n dangei e f beino r g lost, facts concerning such sites are for that reason more worthy of care than facts relating to monuments which can at any time be reinvestigated. The questio longw ho cultivatiof no taky nema completel obliteratyo t e fora t seem depeno st d very largele thoroughnesth n yo originae th f so l levelling of the ramparts. The fort at Over Howden, Channelkirk (31), though under constant cultivatio s altereha n d very littl n appeari e - 250 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , APRI , 192111 L .

e sixtth anc yn i e years during whic e e tenanlans th th h ha df o t e greaknowTh t . agriculturait n l improvement e latteth f ro s half e eighteentoth f h century, followe e increaseth y b d d deman r cordfo n during the Napoleonic wars, account for the destruction of numerous fortothed an s r monument f antiquityo s . Thus f twenty-eigho , t forts shown by Armstrong in 1771, only sixteen remain in fair preservation, d severaan f theso l e have suffered partial damage fro e ploughmth . Ay ton Parish. (1) Fairnieside.—A fort is said formerly to have existed in Blaikie's Field, on the farm of Fairnieside (Ber. Nat. Club, vol. viii. p. 164). The name Farndu e Coldinghath n ni m Charters, suggestiv a fort s f i ,o e suppose connectee b o dt d with Fairnieside havy ma e d beean , n derived from the proximity of this fort. (2) Cairn-chester.—Carr (Hist. Coldingham, Priory, . 18)p , writing in 1836, mentiono followintw e th s g thid fortan s s havina s g formerly existed near the farm steadings of the same name. The New Statistical Account also mention e threee positioth s Th . f Cairn-chesteno r farm steading is shown on Sharp, Greenwood, and Fowler's Map of Berwick- shire, 1826 hign o , h ground about 1000 yards nort Habchestef ho r fort. (3) Chester Sank.—The steading occupies a commanding position 650 yards south-west of Burnmouth railway station. The fort itself is marked on Armstrong's Survey of the Post Eoad, 1776. (4) Chesterdale.—The farm steading is shown on Thomson's Map of Berwickshire (1821) 550 yards east of Cocklaw. The name is still pre- serve a fiel than n o di d t farm. Thi s probablsi e foryth t marken do Armstrong's Survee Posth tf yo Roa d wes f Chesteo t r Bank fortt i ; is there show beins na g larger than that fort. (5) Hindchester is marked by Armstrong (1771) as a fort on a hill- yard0 30 sr o south-wes0 20 p to f Chesterbanko t Statisticalw Ne e Th . Account also mentions it in addition to the preceding three: the author, however havy ma ,e take informatios nhi n from Armstrong's mapd an , possibly e forth ma t identicae yb l with Chesterbank. (6) Littledean. — Armstrong's map shows another fort between the Ale and the Littledean Burn about \ mile east-north-east of the present steading of Littledean. This and the two forts at Castle Dikes on e " vestigeth e b f threy o s ma eAyto w encampmentsLa n " mentioned e firsth t n i Statistical Account, 1792 (Ayton Parish . 86)p , . Chirnside Parish. (7) Edington Hill.—Carr (p. 7) mentions a fort visible on Edington Hill, a few years previous to 1836. In a MS. account of Chirnside NOTES ON BERWICKSHIRE FORTS. 251

written by James Dunbar, a mason in the village, there is the follow- ing obscure reference to antiquities existing about the middle of the eighteenth century: " There were placeth e s where armied ha s entrenche d encampedan d acros e Hairlath s wn holei s (sic), also some west near Ninewell Edingtosn o farm d an , n Hill."

Cockburnspath Parish. (8) Akieside.—Dr Hardy in an article on cairns (Her. Nat. Club, vol. iii. p. 104) mentions the " traditional site of a small fortified circlet" on Townhead farm, above Akieside. (9) Penmanshiel.—In the same article (p. 108) is mentioned a small fort on a knoll north of Penmanshiel. It is marked as a site on the 6-inch Ordnance Survey Map, 280 yards north-east of Penmanshiel fort (No. 53). Coldingham Parish. (10) Harelawside.—" A collection of camps and cairns, now entirely swept away" (1881) is recorded by Dr Hardy (Ber. Nat. Club, vol. ix. p. 444 havins e fiela ) th df o geas f p Grant'existeo tto e dth s "t Housa e . . . nearly in the line of the upper wall." (11) Houndtvood.— e occasioOn th e Berwickshir th f o n e Naturalists' Club's visit to Houndwood in 1879, there was pointed out the site of a fort " half way up the ascending ground, above old Houndwood Inn, on e marcth h between Houndwoo d Rentoan d n estates" (Ber. Nat. Club, . 17)p . vol.ix . (12) East Reston.—In the small museum preserved at Coldingham Priory there is a bronze pot which is stated to have been found on the far f Easmo t Resto a plac t a ne wher e remainth e a for f to s were traceable in 1835. (13) Fernycastle.—This fort is said to have stood on a knoll close to the north edge of Billie Mire, £ mile north-west of Causewaybank. It is referre "s a largo dt e British Camp" (Ber. Nat. Club, vol. xiii . 205)p . .

Coldstream Parish. (14) Coldstream.—" norte th n h rivee O ban th f rk o betwee e townth n of Coldstrea d Coldstreaman m Bridge, whe e presennth e t th roa o t d bridge was made, two ditches between embankments were discovered. ditchee th f o s e deerson ..n I ' .horn wild san d boars' tusks were found, besides a stone font. . . . The high bank of the river, on which the camp abutted, rendered it quite unassailable on that side" (Ber. Nat. Club, vol. iv. p. 457). The writer suggests that the fort may have given its name " Castra-ham " to the town. 252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 11, 1921.

Earlston Parish. (15) Purveshaugh.—A. fort is shown on Armstrong's map, about \ mile wes f Purveshaugo t h betwee e burnth roae d ,n th nea d an junctio e rth n e roaoth f d from West Morriston wit e roahth d from Purveshaugh. (16) Standing stone.—The same map shows another fort some 500 yards north-east of the last mentioned. This may be the " large circular camp eminencn a n o . moderat f . eo . e height" mentione wese beins da th to gt of Standingstone (Bei\ Nat. Club, vol. 309) p e sam . .x Th . e description, however, would apply to Grizziefield East Rings (134).

Gordon Parish. (17) Gordon.—A fort is marked on Armstrong's map near the village of Gordon, the position seems to be about 500 yards east-south-east of Gordon railway statione ridgth en o ,alon g which rune roath so t d Edenside largA . e cairn formerly stoo thin di s vicinity. (18) Rumbleton Law.—The first Statistical Account mentions fortifica- tion f stono s e formerly standin a hilt a Rumbleton l o g n Lawt bu , obliterated by cultivation. Greenlaiv Parish. (19) Hurdla'W.—Also marke Armstrong'n do s map. Apparentlr o t ya near the wood which now stands on rising ground some 700 yards east of Hurdlaw. Lauder Parish. (20) Woodencleuch.—On Woodencleuch, the western part of Lauder West Mains farm, formerly stoo fora d t whic s ploughehwa d down i n the beginning of the nineteenth century.

Legerwood Parish. (21, 22) Boon Moor.—Two forts with earthen ramparts are mentioned as having been visible on Boon Moor some years before 1883, the Black Dike running past them on the east side (Ber. Nat. Club, vol. x. p. 308).

ERRONEOU DOUBTFUR SO L FORTS. The following eight constructions, which have been regarde fortss da , either havmora classifiee claio f b r en leso e o o me t s s ar suca dr o h doubtful nature. Channelkirk Parish.. (1) Warlaw Camp (Inventory, No. 33). — This site is shown on Thomson's map (1821). In Armstrong's map (1771), however, it is shown cairna existine s a Th . g remains confir e lattemth r theory. NOTE BERWICKSHIRN O S 3 25 E FORTS.

Earlston Parish. (2) Redpath Hill (No. 137).—This is mentioned as a fort (Ber. Nat. Club, vol. x. p. 309). The only remains on the hill are certainly of quite anotKer character and of more recent date; that any other remains have been destroye s extremeli d ya rock unlikelyf o e hil ys th i l s a , nature, untouched by cultivation.

Fogo Parish. (3) Chesters Brae.—Marked as a fort on the 6-inch Ordnance Survey Map and included by Dr Christison (Proc. S. A. Scot., vol. 1894-5, p. 151) as an earthwork, " with apparent remain f threo s e rampart place.e on t "a s o outermosThtw e f theso t e have certainl o connection y n with this construction, belongin traca o gt k whic e continua th hI believ e b o t e- tio f Herrit'no s Dike d whican , h run seee b s nn dow ca e slop d th n ean wher t crosseei bura s n beyon e railway th dinnermose Th . t rampart is a single curved mound of slight elevation extending down the slope in a manner not suggestive of a fort. On the level ground above there traco a fori n s r othef o eo t r construction having existed.

Greenlaw Parish. (4) Broomhill.— e OnOrdnancth e Surves markei p yMa da "station " e lino f whanth eo s callei t d Broomhill Black e edgDike th f th eo t e a , high bank descendin e righth o te t g Blackadder banth f ko , abou0 65 t yard s e for soutt th Blackcastla tf o h e Rings surfaco N . e indications now remain. Hume Parish. (5) Hume Pallet.—In the first Statistical Account, and again in Miss Maclagan's Hill Forts and Stone Circles of Scotland, is mentioned a fort on Hume Pallet name longeTh o en . re for existsth t t referrebu , o t d is undoubtedly tha Sweethopn o t e Hill n Berwickshiri , t whicno s i h e Roxburghn i t bu . Lauder Parish. (6) Camps Field.—Blackadder's Map of Berwickshire (1797) shows a fort to the south of Lauder. It may possibly be intended to represent Chester Hil le s oppositplace i (217)th t n bu do , e Sto th sid wf eo road from that fort, upon ground which a generation ago was known as "The Camps." (7) Dabshood (North).—What is undoubtedly a sheepfold with no claim to great antiquity lies about £ mile north of Dabshood. It has been erroneously classified as a fort (Ber. Nat. Club, vol. x. p. 312). 254 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , APRI , 1921L11 .

Mertoun Parish. (8) Brotherstone South Hill.—On the east knoll of Brotherstone South Hill, about 550 yards north-east of Brotherstone steading and 250 yards e Standinsoutth f ho g Stones fort-lika s i , e enclosure measurin fee6 gt13 by 117. It is enclosed by a single rampart of stones 12 feet in width elevationw lo f o w , witno d h an entranc south-easte th t ea remains e Th . , sligho pronouncee b to o e t ar d natur e sitethose th forta th t ,f f eo o bu ; defended by a steep slope to the north, and sloping more gently in the other directions, would suggest suc originn ha .

FORT PLACE-NAMES. The following is a list of place-names in the county bearing the names of forts. More no doubt exist, as in the names of fields, etc. Search in such localities might result in the discovery of additional forts. Chester. Belchester— g ChesteBi , r (Bowshiel), Blackchester (two : Lauder, and Eeston, c. 1400 A.D.), Burnt Chesters (Howpark), Cairn- chester (Ayton), Cawchesterlaw (Greenlaw, c. 1230 A.D.) Chesters (Fogo), Chesterbank (Burnmouth), Chester Dikes (Cranshaws), Chesterdale (Ayton), Chesterfield (two: Paxton and Cockburnspath), Chester Hill (two: Ayton and Lauder), Chesterknowes (Edrom), Crouchester (Colding- ham, c. 1400), Darnchester, Habchester, Harechester (Coldingham, c. 1400), Hangindechester (Coldingham, c. 1400), Headchester (Cockburnspath), Highchester (Cockburnspath), Hindchester (Ayton), Laverockchester (Coldingham, c. 1400), Little Chester (Bowshiel), Rowchester, Whitchester (two: Coldingha d Longformacus)man , also Sisterpath r Chesterpato , h (two: Cockburnspath and Fogo). Dun.—Doonslaw (Whitsome), Duns, Dunside (Longformacus), Dun Law (Channelkirk), Dunsteels (Kimmerghame), . Dunnylands (Hume), Dunse Law (Lauder, thirteenth century), Ercildune (now Earlston), Farndun (Coldingham . 1400)c , , Gordon. Castle.—Blackcastle (Greenlaw), Castle Dikes (two: Ayto d Cocknan - burnspath), Castle Stele (Linthill, Coldingham . 1400)c , , Deancastles (Cockburnspath). Car.—Carfrae. Rath.—Rawburn (formerly Rathburn).

SURFACE INDICATION FORTSF O S . searchinn I g remaine foth r f fortessentias i o s t e firsi s th t n i placl e to become familiar with the type of site usually selected, and with the characteristic form f constructiono s less i st I probabl. e that additional NOTES ON BERWICKSHIRE FORTS. 255 forts will be discovered on high uncultivated ground, where remains are welo to llikele preserveb o yt .havo dt e escaped previous detectionr o , grounw onlo d where long cultivatio s obliteratenha l tracesdal , than no higher cultivated slopes or foot-hills where the plough has not completed levelline th g process. Summit f moderatso e elevatio promontoried nan s are always worthy of examination, and the ends of crescentic ramparts sometimes escape destruction from their proximity to the edge of a cliff r steeo p bank. Ramparts approaching obliteration may often be more easily traced from a distance, and slight inequalities may be thrown into prominence beveninn ya morninr go g light,—thi f greao s i st importanc attemptn ei - ing any photographic work. A light fall of snow slightly drifted has a much greater effect in this way and may reveal an almost levelled trench mile sbraire offa corTh f . do n croalsy opma sho e courswth e of a rampart, by showing a greener line along its crest. The presence of stones on the line of its former rampart may reveal the site of a stone fort under cultivation; while in an earthwork there may be deepee a chang e coloue soilth th th r o e trenc,f rn ei o th ry soi n i hlma affect vegetation. Ploughing greatea o t r o r, extent drainin r othego r excavation, reveals stone r deepeso r soil more thoroughly eved e an ;n th slight subsidence of a wall "where it crosses a filled-up trench .is evidence of the looser soil beneath. summey dr a e gras th n rI r cultivateo s d crops often remain much greener abov e deeth e p trenchsoia n li . Thi sometimes si s very marked immediately before harvest, whe tracee nb trenca lina f y y eo db hma green corn when the rest of the field is yellow. Conversely the course oa stonf e rampar s markei t a wea y db k growt f vegetationo h d an , may even be detected by the firmer feel of the ground when the foot is stampe . it Thistle n do s sho wa preferenc e deeth pr a fo soi ef o l trench, as shown in the fort at Nether Howden already described. This is probabl o theit e r du yroot s being abl o escapt e e destructioy b n descending beyond the reach of the plough. The practice of observation of these early remains is very full of interest, adding charm to many an upland walk, and it is sure to be rewarded sooner or later by an addition to our knowledge of these far- distant times.