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Emex Spinosa (L.) Campd

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Emex Spinosa (L.) Campd TAXON: Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. Family: Polygonaceae Common Name(s): devil's-thorn Synonym(s): Centopodium spinosum (L.) Burch. lesser-jack Rumex glaber Forssk. little-jack Rumex spinosus L. spiny emex Vibo spinosa (L.) Medik. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 1 Jul 2020 WRA Score: 12.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Weedy Annual, Disturbance-Adapted, Spiny Achenes, Self-Compatible, Animal-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 y 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 1 Jul 2020 (Emex spinosa (L.) Campd.) Page 1 of 18 TAXON: Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 n 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 y 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 n Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 y=-1, n=1 y biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 1 Jul 2020 (Emex spinosa (L.) Campd.) Page 2 of 18 TAXON: Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No history or evidence of domestication] "Native to the Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of Mediterranean region; in Hawai'i naturalized in open, dry to mesic, the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University disturbed habitats, 150-1,950 m, on O'ahu, Moloka'i, Maui, and of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. Hawai'i." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2020). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2020). Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native Africa NORTHERN AFRICA: Algeria (n.), Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia Asia-Temperate USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant ARABIAN PENINSULA: Kuwait, Saudi Arabia Germplasm System. (2020). Germplasm Resources WESTERN ASIA: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey (w.) Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Europe Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE: Greece (incl. Crete), Italy (incl. Sardinia, https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 29 Jun 2020] Sicily) SOUTHWESTERN EUROPE: France, [Corse] Portugal, Spain (incl. Baleares)" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. (2020). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 30 Jun 2020] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Creation Date: 1 Jul 2020 (Emex spinosa (L.) Campd.) Page 3 of 18 TAXON: Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes Haselwood, E.L., Motter, G.G., & Hirano, R.T. (eds.). 1983. [Broad elevation range, demonstrating environmental versatility] Handbook of Hawaiian Weeds. University of Hawaii Press, "Found in dry regions from sea level to 5,000 feet. A weed in Honolulu, HI pastures, rangelands, and cultivated areas." [Broad elevation range, demonstrating environmental versatility] Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of "Native to the Mediterranean region; in Hawai'i naturalized in open, the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University dry to mesic, disturbed habitats, 150-1,950 m, on O'ahu, Moloka'i, of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. Maui, and Hawai'i." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Native to the Mediterranean region; in Hawai'i naturalized in open, Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of dry to mesic, disturbed habitats, 150-1,950 m, on O'ahu, Moloka'i, the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University Maui, and Hawai'i. First collected on Moloka'i in 1928 (Degener of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 18174, BlSH).-" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "Where introduced, E. spinosa is present in many countries and whilst it is a common weed in Kenya (Agnew, 1974) it has only ever become a serious weed in the Hawaiian Islands (Holm et al., 1979). CABI. (2020). Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, Kosinova (1974) states that it has been found only once in Sudan, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/isc and has a very limited distribution in Australia (Gilbey 1974; Pheloung et al., 1996). Siddiqi (1973) reports E. spinosa as being a weed in north-west Pakistan but notes that it is not common, and it is reported as rare in India (Varma et al., 1984)." 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "Native to the Mediterranean region; in Hawai'i naturalized in open, Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of dry to mesic, disturbed habitats, 150-1,950 m, on O'ahu, Moloka'i, the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University Maui, and Hawai'i. First collected on Moloka'i in 1928 (Degener of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 18174, BlSH).-" "Where introduced, E. spinosa is present in many countries and whilst it is a common weed in Kenya (Agnew, 1974) it has only ever become a serious weed in the Hawaiian Islands (Holm et al., 1979). CABI. (2020). Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, Kosinova (1974) states that it has been found only once in Sudan, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/isc and has a very limited distribution in Australia (Gilbey 1974; Pheloung et al., 1996). Siddiqi (1973) reports E. spinosa as being a weed in north-west Pakistan but notes that it is not common, and it is reported as rare in India (Varma et al., 1984)." 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed Creation Date: 1 Jul 2020 (Emex spinosa (L.) Campd.) Page 4 of 18 TAXON: Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes Scott, J. K., & Yeoh, P. B. (2004). Emex spinosa (L.) Campd.: [A weed of disturbed areas that may impact agriculture] "Excluding a predicted weed threat that has not lived up to its native habitat and Australia, E. spinosa occupies highly disturbed expectations?. Pp. 501-504 in Weed management: areas and is reported as occurring along roads, railways and areas of balancing people, planet, profit. 14th Australian Weeds cereal cultivation in upland Kenya (Graham 1958) along field borders Conference, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia, 6 and in waste sandy places in West Pakistan (Siddiqi 1973), and along -9 Sep 2004: Weed Society of New South Wales the edge of drains in India (Varma et al.
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