MOR LAMMERMUIRROADE D TH EOL N SI S

by ANGUS GRAHAM, M.A., F.S.A., F.S.A.SCOT. INTRODUCTORY I Npapea r rea thio dt s Societ I949,n yi 1I dre w attentio vestigeo nt ancienn a f so t road which crosse e Lammermuirdth s from Long Yester, near Gifforde th o t , Leader Watepoina t a rt abou mila t e downstream from Carfraemilly m d an ; present purpose is to do the same by certain other roads of a similar type in the country lying between Haddington, Dunba d Longformacuan r s (fige . i)Th .

FIG. i. Location of the area covered by fig. 2 enquir promptes ywa remarkabla y db e assemblag hollof o eterrace d wan d tracks north-wese th n o t fac Newlandf eo s Hill (5965),2 seee whicb nn verhca y well from e Gifford-Dunth s highway (66355 t thi) bu >s route deale coulb t t dno wit isolan hi - havI tiond ean , accordingly attempte coveo dt whol rathee e rth th f eo r complicated network of old roads that exists in the area mentioned. This network comprises the followin maix gsi n routes, whic showe har identified fign i an .2 theiy db r respective serial numbers: i. from Haddingto Dunso t n Longformacusy b , , with branches; 2. from Haddington to the , by Johnscleugh; 3. from Dunbar to the and beyond, by Johnscleugh; 4. 'The Herring Road'; 5. from the Whiteadde Watee beyondrd Dy Watere an th . Roy'o rt ;6 s 'Muir Road from Lawder to Dunbar'. The field-work was done at various times during 1959 and 1960. Much use has been r photographmad ai t groun f ou eo e dek observationso t s , particularle th n yi case of distant and inaccessible areas, as they show tracks with remarkable clarity excep undrainen o t peatd dan y moorland factuae th o T l .description s have been added some note historican o s l records which either mentio roade nth r implso y their existence. 1 P.S.A.S., LXXXIII (1948-9), 198 ff. 2 National Grid map-reference loo-kmo t l al e . sar squar , formerlwild founee NT an b l , i-incn do y36 h O.S. sheet, 7th series, No. 63 (Dunbar). For details, use should be made of the Provisional edition of the 6-inch O.S. map, showing National Grid lines, sheets 55 SW., 55 NE., 56 SE., 56 NE., 57 SW., 57 SE., 65 NW., 65 NE., 66 (the whole), 67 SW., 67 SE. 2l8 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1959-60 ROADE TH S . i. No From Haddington Duns,o t ,y b with branches This rout n bes e considereca eb t e lighf 1747-55o th f Roy' o p tn di n ma s o ,

MILES aree FIGth af . Sketc o 2 Haddington-Pitcox-Longformacus-Dy. p hma e Wajer, showing the routes with their serial numbers which it is marked with the legend 'Road to Dunse'.1 As shown by Roy it leaves Haddingto Nungate th y nb e Bridge thencd an , e follow coursa s e represented pretty accurately today by a chain of by-roads which passes Monkrigg, Cockles, the north-east end of Colstoun Wood, Morham Bank and Linkylee, and, after crossing the Gifford-Dunbar highway (66370) at the west end of Bara Wood, coalesces with 1 Another certainld ,an y erroneous, version of this route (John Ainslie, 1789 mentiones )i d belo . 230p n w.o MOR E LAMMERMUIRROADD TH OL E N I S S 2IQ Gifford-Dune th w whano s i t s highway (86355) at 562679, hal mila f e north-west of Danskine. This last it follows as far as Darned House1 (587664), and though it then diverges considerabl e north-easth e highwao y t e th ensuin f th o tr yfo g four miles, this diversion is clearly no more than an error occasioned by faults in the basic topography. It is not repeated by Taylor and Skinner,2 who otherwise confirm Roy's line. Just eas Darnef o t d Hous brancea shows hi joinins na maie gth n road; thicomd sha frop edirectiou e mth Giffordf no Newlandy b , Blacd san k Castle fort. Fro poine mth t (621629) wher erroneoue eth s diversion ends, Roy's versioe th f no route proceed Longformacusto Dun and swha sby virtuallis t y today's no line ;but roa shows di n branchin Whiteaddee g th of o ft r valle squarn yi e existin e 6064th n o , g lin 66355f eo . Of an early road on Roy's line there is now little to show north of Darned House, and this is natural enough seeing that the whole of this stretch of rather over seven miles runs through enclosed ground, where unorganised tracks have inevitably been confine straightened an d d r thaout Fo tshor.a mattert tbu lengtl al , h north-west of Beechhil anothed an l ease f Townheaon ro t alreads dwa y within enclosed land Roy'n i timen generae sow Th . l appearanc roae th df eo suggests , however, that i t originated in customary use; for example, it maintains a relatively direct line, it favours high ground, and as far as possible avoids the kind of obstacle that calls for cutting or construction. The fact that, unlike the modern road-system, it ignores village th Gifforf eo likewisy ma d e contai nhina earlf o t y origin this a , s placs ewa I7o8.n i stilw 3ne l Actually hollow track exiso sd t threa t e places juse on t; easf o t the modern by-road in the gully at the west end of Bara Wood (557691), another fellea n i d plantation about hal mila f e further south (560683), where enclosurs eha diverted the same by-road westwards, at right angles, from the line of the earlier route, and a third alongside the highway in the upper part of its steep rise from the botto gulle th t Danskinmyf a o e Lodg Danskino et e farmhouse (566673). At Darned House the highway comes down to an area of flattish or gently sloping ground, bounded on the north-west by Snawdon Hill and the rise topped by Black Castle fort, and on the south-east by the steep face of Newlands Hill (fig. 3). In the northern par thif o t s area smalo risetw l tributarie Papane th f so a Water maie th , n stream of which crosses its north-eastern end; its centre is traversed by the head of the Danskine Burn, which rises in two steep scars on Newlands Hill; and at its south-wester headwatere th e Newlandar e d th f nen so s Burn, als frod ofe m Newlands Hill. This ground carrie bewilderinsa g numbe tracksmord e ol th thed f e ro an ,y ar difficul mucsurfacs e traca o th t t t s h a ecloakeou s ei mosn di broker so drainsy b p nu , rese s beed somth ha tan nf eo improved particularn i ; e fieldth , s adjoining Black Castle undeseee b mo t r regular cultivation followine Th . g elements may, however, distinguishede b e bel f track Th fign o t) i tha ) 3 . (i A describes i ( ts, d below under . e highwa(ii6 . Th ) No y , figwititseln i 3) . B h( f some trace hollof so w tracks which appear, within about 150 yards on either side of it, on the south-eastern lip of the oldee th rn mapO s this nam attacheds ei housea ruinedo w t no , , Papanneae heae th th f r do a Water (602662)1 . 2 Survey and Maps of the Roads of North Britain or , 1776, PI. 36. 3 R.C.A.M., Inventory of , p. 145. 22O PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1959-60 shallow gully that crosse t Darnea t si d House e presenTh . t courshighwae th f eo y across the low ground from this point may not be an old one; what seems to be an older alternative skirts the right bank of the Danskine Burn here, and this, with

ISSs^Eia^vEJiSsS^XJti^^HSipr c V-S^StV.- v— • \II\ —' -

.——-'300.^ J:

200 100 0 500 1000 Yards _I FIG f groun. Sketco 3 . p squaren di hma 5865T N s , 5866, 596 d 59665an , showing tracks connecte d probablan dI wit. e hNo branc h6 fro. mNo other hollow tracks whic burne hperhapy th appea f ma ,o t srou have joine witp du h the assemblage of tracks on the face of Newlands Hill (E on fig. 3), mentioned at the beginning of this paper, (iii) Two well-marked hollow tracks (C on fig. 3) which descend from the cultivated fields east-south-east of Black Castle, and cross a gully which rises from Green Castle, some 500 yards distant. On the opposite side of the MORE OLD ROADS IN THE LAMMERMUIRS 221 gully these tracks appea havo rt e founface Newlandf th eo d o t theiy rwa s Hild an l joine e assemblagdth seee e trackb nth n f continuinca o se e thereon s a ,n tha gi t alignment, (iv) A number of hollow tracks emerging from the headwater streamlets of the Newlands Burn (D on fig. 3) where these coalesce at Green Castle. Their earlier course is uncertain, owing to the improvement of the adjoining ground downstream; but they too are evidently aligned on the assemblage on Newlands wely lma havt i Hill d e an bee, n largely their traffic that brought this into existence. The assemblage itself (E on fig. 3; PI. XIII, i) is the next feature to be noted. Thi mosa s si t impressiv comparee eb examply n o ma type s e it d f eon wito an , e hth Threep Law, where the road from Long Yester to climbs up to Lammer Law.1 Rising obliquely from the low ground, it occupies a large part of the hill-face betwee highwae more nth th ed westerlyan dee o narrod tw p an f yo w scars othee th ; r scar, which must be of fairly recent origin as it is not marked on the 1892 revision of the 6-inch O.S. map, cuts through some of the lowermost tracks, which can be seen to continue beyond it. The arc that the tracks describe over the shoulder of the poinhilla 596654. o t , (c t ) wher bele thinnes eth ha t d dow threo nt e trackn o F ( s fig) immediatel3 . y flankin highwaye gth t leasyardsa 0 s i ,75 t lengthn i , while eth greatest breadth of the belt appears from the air photograph to be about 150 yards. At approximatel broadess yit founs t par wa contaio t dt i t t leasna t sixteen tracks, terraced or hollowed according to the lie of the slope (PL XIII, 2); they are mingled together in the usual confused manner, newer tracks tending to obliterate older ones and hollow ways being sometimes worn in the surface of the terraces. Most e hollooth f w tracks hav ea mor r leseo s V-shaped section, while other e flatar s - bottomed, having presumably been made by wheeled vehicles or sledges and not horsey b r cattleso . ManV-sectionee th f yo d tracks hav doubo en t been deepened by erosion. After passing the crest of the Newlands Hill shoulder, and having been joined brance by th . 232) (p highwae h 6 th ,fro . mNo y dips int odepressioa n which contains the source of the Papana Water (fig. 4). It is here flanked by hollow tracks on either side, and in the upper part of the depression there can be seen, below the highway mord an r leseo s parallel wit , fivhit e terraced tracks which giv egroune wayth s a , d flattens out, to some fainter hollow ones which in turn fork away eastwards, as the highway itself does a short distance further on (603645), to descend into the White- adder valley. The position of the forks has evidently been dictated by the need to turn the head of the Papana Water, as this stream, though still only a trickle, enters a steep-sided gully immediately on leaving the depression. e valleye routth Th o t e, B6355, s evidentlha 2 y carried more traffic thae nth traces on the ground suggest. At present there can be seen a single cart-track just nort 6635f ho 5 abou yard0 30 t forksse easth f bela ,o t abou f o t t seven hollow tracks south of 66355 about 100 yards east of the parish boundary fence, and a few faint traces further dow photographr slopee ai n th t ;bu s sho wgooa d deal more, including

numbea trackf ro s flankin norte gth h sid 6635f eo squar5 e 6364 formind an , ga m P.S.A.S., LXXXIII (1948-9), 201.

roae d1 Th ' that runs straigh fro n forke o t mLongformacu th o t s unnumbereds si . 222 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , 1959-60 V-junction with No. 2 at about 630646, just north-west of the Garvald forks (fig. 5). At 613636, some 1,400 yards beyond the divergence of 66355 fro™- the Long- formacus route, No. i is crossed by No. 4; and beyond that point again the most conspicuou followss t aboua A e e i,250-foo) s . ar (i ith tremain , line No f th eo n tso contour, on the descent to the head of Chapman's Slack, hollow tracks begin to appeasouth-wese th n o r highwae t th sid f eo y slope (620629)th s ea steepen d an ; s they become very pronounced (PI. XIII , som3) , f theeo m having evidently been deepened by erosion. Some of the eroded hollows give into the Slack, while others down ru lefs nit t bank lattee th , r bein reinforcew gno (infra]3 . thosy db No f whiceo h have joined in from Mayshiel. (ii) As it approached the Killpallet Burn, the road evidently trended downwards towards the fords at the junction of this stream with the

.\3

100 0 YARDS 500 I I______I FIG. 4. Sketch map of ground in square NT 6064, showing tracks at the junction of No. I and its branch leading to the Whiteadder Water Faseny Water (637615); improvement of the ground has obscured the record here- abouts, but it is clear that the road, having crossed the one from Penshiel (infra] close to the junction, itself crossed the Killpallet Burn and mounted the lower slopes of Buddy Banwell-mada s ka e terrace about 10 feet wide. This join witp u e s hth modern highway at the top of the shoulder (645614), while a few hollow tracks can seee b n takin rise gth e more steeply, (iii) Short stretche singla f so e hollow roadway appear and disappear under the modern road on the high ground in square 6560. (iv) Withi formec modere belod ar th nan e y wdb th n southere roath n di n parf o t square 6660 t leas a ,distinctiv x si t e green strips appea darkee th n ri r herbage, mark- ing the courses of former hollow tracks. The survey was not carried beyond the junctio accese th f no s roa Redpato dt h (682589 accounn o )increasin e th f to g quantity of improved ground in the neighbourhood of Longformacus.1

notee b y d herma t I e tha'dyke th t r trackeo ' describee R.C.A.Mth n i 3 d unde25 . Inventory. No r f o Berwickshire1 (revised issue, 1915) is a linear earthwork and not part of the road. MORE OLD ROADS IN THE LAMMERMUIRS 223 Mentio roaa f thin no do s lin containes ei Melrosa n di e charter datable th o et years 1227-31,! which cites 'Ricardisrode' as bounding one side of a block of land lying between the Faseny Water and the Killmade Burn. The wording of the charter exactly stretce . fiti th stha No f hto traverses squares 6361, 646 6560d 1an , interestins i t i thae d se an t o gthit s boundar stils yi l perpetuate parise th d y hdan b county march e RicharTh . d after whom 'Ricardisrodey ma r names o y wa ' dma not have been Richar Morvillee dd dieo in d i wh i8g., 2 furtheo N bees r . recorha i n No foun f do d until 1612, when Dun appointes swa d place asth t whicea h due l cattls paial e wer b n edo o et passin eastere gth n Border into .3 This suggests that routes leadin Dunso gt , suc, Noss 2 ha d . an i must have been regularly used by drovers after that date - if, indeed, the order does t itselno f reflec establishen a t d custo tradee th therebd f man o , y poin suco t te hus t evea n earlier periods. In 1715 the road was probably used for a minor military movement. On igth Octobe f thao r t year, Mackenzi f Borluo e m marched from Seton House, near Cockenzie, with a small force to join the Jacobites assembled at Kelso. He reached Longformacus the same evening,4 and although his route is not specified, and the distance give Patteny nb , namely 'seventeen long Scots Miles', doe t o helt no s pu determine it,5 his obvious course would have been to follow No. i, at least from Newlands Hill onwards, having perhaps reached that poin Boltoy b t Giffordd nan . Suc ha rout e would certainly have bee ne shown preferablon e ,th withouo t e t quoted authority e small-scalth n o , thap ema t accompanies Dickson's accounf o t the 1715 campaign,6 as the latter is longer and rises to higher levels, and in the hills runs through terrain whic roadless hi difficultd san . No. 2. From Haddington to the Whiteadder Water, by Johnscleugh traceo earln N a f yso roa thin do s lin seee eb (cfnn toda.ca fig) 2 .y north-west of the point where it crosses the Little Fen Burn (604690), but this is doubtless due e generath o t l modificatio e superficiath l al f o nl feature enclosury b s d agrian e - cultural improvements, and evidence exists, in fact, to show that, in the Middle Ages, it made connection with Haddington (p. 224). The point where it crossed the Papana Wate uncertains i r righe th s t a ,ban f thiko s strea mvers i y e steeth t pa modern bridge in Garvald village while a rather better natural crossing-place 1 Liber Sancte Marie de Metros, Bannatyne Club, , 1837 . 215, i. 193No ,p , ' Totam. scilicet terrain illam que est in orientals parte de Fastenei infra has divisas, a vado scilicet de Fastenei per viam que dicitur Ricardisrode usque ad caput de Kelnemade, et inde per rivulum qui currit in Kelnemade usque in Witedre. . . .' I am indebted for the dating of this charter to Mr G. G. Simpson, Scottish Record Office. Roadse 2 Th Hardie , oP. f . MediaevalR , Lauderdale, , make69 s this suggestio t quotenbu evidenco sn n ei support of it. 3 Haldane, A. R. B., The Drove Roads of Scotland, 16, quoting The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, H.M. General Register House, Edinburgh, ist series, ix, 394. 4 Patten, History e R.Th , of the Rebellion Teare th n i 17/5 . 1745,ed , 13. Scote th f sI mile informatior ,fo whicn nindebteo m a hI Professoo dt . CrofrW t Dickinson, M.C., D.LITT., LL.D.6, be taken at its proper length of 1976-5 yards, Patten's figure is nearly a Scots mile shorter than the bee-line distanc mapunnecessare s i th t I n . e mino n whethei k d as d ha o ysom t e rh e customary mile materially longer than 1976-5 yards, thoug. Muriso informeD m r a hI M ny b dtha t other lengths wer occasionan ei l morr locad fa an s ei l t likelusei s a , y tha simple th y mad mistakeea . 6 Johnston, T . Robertsond B.an , . A.,J , Historical Geography of the Clans of Scotland, . Dickson, ed K. . W , 1899,. opp96 . .p 224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1959-60 exists som yard0 22 e s downstream, opposit e terraie churchth th e d s againi an , n more favourable about three quarter a mil f so e upstream e e infloth th f t wo a , Sounding Burn (580700). In neither locality, however, have any traces survived cultivatioe th adjoinine th f no g ground. remaine Little Th Burth n t esFe a n consis undoubtef o t d hollow track eithen so r bank, while som yard0 70 e s furthe , wher on re rout eth e rises fro e improvemth d land to the neck by White Castle fort, a well-marked belt of deeply-hollowed, twisty tracks comes into being and passes the fort well above the modern road. From here onwards the old route can be identified in many places until it is lost in improved land south-east of Kingside Hill; like its counterparts elsewhere it appears most clearly on steep slopes and on the banks of burns, fading out on flatter, and especially mossyn o , ground addition I . holloo nt w tracks, mostl V-sectiona f yo , e theron s ei wit hflaa t bottom whic havy hma e been used unti relativela l y recent datee Th . old road parallels the modern one, generally at a rather higher level; both keep to the right bank of the Whiteadder Water, which is less steep than the left. Traces roa d bescrossinge n ol seee th dca e b t ot nth a f f tributarso y burns (cfs .a fig) 5 . follows t Rangelea : y Bur risine n th (619676gn o groun e north-westd th an ) o dt ; e nortth hn o ban f Taverko s Cleugh (624669), where t leasa ther e t ar eeleve n tracks t Hazella ; y Cleugh (626664) t Kingsida ; e Burn (637656), which becomes impassable at only a short distance above its mouth; at an unmarked burn (c. 640648); and between the highway and the Whiteadder Water on the descent to the crossing at Kingside School (645640). In addition to these showings, many clear mark hollof so w tracks appea photographr ai n ro s between White Castld ean Rangeley Burn, between Tavers Cleug d Rougan h h Cleugh, between Kingside e unnameth Burd an nd burn just mentioned t aboua d tan , 640646, where they coalesce with similar marks representin e brancgth crosse2 h. fro. No is. mNo No opposit3 . e Johnscleugh opposit4 . No ed Writerspatan , h Burn. t carrie e surveno s Th dywa further dow e vallenth y than Millknowe th s a e lower ground is or has been largely under cultivation. existence Th roaa f thin eo do s line r possiblo , y providin gconnectioa n with No. 5, is implied by another early Melrose charter. Dating from the reign of Alexander II (1214-49), this alludes to a ford on the Kell Burn between Penshiel and Kingside.1 Some tracks which rise from the right bank of the Kell Burn are noted below. From the fifteenth century a more positive record is forthcoming. On i6th September 1496, James IV's artillery marched from Haddingto tako nt e para n i t rai Englandn do spend nighe an , th tJohnscleugh;t a t 2 this movement pointa o st road dow e Whiteaddee valleth th n f yo r Water proved an , s connectioit s n with Haddington worts i t I .h noting tha Johnscleugt a t haughe hth , whic narrowes hi r higher up, has widened sufficiently to accommodate a park of guns. For what distance below Johnscleugh this force kept to the valley on its next day's march is 1 Melrose, i, No. 209, p. 189. '. . . terram in australi parte de Caleburne a vado quod est inter Pannesscellis et Kingissete usque ad. . . .' Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, H.M. General Register House, Edinburgh, 1877-1916, 2 I (1473-98), p. 299. MOR E LAMMERMUIRD ROADTH EOL N SI S 225

FIG are. f Sketc5 o . ap Johnscleugh-Bluhma e House-Kingside, showing branc4 parthd d fro. an an Nosf i so 3 m No , .2 226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1959-60 unfortunately not made clear; that night, the lyth, it passed at Langton (762525), this a s mile d o placan tw ss e i south-wes Dunf o t shortese sth froy mwa t Johnscleugh would have been by Longformacus - which in turn could presumably have been reached by routes corresponding with Nos. 5 and i, or alternatively, perhaps by direco N . t road from Cranshaw Longformacuo st s existse todayon t bu , is marked both by Roy (1747-55) and Ainslie (1789). To have continued down the Whiteadde Elles a r mfa s (727601)a r , headquarterss wherhi kine d eth gha , would have entaile da considerabl e face detourth t d thaan ; t payments were mado t e certain gunners at Ellem two days later1 does not affect the question. Further use of the route along the Whiteadder Water for early military move- ments is implied by the fact that Ellem was appointed as the mustering-place of the levies both on this occasion and again in 1513, in preparation for the Flodden

campaign ; though in 1513 the2 guns began their march from Edinburgh, passed 3 through Dalkeith mosd an , t probabl f Soutro y Tweee y ath wa carrie o y t db n do and . What must have been either thi mentione s s. i i routNo late r eo th e n sevendi - teent earlr ho y eighteenth centur connection yi n wit badnese hroadth e th f sso that served East Lothian. Sir Robert Sibbald notes that, from one end of the country e otherth o t , 'therpassago n s i er Draught fo e s excep n threo t e [routes], vizt a . on the East, at Myln know in the middle, and at Soutray on the West, and all thir three passages very uneasy'.4 'Myln know', the modern Mill- knowe , lefe beinth t Whiteaddee bann gth o f ko r Wate infloe Fasene th th t f wa ro y Water (650639), this recor equalls di woult i t ybu d possibl; see2 . applmo t No e o yt that Sibbald's 'uneasy passge' may factn i , , have followe e samth d e e th lin s a e modern branch6635s it d onld 5 . ian an ~,y No joininstartin whey 2 b . t nggNo ou t reachei vallee dth t Kingsideya . Roy' throwp s ma ligh o n sthin o t s pointt i s a , mark vallee roath o n s n ydi highe thap u r n Cranshaw s bee andha ns a said, , omits the branch that joins Nos. i and 2. . 3 From . e WaterNo Dunbarbeyond,d Dy e an th Johnscleugh,y b o t This road emerges (cf. fig. 2) from the enclosed ground of Stoneypath at a point (615697) a quarter of a mile south of Moorcock Hall, the farm roadway by which representes i t i d withi enclosuree nth s connecting, steadingnorte th f ho , with modern by-roads which lead towards Dunbar by way of and Pitcox. This northern courss parit f t o t shareei s(q.v.) 6 wit . trace hNo th , whic f ko h branches of t southi f - westwards, just outside the enclosures. The signs of heavy use that appear very clearly as soon as the moorland is reached indicate the importance of the route; and interes evidence addes i t th y db e given below (pp. lons 227f.it r g fo history) . The road consists, on its ascent from the edge of the farm-land, of a cart-track,

1 Accounts Lorde th f Higho Treasurer of Scotland, H.M. General Register House, Edinburgh, 1877-1916, i (1473-98), P- 299. 2 Ellis , OriginalH. , Letters, etc., ist series (1824). 25 , I , 3 Accts. L.H.T., iv (1507-13), p. 416. Pitscottie seems to have been wrong in placing this muster on the Burgh Muir of Edinburgh (The Book of the Old Edinburgh Club, xxiv, 121). 4 Macfarlane, W., Geographical Collections relating to Scotland, Scottish History Society, in, 114. MOR7 E LAMMERMUIRD ROAD22 ETH OL N SI S which appear stile b intermitten n li o st t use, accompanie bela disusef y tdo b d hollow tracks formee Th bees . ha rn poine improvedon t a crosse d a n an , o smalsa g bo l causeway-mound 12 feet wide over all. The latter vary, as usual, in numbers and appearance; up to seven may be counted in places, both V-shaped and flat-bottomed, nearl o soms d e suggesan o t ye ar s fillea p t du ver y long disuse. Whe crese nth f o t slope th reacheds ei t aboua , e i,i5O-footh t t contour, further hollow e trackb n ca s seen to the north-east, above Bother Cleugh, but these, like others descending towards Stoneypath through squares 6270 and 6370, probably belong to a drove- road; until 1914 sheep were regularly driven from to Haddington by a route which passes the crest of Deuchrie Edge at about 63O7O7-1 At this same elevatio 620692. n(c ) wha probabls ti y another drove-roa westerla dn i leave3 . y sNo direction, descend vallee th s y separatin faded t an Hild d Glint ou s w an gMi l La s nea probable rth (q.v.4 . et abou a )linNo f eo t 613690. Beyond the crest of the slope, the road runs on, as marked by a double dotted line on the 6-inch O.S. map, over Eachil Rig and Rook Law to come down to the Whiteadder Wate Johnscleught ra greaA . t dea traffif lo evidentl s cha y passed along r photographai e th s a , it s show plentiful trace bela hollof f so o t w tracks from place to place throughout its length. At Johnscleugh the hollow tracks have been ob- literated and only the cart-track remains; but after passing the Whiteadder Water combinee th d hollow cart-tracd san k agai r photographnai appeare th n o thes sa y pass over Nine Stone Rig and Ringside Burn (fig. 5), the former taking a rather more direct route than the latter, though the hollow tracks could not be identified on the ground in the readily accessible areas. Beyond Blue House, near Mayshiel, all indications are interrupted by the large block of improved land centring on the latter place (6264); but south of Mayshiel the hollow tracks again begin to appear,2 run on below the west side of Dod Law, coalesce with the belt of tracks belonging . i thaNo o tt flank lefe th ts ban f Chapman'ko s Slack descend an , e dth wito t t hi Faseny Water. particulao N r traces mar crossine kth thif go s stream t immediatel,bu y east of Priest Cleugh, on its right bank, a belt of tracks can be seen starting to mount Priest Cleug frog hRi m just abov . i, whileNo e others, less well definede , th ris n eo same alignment slightly further west, near Priest Bridge. Air photographs show that the continuation of these tracks skirts the head of the Killpallet valley, on the line oldeshowe th rn n o edition 6-ince th f so h map thid san ; rout furthes ei r shown on the map as proceeding by the Mutiny Stones to Byrecleugh, on the Dye Water, whence two routes are marked as leading, respectively, to , by Cralaw Wedderlied an Laudero t d Braidshawrigan ,y ,b Blythe th n e,o Water.3 Information that this route was formerly in use throughout its whole length, from Stoneypath to Westruther obtaines wa , Elliotm d r man To fro fo r , myM years shepher t Killda - pallet; he also regarded it as the 'true' Herring Road, the local tradition regarding this latter being evidently not quite clear (cf. p. 230). This considerablf routo e eon seeme b eo t s antiquity estatn A . e called 'Stane- 1 Information froJ.Jeffreyr mM , Deuchrie. cart-trace Th 2 thin ki s sectio markes ni earliede onlth n yro edition 6-ince th f so h O.Se th . n mapo t ,no Provisional edition. lattee Th marke s ri d 'Bridle firsRoade th t n editio 6-inco 'e th f nho O.S. map. 3 8 22 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1959-60 peth', the forerunner of the modern 'Stoneypath', is mentioned in a charter of 1458,* which purports to confirm, an earlier one of 1359, and there is thus little reason to doubt that a 'stony' track existed somewhere near by at the later if not at the earlier of these two dates. The fact that Stonypath and Hardgatehead, near West Linton, 2 are both close to a Roman road might be taken as suggesting that the 'stony' metallingo t e du t this bu ;s wa suggestiocharacte3 . t supporteNo no f o s rni y db 3 condition t anothesa r Stonypath, near Dunsyre, stone-buile th s a t road that crosses the Pentlands here, though long disused, i4s clearly not medieval, and no metalling was seen on any of the older hill-tracks associated with it. Neither the 'Stanipeth' of 1345, apparently near Craiglockhart, e 'Hardwayth r no f 1506o ' Ewesdale,n i , can be cited one way or the other, as 6they have not bee6 n located. In any case, no metallin , aparidentifies 3 . gwa t No fro causewayine n dmo th g which might belong to any period; it is true that stones are rather plentiful on the surface of the cart- track t thebu , y see mhavo t subsoie th worke underlyind f o an lt dou t gno rocd kan to have been set artificially. Blaeu's map, published in 1654,' marks Stoneypath in two positions, correspond- respectivelg in y wit ruinee hth d Stoneypath modere Toweth d nan r farm. Further evidenc existence seventeente th fare r th th efo m n i f eo h centur provides yi a y db tombstone of 1699 in the parish churchyard of Morham, which commemorates a certain Alexander Manderson describe Termes da Stonipath'n ri . No. 4. ' The Herring Road' This traditional nam s recordei e d explaine an de paris th n hi d Name Books compiled by the Ordnance Survey in the middle of the nineteenth century. Typical entries stat eformerls 'Iwa t yinhabitante useth y db Lauderdalf so otherd ean r sfo the conveyance of Herring &c from Dunbar' ; or again 'A track leading from Dunbar Laudeo t r acros moorse th s , mostly frequente Drovery b d s takin8 g herd f Cattlso e Sheed an fairso ; formerlpt mucs &c , wa ht yi use Fisy db h Hawkers, particularly durin Herrine gth g Season, henc name.'s eit Similar detail givee ar sentrie y nb s in the parish Name Book9 10; though the first of them states that the road ran 'till withi fena w mile towe Lauder'f th so no t itself t doubo no , n , t implying that i t lost its particular identity on emerging from the moorlands. A further entry men- tions the use of pack-horses for the transport of the herrings.11 This road (figs. 2 and 5) appears on the 6-inch O.S. map in the form of three separate stretches with fairly wide gaps betwee reao nn ltheme b t ther n bu , eca doubt, as will appear below, that we are in fact dealing with a single route through-

1 The Register of the , H.M. General Register House, Edinburgh (1882-1914), 1424- 1513 . 610No , .

'Stanypethe' in 1411 (ibid., 1306-1424, No. 932). 32 Glasgow Archaeological Society Romane Th , Occupation of South-western Scotland, 1952. 40 , 4 'Stanepeth R.M.S.,n i ' 1424—1513 . 557 1452f No ,o , , confirmin gchartea 1444f ro .

5 ibid., 1306-1424 . ,1002 AppNo , . 2 . 6 ibid., 1424-1513 . 2962No , . 7 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, , 'Lothiav d Linlitquo'nan . , Stento28 8 Boo. p n, k4 parish , 185 3indebte m othee (?)a th I .thir d dquotationfo san s froe mth Name Books to Mr A. L. F. Rivet, F.S.A., of the Ordnance Survey Archaeology Division. 9 Book 26, p. 35, Longformacus parish, 1857. 11 Book 48, p. 24, Spott parish, 1853 (?). MOR E D ROADLAMMERMUIRTH OL E N I S S 22Q e northernmosoutTh . t stretch (a] extends from Common House (658716), south of Halls, across Dunbar Common to the Whiteadder Water, which it reaches on the upstream side of the inflow of the Writerspath Burn (638657). The next stretch (b] begins some four miles south-wes last-namee th f o t d point Littln o , e Sayw sLa (597610), and ends between North Hart Law and Hunt Law (567587) after a cours f ratheeo r ovemileso e thirtw r Th .d (c), whic outsids hi e are eth f fig ao , 2 . begins a mile and a half further to the south-south-west, on Wedder Law (558567), rund an s alon e heightgth Whalplae s th eas f o t w Bur reaco nt h Lauderdalt a e Burncastle f allowancI . imprecisioe mads ei th r efo Roy'f no s topography, this last stretc safeln h ca equatee yb d wit correspondine hth g stretc 'Muis hi f ho r Road from Lawde Dunbar'o t r , described below . unde6 . rNo e norther f sectioTh o d nen (a), lik ee syste thath f Nof o tf , mo lead o 3 .t ou s existing by-roads that give connectioa s n with Dunbar traced an , f ancieno s e us t become clea soot s leavei a r s nenclosea e sth improved dan d fields above Common House. Her least ebela a f to t sixteen V-shaped hollow track thred san e flat-bottomed ones ascend steee sth p slope, together wit hcart-traca k which seemmore b r o est o less maintained, and to be in present-day use. The mossy terrain that it traverses furthe doe n t teno r no spreservo dt e hollow generan tracksr photo-i ai d e an ,th l graphs show little apart fro e cart-tracmth shora d tkan sectio f hollono w tracks centre poinn do t 654700, contrase !th thin ti s respect wit correspondine hth g stretch bein3 . ogfNo marked t leasa t t ;bu thre e hollow ways addition i , cart-tracke th o nt , come e Whiteaddedowth o t n r haughe moute Writerspatth th f y o hb s h Burn. Marks of traffic heavier than that on No. 4 itself also appear on the air photographs on a route branching off to the Bothwell Water, by Watch Law and Friardykes Dod; ultimatels a p thi ma smarke s t i visitede brancy t i th no reachin t s n do bu h, wa e gth Whiteadder Water at Millknowe. Fro righe mth tWhiteadde e banth f ko r Water opposit Writerspate eth h Burn, some faint hollow tracks strike south-westward p Kingsidu s e Hill, whil a single e trac morf ko e recent appearance similaa n i , r alignment, descend othee sth r sidf eo this hill to join up with. No. 3 at a point (625646) near Blue House (see fig. 5). These tracks may well represent part of the vanished link between sections (a) and remaindee (b),th thif o r s link running throug improvee hth d groun f Mayshieldo , partly peihap same (q.v.)3 th crossind eo n so N linan , s Fasene a gth y Watet a r Faseny Cottage. This is the course assigned to the Herring Road by a recent writer who seems to have walked its length,2 and, although nothing but a modern cart-trac e Mayshie th s see n kwa no l ground e Fasene valleth th f n yo i ,y Water unmistakable traces are preserved. Thus the track that is used today for access to Faseny Cottage (609633 superimposes i ) d upo olden na r one, antedatin housee gth 3 and marked 'Foot Path' on the first edition of the 6-inch O.S. map; this leads to an easy ford at the junction of the Lamb Burn with the Faseny Water, and from the opposite side of this a terraced track rises obliquely, in a direction from north- 1 Not visited, but confirmed by Mr J. Jeffrey, Deuchrie. McConachie Glamoure , Th Rev , W. .o f the Glen, 1930. 22 , buildino 2N showgs siti e Fasenf eth o t na y Cottag firse th t n editioe o 6-inc e th f nho O.S. map, surveyed in 18533 . Q 0 23 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , 1959-60 west to south-east, across the face of Little Collar Law. Its lower end, by the ford, has been carried floodin e awath largy a y b f go e hill-drain t abov bu ,wash-ou e eth t its remains are pretty clearly visible, its overall breadth being about 18 feet. The track was not followed further, but air photographs show that it crosses the lower slopes of Little Collar Law on a line which would bring it to Cow Cleugh at about 611626, which point is virtually in alignment with section (V) as marked on the O.S. map and less than a mile and a half distant from its end on Little Says Law. The photographs show no traces of the road in this gap, but the terrain on the east and south slopes of Collar Law is evidently easy and a connection may be inferred with confidence. This confirmation of the record in the O.S. Name Books, as quoted above, is corroborate recognitioe th y Herrine db . Crawth H f no . J g ,late r Roath eM y db a knowledgable local antiquary ; while the fact that the ruin at Shiel (587590), near the head of the Dye Water1, is identified as that of an inn2 strongly suggests that a road ran somewhere nearby. On the other hand, some confusion appears to have crept into the Herring Road tradition; this is seen in the fact that the name is sometimes attached to No. 3 (p. 227), and in a statement made by the R.C.A.M. which hardly accords wit topographye hth . However, this apparent mistaky ema 3 perhap explainee sb confusioy db n wit hbranca h road locally reported conneco t t No. 4(^)5 on Little Says Law, with No. 3 a short distanc4 e south-east of the Mutiny Stone t impossibl624589)i . s (c si r No . e tha name th t e 'Herring Road somey ma ' - times have been applie otheo dt r route thesf i , addition 4 sei . werNo eo nt used s a , doubo n t they were use occasionn do 'fish-caddiesy b , ' makin destinationr gfo s other than Lauder. mentionee b y ma t dI her passinn ei g that John Ainslie f counts o hi p n i ,yma 1789, marks the road from Haddington to Duns as going by Long Yester, Hopes and the right bank of the Faseny Water, and not by No. i as shown by Roy. In certainls havy wa thima e e e sh beeerrorn h yi t n trackbu o ,misle tw y s db whic h appear to cross Newlands Hill, one on either side of the summit, descend through square 5964 to the Faseny Water and, after coalescing, continue down the stream to connect, at the mouth of the Lamb Burn, with the stretch of No. 4 on Little Collar Law. Illustrations of the Herring Road's function can be quoted from at least the middle of the seventeenth century. An account of the Dunbar herring-fishery in i656 states that the town was 'famous for the herring fishing, which are caught

thereabou6 t and brought thither, and afterwards cured and barrelled up, either for merchandise or sale to the country people, who come thither, far and near, at the seaso . Fiv.' . n. e years earlie 'confluence th r peoplf o e t Dunbae a herrin e th o t rg

fishery' had been said to amount, on occasion, to 20,000 persons. The same practice 6

1 History of the Naturalists Club, xxvii . 45 , 2 ibid. 3 Inventory of Berwickshire (revised issue roae , th 1915) d. . 252. crosse . ' No ,. s Byrecleug hlittla e west of White Well Heads, goin directioa n gi n south-west towards North Hart Law.' 4 Information from Mr Tom Elliot, Killpallet. 6 Quote Marliney db , J., Reminiscences NoticesParishesn d Countye Te an th f o n i of Haddington (1894), 120. 6 Hume Brown, P., Early Travellers in Scotland, 232, quoting Ray's Itinerary. MORE OLD ROADS IN THE LAMMERMUIRS 23 I still persisted in the eighteenth century, at dates before the introduction of potatoes, when the people of Westruther 'used to provide a sort of seasoning to their bread by layin stoca n herringsgf i ko e tim doinr Th efo . g Lammass thiswa t whica , h season they habi e werth goin f n teo i bandgn i Dunbaro st makind an , purchase gth e manos fa y fis wouls ha d serve their families during winter.' doubo N 1 expedition ta n of this kind is behind the Lauder Kirk Session record of a parishioner 'going to the herring upon Sabbath day'. Evidenc regulaa r fo e r inland trad herringn ei n si 2 middle eighteente th th f eo h centur gives yminuti a Tow e y th nb f neo Councif o l Lauder, of 1755, which put a customs charge of eightpence on 'ilk load of herrings sold, or set down' in the town.3 Half a century later this inland fish-trade is noticed e followinth n i g terms n respeci , f Berwickshireo t : 'Fish-carriers, called cadgers, purchase fro fishere m th distributd san [fishe eth ] int inlane oth d country ofted an , n to Edinburgh' ; herrings are not specifically mentioned in this passage, as supplies 4 were short at the time, but the fishery was flourishing again in i8ig, and the 5 cadgers' trade no doubt continued in its time-honoured way. No. 5. From the Whiteadder Water to the Dye Water and beyond Under this heading are grouped the tracks that run, or may safely be assumed to have run, from the valley of the Whiteadder Water, in the neighbourhood of Ringsid Priestlawd ean , southwards past . iPenshie andlinNo e f th eo , o beyont l d Watee thisDy pointe ro t , th (se n seo fig. Suc2) . h tracks could have served traffic which reache Whiteaddee dth lowemuce o S th r f . hro valle4 valler o Nos y y3 b y , 2 . of the Faseny Water has been under the plough, and so much of the remainder is now obscure brackeny db northere , seeth e thatrace b w n ni n fe t nsca par thif o t s area apart from three tracks which rise fro Kele mth l Bur t abouna t 640642 and, after mountin shouldee gth r obliquely, disappea enclosen ri d ground south-wesf o t Ringside School. These tracks cal mino t l thirteenth-centure dth Kele y th for ln do Burn, mentioned above (p. 224); but today no evidence can be seen, on either the air photographs or the ground, to connect them, as might be expected, with No. 2 - or, for that matter, with the branch from No. i. Otherwise, the more recent traffic, at any rate, in this part of the Faseny Water valley seems to have been forced by the cultivation of the adjoining ground to follow an improved cart-track; thi markes si 6-inc e stils i th use n li d n hdo an .O.S p ma . On the other hand, the traces that are visible south of the improved area show that other route time s r anotheron followinhave o t th a ee d y beeus an , gma n ni distinguishede b e cart-tracTh ) (a , k just mentioned which, after holdin gcoursa e well up from the left bank of the Faseny Water, crosses it by the ford at 637615 and keeps up the left bank of the Killpallet Burn to the modern highway crossing. (b) From this crossing, and continuing the same line as the last, a well-marked track, 6-incshowe th n hno O.S. map, whic heastere th run p su Killpallee n th sid f o e t

1 The New Statistical Account of Scotland, Edinburgh (1845), n (Berwickshire), 77. 2 Quoted by McGonachie, Rev. W., op. cit., 212. Quote Romanesy db , LauderR. , (1902), 127. 43 Kerr, R., General View of the Agriculture of the County of Berwick (1809), 459. 6 Scottish Geographical Magazine, xxix, 25. 232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1959-60 valle crossed yan s Lamb Hil Trottingshao holloo t l Watere Tw Dy ) w (c e , th n wo tracks somewha last e t followinease th bu ,f th o t o t generallga y similar course west of Buddy Bank, (d) A single broadish but rather faint track still further to the east, which fade t jusou st before coalescing wit lase hth t nea e i,2oo-footh r t contour. e routeTh s represente d (d)an ) hav(c ey db presumabl y com frop eu e Fasen mth y Water in squares 6461 or 6361, but the ground seems to have been improved and e trace th e consequentlar s y slight, (e) Wha disuseta seeme b o dt s cart-road- un , accompanie holloy db w tracks, which crosse t 651609 . a s comi ha No s et I .fro m Priestlaw over Priestlaw Hill oldee th , r edition 6-ince th f so h indicatinO.Sp ma . g two lines which coalesce slightly north of No. i, and continues over Wether Law to Horseupcleugh on the Dye Water. The O.S. map suggests that all these routes may ultimately have reached Westruther, by way of a track from Dye Cottage which joins No. 3 at 640545, but this t investigatedgrounno s dwa . No. 6. 'Muir Road from Lawder to Dunbar' A road which appear Roy'n witso p foregoine hsma th g title evidently formed yet another link between the port of Dunbar and Lauderdale, in addition to Nos. 3 and 4 which Roy ignores; Roy actually shows it, however, presumably through a draughtsman's error havins a , connectioo gn n with Dunba beginnins a t bu r g 'in aire th ' about 1,000 yards south-south-wes f Moorcoco t k Hal 613694). (c l facn I . t t mosi t probabl poine th s yta wher sharer (q.v.3 fa . e courss ea d)th No thif eo s latter emerges from the Stoneypath fields (615697), and then branched off south- westwards; at any rate a cart-track, which seems to have been in fairly recent use, does branch off in this manner and runs in the correct alignment round the face of Glint Law, just above the enclosed ground, to disappear in a bog at approximately poine th t where Roy's roa shows di beginnings na e coursroae th Th d.f eo fro m this point is uncertain, as neither the improved fields nor the adjoining unenclosed ground, which is wet and under heavy vegetation, is suitable for preserving traces. e onlTh y place wher e Thorteeth r Burn could have been crossed without great difficulty is at about 610688, and some small gullies on the left bank here may possibly have originated as hollow tracks, but no positive evidence for a crossing could be seen either here or further downstream. Fro s supposemit d starting-poin t 61369a t marky e Ro 4roa th ss runnin da g south-wes r abou milesfo to tw t , then sout croso h t e Papan th s a Water d thean ,n south-south-west to rise obliquely across the face of Newlands Hill (fig. 2). Much of the ground south-west of the Garvald-Whiteadder road has been under the plough, and no remains of tracks have been found in it; but on Newlands Hill the line is marked faintly by grass which shows up clearly against the darker background of the heather. Traces of the crossing-place on the Papana Water might have been expected to survive, but in fact none could be identified with any confidence; it is possible, however, that this was located just above the inflow of two smaller burns at 590668, as a belt of tracks which seems to represent a branch-route (A in fig. 3) joining No. 6 to No. i is evidently aligned on this point. Another possible crossing- 3 MOR LAMMERMUIRE 23 ROADD TH OL E N I S S place, and one which agrees more nearly with Roy's rather vague indications, is at 595666 t thibu ,s woul t havdno e serve supposee dth d branch-route just mentioned. This latter, whether in fact a branch from No. 6 or an independent route from, lowee th r Papana Waterfollowee b n ca , d intermittently through squares 596d 5an 5966 t abouA . t 59865 e track8th s travers a dilapidatee d turf-dyke, partla y yb wide gap which seems to have been provided purposely and partly by smaller gaps broke individuay nb l tracks e impressioTh . n give drove-roaa thas ni f o t d over- running the head-dyke of land formerly enclosed. This branch joins No. i beyond the shoulder of Newlands Hill, at about 596653, after skirting the head of an awkward gully, impassable lower down. No. 6 was not followed beyond the face of Newlands Hill, but Roy's line con- tinues over Bleak Law and Harestone Hill, and between the sources of the Dye e WhalplaWateth d an r w Burn t presumablI . y coalesce d4 (q.v. wit. n i )No h square 565 r 55578o . OBSERVATIONS To the foregoing descriptions of the individual roads may now be added some general observations which will serve to bring the details into a kind of focus and may also assist in the study of similar remains elsewhere. An excellent summar featuree th f y o road f so thif so s clas containes si wora n di k n Berwickshireo , publishe n 1809di . 'Roads', saye author,th s 'were originally 1 mere tracts, appropriate passager dfo , often muc t randomha , befor generae th e l inclosure, and before funds were established for making and repairing them. They were neither mad r mendedeno , except perhaps worse somth f teo sloughs, which were occasionally a little rilled up, by means of statute labour. In this predicament, the higher grounds, as drier and harder, were certainly preferable to the more easy levels, in deep soft soil.' Earlier this same author had said that there were virtually 'concaveo n ' road r holloso w way Berwickshiren si soms , roada 'unles w r efe fa so ss of communication across moors, and in a few other places, which have never been formed, made or repaired, and have worn hollow or concave by the friction of carts operatio e horsesd th an d an ,heav f no y rains washing awa soil'.e thesl yth Al e points hav descriptione th e comn i t eou thesf so e Lammermuir roads2 . 'Tract? appropriated for passage' are well exemplified on Newlands Hill or alongside Chapman's Slack; and the effects of enclosure are particularly plain on No. 3, above Moorcock Hall, where the hollow tracks can be seen fading out very quickly in the uppermost of the arable fields. The preference shown by traffic for the 'higher grounds, as drier harder'd an commoa s i , n featur l moorlanal f o e d roads witd an ,h this preference is combined an aversion to localities which called for works of improvement. The nature of the going expected in the later Middle Ages may be judged from the attachmen artillere th o t 149n yi seventy-sif 6o witn xhme spades, shovel pickd san - mattocks 'to dra gunnie wth peththisn si myris'd an fro d provisioe man , th o tw f no 3 cart-loads of pioneers' tools by the 'Burneledaris' of Edinburgh when a similar need

1 Kerr, R., General View of the Agriculture of the County of Berwick, 435. 2 ibid., 432 f. 8 Peth: steea narrod p an (Jamieson y wwa , Dictionary,J. of the Scottish Language, . 1885ed , s.v.). 234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1959-60 arose in 1513.1 Nor is it to be supposed that in later days statute labour was normally available in wild and desolate regions.2 Again, that tracks are hollowed by the passage of traffic is certainly true here. whicn i tracky e hth Thiwa se shows si th ten y multiplo dnt b difficuln yo t slopes, where each horseman, carter or leader of a string of ponies evidently picked his way from one to another, or diverged to a side to try his luck on fresh ground. The process is shown in action by a diarist of 1547, who describes the sides of the Pease Burn, in Berwickshire, as so steep 'that who goeth straight doune salbe in daunger of tumbling cummee , surth puffinf so d e o p an ,payned ru gan remedir :fo e wherof, trauailers that way haue vsed to pas it, not by going directly, but by paths and foot ways leading slopewise numbee th f o ,whic f ro h paths, they cal t (somewhai l t nicely in dede) Ye Peaths'.3 The distinction between carts and pack-horses, too, occurrence th i s y bornb t botf eou o h V-shape flat-bottomed dan d tracks; pack- horses were no doubt always the mainstay of itinerant traders, as they were even of farmer transpore th r sfo producf to markeo et t unti latee th l r eighteenth century.4 The contribution made by droved animals is difficult to estimate, for although certain of the tracks are known to have been used for droving, as for example some on Dunbar Common (p. 227), it must also be remembered that some sections of much-used drove-roads show comparativel hollof o y wwa y tracks,e littlth d n ei 5an tha passage th t animalf eo s sometimes rather gives rise grassn o , belto t , combf so - like markings, and on heather to lines and spots of intrusive grass.6 The carting of peat commonly hollows out roadways, and it may be noted that much peat is said locally to have been cut on the Mayshiel and Killpallet moors and taken to Hadding- saltor nfo e- presumabl y alon . i. gNo Grea t damage, too, coul doubo dn t have been quickly done by the passage of an army with a heavily loaded train. For example, the corps of artillery that marched to Flodden (p. 226) included 17 guns varyin weightn gi , without their carriages, from 1,100 Ib4,00o t . 0 lb.,7 wit6 h35 teame oxe th 21d n ns6i an drivers additiona0 8 , pack-horses6 l2 oxe d nan , besides stores, ammunitio cranea d bodA nan . f thiyo s strength, vigorously servicey b d pioneers as in 1496 (p. 233), might well have left scars on a landscape which would lascenturiesr fo t . l thesAl e effects, again, hav doubo en t been enhance erosiony db . Thi shows si n by the way in which the tracks persist on slopes, and particularly on the banks of burns, where surface-water runs down them, while the d disy an ten- filp o dt u l

Accts. L.H.T., ry (1507-13), p. 519. 1 'The roads leading through this district have, til latef lo , been very little attende present A . dto t [1803] those2 from Dantski Kil-palleo nt t Burn frod an m, Garval Dunseo dtolerablt n i e e ar , th ef o repair w Fe . rest have ever got a shilling laid out on them . . .' (The Farmer's Magazine, iv, 510). 8 Patten, W., 'The Expedicion into Scotlande", 32, in Dalyell, Sir J. G., Fragments of Scottish History (1798). No remains of these tracks survive today. 4 Buchan-Hepburn, G., General View of the Agriculture and Rural Economy of East Lothian (1794), 151 f.; Kerr, R., op. cit., 435. e Cauldstan6Th ePentlande Slath n pi casa s pointsi n e i alse oSe . R.G.A.M., Inventory of Roxburghshire, I) 51- 6 This latter effect appears very clearly on the near-by Threep Law and Lammer Law (P.S.A.S., LXXXIII (1948-9), 202). 7 These weights can be inferred with some confidence from the figures given by Mackenzie, W. M., The Secret of Flodden, 59. 5 MOR E LAMMERMUIRROAD23 D TH OL E N I S S appea n flatte o rd ill-draine an r d ground which favour e formatioth s f peato n . Attention has been drawn to these points in more than one instance above (cf. in particula XIIIL P r, whil 3) , e easternmoseth face tf Newland th o esca n o r s Hill . 221(p ) bears every appearanc resultinf eo g fro mviolena t wash-out. finaA l point suggeste e studth f theso y b d e roads relatee amounth o t sf o t traffic that must once have been moving in a region now largely uninhabited. The inland trade in fish has been dealt with above (pp. 23of.), and itinerant traders of all sorts ,e epony sucth s ha f 'Chapman' mo s Slack squarn i ' e 6262, must have made moorlane th l al f muco d e roadhus thein so r rounds amon farme ghamletd th an s s thein o rd e numerou visitan th o t s s fairs. Thi e supposesb traffiy ma havco t d e passe heydas dit abouy yb t 1750 decreasa s numbere a , th n ei packmenf so alsd oan , fairse o fth sai s i ,afte havn o i dt t rese that date, whe improvemene nth highwayf o t s led to a general increase in local shops and craftsmen.1 Another wayfaring trade of the eighteenth century was that of the smuggler,2 and Danskine Inn, now believed to be incorporated in the farmhouse of that name beside No. i,3 was frequented by runninn me g fro n brandBerwickshire gi mth d yan ean d coasts.4 Such names, again, as 'Thief's Road', 'Sailers' Road' or 'Cadgers' Road', which occur elsewhere, r 'Peatman'5o s Road', recorde Lammermuia n di r setting,6 suggest still further activitie anciene th n so t routes. Thus even when allowanc mads ei r efo a long history, as it evidently has to be made in the case of'Ricardisrode', a surprising contrast with modern conditions remains, and throws light on a bygone pattern of valleyse th lif n ei , foothill coast-landd san .

Ac KNO WLEDGMENTS addition I acknowledgmento nt s coursmadpapere e th th f n ei e o I desir, expreso et s my thankEase th to t sLothia n Antiquaria Field nan d Naturalists Societ perr yfo - mission to consult its collection of local literature; to Mr M. R. Dobie, C.B.E., F.S.A.SCOT. . Quic B field-worke helr . takinr th G fo k,fo n p i r photogrape gM th o t ; h that appears as PL XIII, 3; to Mr I. G. Scott, for drawing the plans; and to Miss A. Young, and Mr J. M. Grieve, M.B.E., of the National Library of Scotland, for assistanc map-roome th n ei .

1 The Third Statistical Account of Scotland: East Lothian, . 42 ! ibid.. 43 , This informatio proprietore gives th . Gibsony nwa nG b e originar M ,Th . mayn in l , howevere b , represente 3storehouse th y db formin w eno south-westere gth n portio steadmge th f no ; this building, which bees ha n much altered evidentls wa , south-easters it f yo oncp domestito n e i bearsd e nth an t anglee a , cus , projectina g gutter-end inscribed AS/ 1737. 4 Marline, J., Reminiscences Noticesd an of Fourteen Parishes Countye th n i of Haddington, 1890, 10. 1f 6 For examples, see P.S.A.S., L (1915-16), ao nn. 2, 3; R.G.A.M., Inventory of Roxburghshire, Nos. 761, ; Inventory4 . n 9 88 of Selkirkshire, ; Inventory. 102 . 5No n of Stirlingshire (forthcoming) . 512No , . 6 McConachie, Rev. W., op. cit., 212.