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Violence Against Women in Pakistani Feature Films

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Violence Against Women in Pakistani Feature Films International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection Vol. 3, No. 2, 2015 ISSN 2309-0405 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN PAKISTANI FEATURE FILMS Dr. Arshad Ali Assistant Professor, Center for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, PAKISTAN & Ayesha Center for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, PAKISTAN ABSTRACT This study examines the violence against women in Pakistani Urdu films (2013). In year 2013, Lollywood released 37 movies in different languages (Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto and English) from which the sample of four Urdu movies is selected through random sampling technique. The theory supporting the research is feminist theory and its extension feminist film theory. The research method of content analysis is used in order to analysis the violence against women through sub categories of physical violence, tone and quality of scenes. The result of content analysis represents the existence of violence and portrayal of the issue in negative way. Furthermore it provides a modest view of Pakistani film’s theme and way of treating women in movies. The results indicate the independent and affirmative image of women in movies but the factor of violence is still noticeable in the Pakistani movies. Keywords: Violence against women, Physical, Pakistani films 2013, content analysis, sexual, battering, murder. INTRODUCTION Media is the most expeditious and most effective way of transforming conceptions of audience; it has the influence to bring revolution in society. Elsaesser and Buckland (2002) states cinema is one of the vital components of the media, it is an excellent story telling medium and engenders the mediated authenticity in such a way that people start to affix their emotions with the medium. According to feminist cinema scholars cinema plays noteworthy role in influencing and shaping the concept of gender roles and gender identities. Cinema in Pakistan Pakistani cinema commonly called Lollywood commenced on 1929 in Lahore. The first Pakistani film after partition was “Teri Yaad” released on 7 August 1948. Since then Lollywood have visually perceived different genres of movies. In early years of Lollywood movies with the love, tragedy, romance and melodramatic themes were engendered. In 70’s the trend transmuted to action and massacre, which was entirely the effect of super hit movie Maula Jutt (1979). The era of 1959 to 1977 is considered to be the golden age of cinema industry. Due to the Indian invasion in September 1965, all Indian movies were banned in all over Pakistan. The decline of the Pakistani film industry started in 1970’s, when Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq began to Islamicize the country. The restrictions ruined every kind of performing art and film industry. The new Progressive Academic Publishing, UK Page 68 www.idpublications.org International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection Vol. 3, No. 2, 2015 ISSN 2309-0405 registration acts enforced all filmmakers to have degrees furthermore the raise in entertainment taxes and demolishing of cinema houses caused collapse of Lollywood. The revival of Pakistani cinema started with movies like Khuda key liye (2007), Bol (2011) and Ramchand Pakistani (2008), these movies were not only hit on Pakistani cinemas but additionally welcomed across the border. The subjects of these movies tend to be social issues including terrorism. The year 2013 gave Lollywood many movies with plausible quality and plot. Waar, Chambaili, Main hoon Shahid Afridi, Josh, Zinda Bhaag, Seedings, Anjuman, Armaan and Siyaah are successful movies of year 2013. The last two decades of Pakistani cinema consist of same kind of content; mostly it is about murder, bloodshed, violence. In the context of Pakistani movies, it is to observe that women are made target of the violence frequently. They are just under influence of their male partner, who can rule his wife or girlfriend. Physical violence is portrayed as a normal action. Crowell and Burgess (1996) stated violence against women exceeds from the limits of geography, race, culture, class and faith. It can be found in almost every community and every corner of the globe. It is frequently protected by custom and strengthened by institutions; it flourishes on extensive freedom for culprits of masculine world that is unwilling to grant women equal rights and protection from gender-based violence. Objectives The study has following objectives; • To examine the violence against women in Pakistani movies. • To determine the duration of women violence in Pakistani movies. • To study the forms of violence against women and treatment with the scenes exposing such content Pakistani movies of year 2013. • To examine the no. of scenes physical violence in filmed on women Hypothesis I. It is more likely that the physical violence against women in Pakistani Urdu movies of 2013. II. Pakistani Urdu films of 2013 are free from screening violence against women and address their issues. Research Questions 1. Does the portrayal of physical violence against women in Pakistani Urdu films illustrate the true image of Pakistani women? 2. Does the social and domestic condition of women in Pakistani movies coincide with their actual status in the society? 3. Does the violence against women in movies raise the voice against this issue? Progressive Academic Publishing, UK Page 69 www.idpublications.org International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection Vol. 3, No. 2, 2015 ISSN 2309-0405 LITERATURE REVIEW The study is analyzing the violence against women in movies, the topic of study is being implemented by other researchers in different dimensions and with various point of views. The violence against women is studied in form of case studies, rate of violence, existence and types of violence, while the movies are individually studied in foreign and countrywide researches. According to the report of Aurat foundation (2012), that purposes find out the truth about the violence against women in the country, it reports that there is no decrease in crime against women in the last four years (2008-2011) unfortunately there was an overall 6.74% increase in the reported cases of violence in the country as compare to year 2010.The increase in violence is alarming yet harming to Pakistani society. The review of literature includes the studies of violence against women shown in Lollywood and foreign films released last few years. These studies interpret the contextual and contemporary trends of the topic under study. Some of the studies covered the violence against women in movies and its effect on the society that relates with the study in various extents. It increases the understanding about the previous researcher’s perspectives and present study’s conclusions. Berkowitz (1963) has planned a stimulus-response association model which shows the effect on film viewers on certain stimuli. The model assumes that the movie viewer behave spontaneously to certain stimuli in the surrounding. When an individual in shown any aggressive movie (i.e. Violence against women) and that individual is placed in a situation in which surroundings have noticeable signs related to aggressive respondent, for example situation involving female victim or the person is angered, that individual will respond more aggressively due to stimulus response linking built up formerly through exposure of the films. The Centre for women’s development studies (CWDS), conducted a seminar on women and media. The seminar objective was to making an assistant on the image of women in reality and mediated reality by media. The member of seminar addressed on the socio economic development and autonomy of women. A significant clause was made, that is “The commercial cinema today is the prime medium through which negative and derogatory images of women in our society are both created and reinforced”. The media played a negative role in displaying the real image of women. Neil M. Malamuth et al (1986) studied the effect of sexual violence in the media on violence against women in actual situations. They presented a model to prove the indirect effect of media violence increasing violence against women. The thought pattern of people is suggested to be effected by some cultural patterns and other variables that lead to aggression against women. The first model shows the exposure of violent content and the development of thought pattern while the other model represents the link between aggression and the other variables in lab and natural settings. The research shows that the exposure of media sexual aggression harmfully affects the men’s thought pattern. It was found that the more frequent exposure of the violent content was associated with greater acceptance of women violence. The experimental research exposed male participants to the rape with positive consequences for the female victim and other with the negative consequences. The perception of the all participants was affected by the exposure of rape violence. The men exposed to positive consequence rape believed that the rape is not such extreme form and consider the pleasure of women in the violence. This research shows the effect Progressive Academic Publishing, UK Page 70 www.idpublications.org International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection Vol. 3, No. 2, 2015 ISSN 2309-0405 of the portrayal of the violence against women on the perception of the men and increase in aggression. UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) provided the right to liberty and security to women including right to equal protection under the law. The article 3 of the declaration offered protection to women by stating the right to women that they can‘t be subjected to torture, insensitive, degrading conduct including penalty or other painful act. The policy for eliminating violence against women state should pursue all appropriate ways. State should be attentive to reduce, investigate and punish acts of violence against women perpetrated by state or any individual. Jhally (1995) conducted a study on violence and women in the media, the study indicated that the frequency of violence against women appears to be connected to a number of variables.
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