Regulatory Institutions and Governance Costs: the Case of the Postal Sector

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Regulatory Institutions and Governance Costs: the Case of the Postal Sector Regulatory Institutions and Governance Costs: The Case of the Postal Sector THÈSE NO 5351 (2012) PRÉSENTÉE LE 25 SEPTEMBRE 2012 AU COLLÈGE DU MANAGEMENT DE LA TECHNOLOGIE CHAIRE LA POSTE EN MANAGEMENT DES INDUSTRIES DE RÉSEAU PROGRAMME DOCTORAL EN MANAGEMENT DE LA TECHNOLOGIE ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE POUR L'OBTENTION DU GRADE DE DOCTEUR ÈS SCIENCES PAR Martin MAEGLI acceptée sur proposition du jury: Prof. M. Gruber, président du jury Prof. M. Finger, directeur de thèse Prof. J.-Ph. Bonardi, rapporteur Dr J. Groenewegen, rapporteur Dr P. Rossel, rapporteur Suisse 2012 Abstract In recent decades, the European postal industry has undergone profound reforms, which aim to promote competition while simultaneously maintaining a high level of universal services for consumers. It is often put forth that market opening and the emergence of competition will foster innovation in the postal sector. Indeed, increased direct competition with new market entrants and indirect competition with information technologies in the sector represent great challenges to the traditional business model of postal operators. In order to allow postal operators to cope with these challenges, regulatory institutions need to evolve coherently with developments in the market place and the society. One of the findings of this thesis is that in many cases, current regulatory institutions do not respond adequately and in a timely manner to changes in consumer preferences or technologies. The actual development in the British postal sector clearly demonstrates how the regulatory regime failed to adapt early enough and how the delay in the adaption of the regulatory institutions influenced the development of competition as well as the structure of the market. The main theoretical contribution of this thesis is the development of a framework of regulatory governance costs. The framework contains three different types of costs: static- direct costs, static-indirect costs and dynamic costs. The static-direct costs of regulatory governance refer to the interaction and transactions between the involved actors in the short term, and only marginally concern the overall market. These costs are: - Monitoring Costs which arise on the regulatory institution’s side because of informational asymmetry in the relationships of principals with their agents. - Compliance Costs which are the costs that the industry faces in order to comply with regulatory requirements. - Coordination Costs which result from the fact that multiple actors are involved in regulation, which in turn have to be coordinated. The second type of regulatory governance costs, the static-indirect costs, pertains less to the individual actors than to the overall market. In addition to reducing security on investment in the short term, static-indirect regulatory governance costs are the costs related to: - Quantities and Prices: Actions of regulators (or policy makers) that have effects on the regulated industries and the consumers in terms of supply, demand and the development of prices. I - Capacity and Technology Choice: Regulation may prevent the regulated operators from aligning their supply with the effective demand and affect production technology. The third type of costs, the dynamic costs of regulatory governance, results in an inefficient level of product and process innovation. These costs occur mainly in combination with regulatory uncertainty ending in legal disputes or too rigid regulatory regimes that hinder the developments of markets. The dynamic costs reduce investment security in the long-term and encompass a more dynamic perspective than the static costs. The costs concern: - Product Innovation: regulation may prevent operators from introducing new products/services because excessive investment cost or limited gains from investment. It may also or result in a delay of time to market. - Process Innovation: regulation may result in suboptimal processes and prevent operators from optimizing existing processes or introduce process innovations. In summary, our approach to the appreciation of regulatory governance costs contributes to a better understanding of the consequences of regulation and the role of regulation regarding the development of markets. The insights about the costs and their impact on market evolution will be useful to analyze in the development of regulatory policies in the postal sector as well as in the network industries. The framework of regulatory governance costs is applied in three case studies in the postal market (Switzerland, Germany, Great Britain). The analysis of the cases provides insights into the impact of different institutional dimensions of the governance costs and the need for action in adapting current regulation. As a result, a set of policy recommendations is formulated in the conclusion. Keywords: Regulation, Regulatory Institutions, Regulatory Governance, Governance Costs, Postal Sector, Network Industries, New Institutional Economics, Competition II Zusammenfassung Der Europäische Postsektor durchläuft eine tiefgreifende und anhaltende Reform. Diese verfolgt zwei Ziele, die nicht immer im Einklang stehen: Einerseits soll in den Postmärkten der Wettbewerb eingeführt und gefördert werden. Andererseits soll ein hohes Niveau der postalischen Grundversorgung sichergestellt werden. Gleichzeitig verändert sich auch das Marktumfeld drastisch. Die Postunternehmen stehen vermehrt im direkten, teilweise globalen Wettbewerb mit anderen Postdienstleistern und im Zusammenhang mit der E-Substitution auch immer mehr im indirekten (intermodalen) Wettbewerb mit neuen Informationstechnologien. Diese Veränderungen im Markt fordern die bisherigen Geschäftsmodelle der Postunternehmen stark heraus. Damit die Postunternehmen angemessen und schnell auf die Herausforderungen im Markt und die Veränderung der Kundenbedürfnisse reagieren können, müssen auch regulatorische Rahmenbedingungen parallel und kohärent mit den Veränderungen im Markt angepasst werden. Eines der Untersuchungsergebnisse dieser Dissertation ist, dass regulatorische Institutionen häufig nicht rechtzeitig auf die Veränderung von Konsumentenpräferenzen reagieren bzw. angepasst werden. Das in dieser Dissertation beschriebene aktuelle Beispiel im Britischen Postmarkt zeigt deutlich, wie das vorherrschende regulatorische Regime zu spät angepasst wurde und wie sich die Verzögerung auf die Entwicklung des Wettbewerbs und die Markstruktur auswirkt. Der theoretische Beitrag der Dissertation ist die Entwicklung eines Frameworks zu Kosten der regulatorischen Governance. Das Framework beinhaltet drei unterschiedliche Arten von Kosten: statisch-direkte Kosten, statisch-indirekte Kosten und dynamische Kosten. Die statisch-direkten Kosten betreffen Interaktionen und Transaktionen zwischen den involvierten Akteuren aus kurzfristiger Sicht. Der Gesamtmarkt ist von diesen Kosten nur marginal betroffen. Die drei Arten der statisch-direkten Kosten sind im Folgenden kurz erklärt: - Monitoringkosten entstehen aufgrund von Informationsasymmetrien in den Beziehungen sowie im Informationsaustausch zwischen Regulatoren und den regulierten Unternehmen (Principals and Agents). - Compliance Kosten sind die Kosten der Industrie, weil sie die regulatorischen Vorgaben einerseits einhalten und die Einhaltung andererseits auch nachweisen müssen. III - Koordinationskosten entstehen, weil mehrere institutionelle Akteure in die Regulierung beziehungsweise Überwachung eines Sektors involviert sind und die Aktivitäten der Behörden koordiniert werden müssen. Die zweite Form, die statisch-indirekten Kosten der Regulierung, betrifft weniger die individuellen Akteure als den Gesamtmarkt. Zusätzlich zu der Tatsache, dass sie die Investitionssicherheit in Märkten beeinflussen, verursachen sie Kosten in Verbindung mit: - Mengen und Preisen: Aktivitäten von Regulatoren und politischen Entscheidungsträgern haben Effekte auf den regulierten Sektor und die Konsumenten in Bezug auf Angebot, Nachfrage und Preise. - Kapazitäten und Wahl der Technologie: Regulatorische Eingriffe können die Unternehmen davon abhalten, ihr Angebot mit der effektiven Nachfrage abzustimmen und auch die Wahl der eingesetzten Produktionstechnologie zu beeinflussen. Die dritte Art der Kosten, die dynamischen Kosten, treten einerseits in Verbindung mit unpräzisen regulatorischen Vorgaben auf, die in langwierigen juristischen Verfahren enden. Anderseits hängen diese von zu starren regulatorischen Rahmenbedingungen ab, die eine Weiterentwicklung des Marktes verhindern oder unvorhergesehene Folgen haben. Sie enden in verzerrten Innovations- und Investitionsanreizen und beeinflussen die Entwicklung der Märkte nicht nur kurz-, sondern auch langfristig entscheidend. Die dynamischen Kosten betreffen Produkt- und Prozessinnovation: - Die Produktinnovation ist betroffen, weil regulatorische Rahmenbedingungen Unternehmen davon abhalten können, neue Produkte und Dienstleistungen einzuführen, da hohe Investitionskosten nicht amortisiert werden können. Regulatorische Eingriffe bzw. Prozesse können auch die Markteinführung von Produkten zeitlich verzögern. - Regulierung kann Prozessinnovation dahingehend beeinflussen, als dass suboptimale Prozesse bestehen bleiben und Prozesse nicht optimiert oder erneuert werden. Zusammenfassend soll der Ansatz zur Bestimmung und Beurteilung der regulatorischen Kosten dazu beitragen, dass die Folgen von regulatorischen Eingriffen und auch deren Einfluss auf die Entwicklung von Märkten besser eingeschätzt werden können. Die Erkenntnisse über die Kosten
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